scholarly journals Differential Pattern of Soluble Immune Markers in Asymptomatic Dengue, West Nile and Zika Virus Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafaelle Fares-Gusmao ◽  
Bruno Coelho Rocha ◽  
Emilia Sippert ◽  
Marion C. Lanteri ◽  
Germán Áñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Immune Markers ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Differential Pattern ◽  
Asymptomatic Stage ◽  
Asymptomatic Phase

AbstractInfections with dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV) and Zika virus (ZIKV) usually present similar mild symptoms at early stages, and most infections (~80%) are asymptomatic. However, these infections may progress to severe disease with different clinical manifestations. In this study we attempted to identify unique characteristics for each infection at the presymptomatic/asymptomatic stage of infection and compared levels of soluble immune markers that have been shown to be altered during clinical course of these viral infections. Levels of soluble markers were determined by Luminex-based assays or by ELISA in plasma samples from asymptomatic blood donors who were reactive for RNA from DENV (n = 71), WNV (n = 52) or ZIKV (n = 44), and a control or non-infected (NI) group (n = 22). Results showed that even in the absence of symptoms, increased interleukin (IL) levels of IL-12, IL-17, IL-10, IL-5, CXCL9, E-Selectin and ST2/IL-1R4; and decreased levels of IL-13 and CD40 were found in all flavivirus group samples, compared to those from NI donors. DENV-infected donors demonstrated variation in expression of IL-1ra and IL-2; WNV-infected donors demonstrated variation in expression of IL-1ra, P-Selectin, IL-4 and IL-5; ZIKV-infected donors demonstrated variation in expression of IL-1ra, P-Selectin, IL-4, RANK-L, CD40L and C3a. The findings suggest that, even in the presymptomatic/asymptomatic phase of the infection, different immunomodulation profiles were associated with DENV, WNV and ZIKV infections.

scholarly journals Public Perceptions on Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions for West Nile Virus Infections: A Survey from an Endemic Area in Northern Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Matteo Riccò ◽  
Simona Peruzzi ◽  
Federica Balzarini
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Po River ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Preventive Practices

During the last decade, cases of West Nile Virus (WNV) have occurred in the Emilia Romagna Region (ERR). Even though the notification rates remain relatively low, ranging from 0.06 to 1.83 cases/100,000 inhabitants, the persistent pathogen’s circulation in settings characterized by favorable environmental characteristics suggests that WNV is becoming endemic to the Po River Valley. This study assesses knowledge, attitudes, and preventive practices toward WNV prevention among residents from 10 high-risk municipalities from the provinces of Parma and Reggio Emilia (total population: 82,317 inhabitants, census 2020). A web-based survey, based on the health belief model, was performed during the month of January 2021, with a convenience sampling of 469 participants from a series of closed discussion groups on social media (i.e., 2.1% of the potential responders). A total of 243 participants knew the meaning of WNV: Of them, 61.3% were aware of previous WNV infections in ERR, 76.5% acknowledged WNV infection as a severe one, but only 31.3% expressed any worry about WNV. Our results irregularly report preventive practices, either collective (e.g., draining standing water from items and the environment, 50.7%; spraying pesticides around the home, 33.0%) or individual (e.g., use of skin repellants when going outdoors, 42.6%). In a multivariate analysis, performed through binary logistic regression, participants reporting any worry towards WNV were more likely to characterize WNV as a severe disease (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 20.288, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.083–80.972). On the contrary, respondents supporting community mosquito control programs were more likely among people working with animals/livestock (aOR = 13.948, 95%CI = 2.793–69.653), and supporting tax exemptions for mosquito control programs (aOR = 4.069, 95%CI 2.098–7.893). In conclusion, our results suggest that future interventions promoting WNV prevention among residents in ERR should focus on perceptions of vulnerability to WNV, emphasizing the benefits of personal protective behaviors.

scholarly journals Atypical Chikungunya virus infections: clinical manifestations, mortality and risk factors for severe disease during the 2005–2006 outbreak on Réunion

2008 ◽  
Vol 137 (4) ◽  
pp. 534-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ECONOMOPOULOU ◽  
M. DOMINGUEZ ◽  
B. HELYNCK ◽  
D. SISSOKO ◽  
O. WICHMANN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Chikungunya Fever ◽  
Course Of Illness ◽  
Atypical Case ◽  
Incidence And Mortality

SUMMARYIn April 2005, an outbreak of Chikungunya fever occurred on the island of Réunion in the Indian Ocean. During winter 2005, six patients developed meningoencephalitis and acute hepatitis due to Chikungunya virus. Our objectives were to determine the incidence and mortality of atypical Chikungunya viral infections and to identify risk factors for severe disease. A hospital-based surveillance system was established to collect data on atypical Chikungunya cases. Case reports, medical records and laboratory results were reviewed and analysed. We defined an atypical case as one in which a patient with laboratory-confirmed Chikungunya virus infection developed symptoms other than fever and arthralgia. We defined a severe atypical case as one which required maintenance of at least one vital function. We recorded 610 atypical cases of Chikungunya fever: 222 were severe cases, 65 affected patients died. Five hundred and forty-six cases had underlying medical conditions (of which 226 suffered from cardiovascular, 147 from neurological and 150 from respiratory disorders). Clinical features that had never been associated with Chikungunya fever were recorded, such as bullous dermatosis, pneumonia, and diabetes mellitus. Hypertension, and underlying respiratory or cardiological conditions were independent risk factors for disease severity. The overall mortality rate was 10·6% and it increased with age. This is the first time that severe cases and deaths due to Chikungunya fever have been documented. The information presented in this article may assist clinicians in identifying the disease, selecting the treatment strategy, and anticipating the course of illness.

scholarly journals The complex relationship between the emerging flaviviruses: dengue and Zika

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 18-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Jie Alvin Tan ◽  
Michael W. Gaunt ◽  
Martin L. Hibberd ◽  
Nicholas Furnham
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Emerging Diseases ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Many flaviviruses cause important and serious human diseases, including yellow fever, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. Two further flaviviruses, the closely related dengue and Zika virus, have emerged as significant threats to global health with their potential to inflict severe disease to millions of people. Here, we look at some of the molecular similarities and differences between these two emerging diseases, as this is key to the development of novel preventions and therapeutics.

scholarly journals Iminosugar 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) sebagai Antiviral Infeksi Virus Dengue

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Muhammad Luthfi Adnan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Dengue Shock Syndrome ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
The Many

Abstract— Dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) caused by the DENV virus are among the global problems regarding mosquito-borne viral infections. The DENV virus is transmitted through Aedes aegypti causing clinical manifestations that can cause critical illness for patients. The need for effective antiviral therapy is needed to treat DENV virus infections. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), one of the many imino sugars found in mulberry leaves and several strains of bacteria, has potential as an antiviral against DENV virus infection. The antiviral activity of DNJ works as an inhibitor of the α-glucosidase enzyme which is important in virus secretion so that it affects the infection rate. DNJ also has the effect of boosting the immune system to initiate an immune response to a viral infection. Further research is needed to develop DNJ as an effective antiviral DENV in the future. Keywords: antiviral, dengue, iminosugar, therapy Abstrak— Dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorraghic fever (DHF), dan dengue shock syndrome (DSS) yang disebabkan oleh virus DENV merupakan salah satu permasalahan global mengenai infeksi virus. Virus DENV ditularkan melalui Aedes aegypti menyebabkan manifestasi klinis yang dapat menimbulkan kesakiatn kritis bagi pasien. kebutuhan terapi antiviral yang efektif diperlukan untuk mengobati infeksi virus DENV. 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), salah satu iminosugar yang banyak terdapat pada daun mulberry dan beberapa strain bakteri, memiliki potensi sebagai antiviral terhadap infeksi virus DENV. Aktivitas antiviral DNJ bekerja sebagai penghambat enzim α-glukosidase yang penting dalam sekresi virus sehingga mempengaruhi tingkat infeksi. DNJ juga memiliki efek meningkatkan sistem imun untuk menginisiasi respon imun terhadap infeksi virus. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengembangkan DNJ sebagai antiviral DENV yang efektif di masa depan. Kata kunci: antiviral, dengue, iminosugar, therapy

scholarly journals The Antigenic Structure of Zika Virus and Its Relation to Other Flaviviruses: Implications for Infection and Immunoprophylaxis

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz X. Heinz ◽  
Karin Stiasny
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Passive Immunization ◽  
Antigenic Structure ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Dengue Viruses ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Disease Agent

SUMMARY Zika virus was discovered ∼70 years ago in Uganda and maintained a low profile as a human disease agent in Africa and Asia. Only recently has it caused explosive outbreaks in previously unaffected regions, first in Oceania and then in the Americas since 2015. Of special concern is the newly identified link between congenital malformations (especially microcephaly) and Zika virus infections during pregnancy. At present, it is unclear whether Zika virus changed its pathogenicity or whether the huge number of infections allowed the recognition of a previously cryptic pathogenic property. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent data on the molecular antigenic structure of Zika virus in the context of antibody-mediated neutralization and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection, a phenomenon that has been implicated in the development of severe disease caused by the related dengue viruses. Emphasis is given to epitopes of antibodies that potently neutralize Zika virus and also to epitopes that provide antigenic links to other important human-pathogenic flaviviruses such as dengue, yellow fever, West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis viruses. The antigenic cross talk between Zika and dengue viruses appears to be of special importance, since they cocirculate in many regions of endemicity and sequential infections are likely to occur frequently. New insights into the molecular antigenic structure of Zika virus and flaviviruses in general have provided the foundation for great progress made in developing Zika virus vaccines and antibodies for passive immunization.

scholarly journals Zika virus infections in Nigeria: virological and seroepidemiological investigations in Oyo State

1979 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Fagbami
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Haemagglutination Inhibition ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
West Nile ◽  
High Prevalence

summaryA study of Zika virus infections was carried out in four communities in Oyo State, Nigeria. Virus isolation studies between 1971 and 1975 yielded two virus isolations from human cases of mild febrile illness. Haemagglutination-inhibition tests revealed a high prevalence of antibodies to Zika and three other flaviviruses used. The percentages of positive sera were as follows: Zika (31%), Yellow fever (50%), West Nile (46%), and Wesselsbron (59%). Neutralization tests showed that 40% of Nigerians had Zika virus neutralizing antibody. Fifty per cent of Zika virus immune persons had neutralizing antibody to Zika alone or to Zika and one other flavivirus. A total of 121 sera had antibody to Zika virus; of these 48 (40%) also showed antibody to two other flaviviruses, and 12 (10%) had antibodies to three or more other viruses. The percentage of neutralizing antibodies to other flaviviruses in Zika virus immune sera was 81% to Dengue type 1, 58% to Yellow fever, 7% to Wesselsbron, 6% to West Nile and 3% to Uganda S.

scholarly journals Private aspects of heterologous immunity

2005 ◽  
Vol 201 (5) ◽  
pp. 667-670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Rehermann ◽  
Eui-Cheol Shin
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Memory T Cell ◽  
Cell Pool ◽  
History Of

Clinical manifestations of viral infections are highly variable, both in type and severity, among individual patients. Differences in host genetics and in dose and route of infection contribute to this variability but do not fully explain it. New studies now show that each subject's history of past infections individualizes the memory T cell pool. Private T cell receptor specificities of these preexisting memory T cell populations influence both disease severity and outcome of subsequent, unrelated virus infections.

scholarly journals Navigating the Zika panic

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 1914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan D. Grubaugh ◽  
Kristian G. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Outbreak Response ◽  
Zika Virus Infection ◽  
Virus Research

The epidemics of Ebola virus in West Africa and Zika virus in America highlight how viruses can explosively emerge into new territories. These epidemics also exposed how unprepared we are to handle infectious disease emergencies. This is also true when we consider hypothesized new clinical features of infection, such as the associations between Zika virus infection and severe neurological disease, including microcephaly and Guillain-Barré syndrome. On the surface, these pathologies appear to be new features of Zika virus infection, however, causal relationships have not yet been established. Decades of limited Zika virus research are making us scramble to determine the true drivers behind the epidemic, often at the expense of over-speculation without credible evidence. Here we review the literature and find no conclusive evidence at this time for significant biological differences between the American Zika virus strains and those circulating elsewhere. Rather, the epidemic scale in the Americas may be facilitated by an abnormally warm climate, dense human and mosquito populations, and previous exposure to other viruses. Severe disease associated with Zika virus may therefore not be a new trait for the virus, rather it may have been overlooked due to previously small outbreaks. Much of the recent panic regarding Zika virus has been about the Olympics in Brazil. We do not find any substantial evidence that the Olympics will result in a significant number of new Zika virus infections (~10 predicted) or that the Olympics will promote further epidemic spread over what is already expected. The Zika virus epidemic in the Americas is a serious situation and decisions based on solid scientific evidence - not hyped media speculations - are required for effective outbreak response.

scholarly journals Clinical manifestations and health outcomes associated with Zika virus infections in adults: A systematic review

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. e0009516
Author(s):  
Sheliza Halani ◽  
Panashe E. Tombindo ◽  
Ryan O’Reilly ◽  
Rafael N. Miranda ◽  
Laura K. Erdman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Neurological Complication ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Case Definitions ◽  
Systemic Symptoms

Background Zika virus (ZIKV) has generated global interest in the last five years mostly due to its resurgence in the Americas between 2015 and 2016. It was previously thought to be a self-limiting infection causing febrile illness in less than one quarter of those infected. However, a rise in birth defects amongst children born to infected pregnant women, as well as increases in neurological manifestations in adults has been demonstrated. We systemically reviewed the literature to understand clinical manifestations and health outcomes in adults globally. Methods This review was registered prospectively with PROPSERO (CRD 42018096558). We systematically searched for studies in six databases from inception to the end of September 2020. There were no language restrictions. Critical appraisal was completed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Findings We identified 73 studies globally that reported clinical outcomes in ZIKV-infected adults, of which 55 studies were from the Americas. For further analysis, we considered studies that met 70% of critical appraisal criteria and described subjects with confirmed ZIKV. The most common symptoms included: exanthema (5,456/6,129; 89%), arthralgia (3,809/6,093; 63%), fever (3,787/6,124; 62%), conjunctivitis (2,738/3,283; 45%), myalgia (2,498/5,192; 48%), headache (2,165/4,722; 46%), and diarrhea (337/2,622; 13%). 36/14,335 (0.3%) of infected cases developed neurologic sequelae, of which 75% were Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). Most subjects reported recovery from peak of neurological complications, though a small proportion endured chronic disability. Mortality was rare (0.1%) and hospitalization (11%) was often associated with co-morbidities or GBS. Conclusions The ZIKV literature in adults was predominantly from the Americas. The most common systemic symptoms were exanthema, fever, arthralgia, and conjunctivitis; GBS was the most prevalent neurological complication. Future ZIKV studies are warranted with standardization of testing and case definitions, consistent co-infection testing, reporting of laboratory abnormalities, separation of adult and pediatric outcomes, and assessing for causation between ZIKV and neurological sequelae.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document