scholarly journals Transcriptional profiling reveals differentially expressed genes involved in lipid biosynthesis during cacao seed development

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fupeng Li ◽  
Baoduo Wu ◽  
Lin Yan ◽  
Chaoyun Hao ◽  
Xiaowei Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Transcriptional Profiling ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Seed Lipid

AbstractTheobroma cacao is a plant of economic value due to the use of its seed lipid for chocolate, confectionery, and cosmetic industries. The seed lipid contains a stable ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which determines its unique melting temperature. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism determining the fatty acid ratio and lipid content in cacao. To gain insight into the unique properties of lipid synthesis in cacao, biochemical and transcriptomic approaches were used to compare the lipid accumulation between high and low lipid content cacao accessions. Lipid accumulation rates and lipid content were different between the two accessions. Moreover, differentially expressed genes were detected between high and low lipid content cacao accessions. The data allowed the identification of distinct candidate genes and furthered our understanding of lipid accumulation, potentially explaining the differences in lipid content between various cacao accessions. The results might be used to develop molecular tools and engineer alternative pathways for cacao breeding with improved lipid production potentials.

scholarly journals A Mathematical Model of Neutral Lipid Content in terms of Initial Nitrogen Concentration and Validation in Coelastrum sp. HA-1 and Application in Chlorella sorokiniana

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenhua Yang ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Zhiyong Liu ◽  
Chenfeng Liu ◽  
Zhipeng Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Quantitative Relationship ◽  
Chlorella Sorokiniana ◽  
High Lipid ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

Microalgae are considered to be a potential major biomass feedstock for biofuel due to their high lipid content. However, no correlation equations as a function of initial nitrogen concentration for lipid accumulation have been developed for simplicity to predict lipid production and optimize the lipid production process. In this study, a lipid accumulation model was developed with simple parameters based on the assumption protein synthesis shift to lipid synthesis by a linear function of nitrogen quota. The model predictions fitted well for the growth, lipid content, and nitrogen consumption of Coelastrum sp. HA-1 under various initial nitrogen concentrations. Then the model was applied successfully in Chlorella sorokiniana to predict the lipid content with different light intensities. The quantitative relationship between initial nitrogen concentrations and the final lipid content with sensitivity analysis of the model were also discussed. Based on the model results, the conversion efficiency from protein synthesis to lipid synthesis is higher and higher in microalgae metabolism process as nitrogen decreases; however, the carbohydrate composition content remains basically unchanged neither in HA-1 nor in C. sorokiniana.

scholarly journals miR-15b negatively correlates with lipid metabolism in mammary epithelial cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 314 (1) ◽  
pp. C43-C52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiqiang Chu ◽  
Yong Zhao ◽  
Shuai Yu ◽  
Yanan Hao ◽  
Pengfei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthetase ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Lipid Formation

Mammary epithelial cells are regulated by steroid hormones, growth factors, and even microRNAs. miR-15b has been found to regulate lipid metabolism in adipocytes; however, its effects on lipid metabolism in mammary epithelial cells, the cells of lipid synthesis and secretion, are as yet unknown. The main purpose of this investigation was to explore the effect of miR-15b on lipid metabolism in mammary epithelial cells, along with the underlying mechanisms. miR-15b was overexpressed or inhibited by miRNA mimics or inhibitors; subsequently, lipid formation in mammary epithelial cells, and proteins related to lipid metabolism, were investigated. Through overexpression or inhibition of miR-15b expression, the current investigation found that miR-15b downregulates lipid metabolism in mammary epithelial cells and is expressed differentially at various stages of mouse and goat mammary gland development. Inhibition of miR-15b expression increased lipid content in mammary epithelial cells through elevation of the lipid synthesis enzyme fatty acid synthetase (FASN), and overexpression of miR-15b reduced lipid content in mammary epithelial cells with decreasing levels of FASN. Moreover, the steroid hormones estradiol and progesterone decreased miR-15b expression with a subsequent increase in lipid formation in mammary epithelial cells. The expression of miR-15b was lower during lactation and negatively correlated with lipid synthesis proteins, which suggests that it may be involved in lipid synthesis and milk production. miR-15b might be a useful target for altering lipid production and milk yield.

scholarly journals Influence of N-limitation on Malic Enzyme Isoforms and Lipogenesis of Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1

2014 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidil Abdul Hamid ◽  
Shuwahida Shuib ◽  
Ekhlass M. Taha ◽  
Othman Omar ◽  
Mohd Sahaid Khalil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Malic Enzyme ◽  
Lipid Synthesis ◽  
Lower Activity ◽  
Ammonium Tartrate ◽  
Ammonium Ions ◽  
Activity Staining ◽  
N Limitation ◽  
Enzyme Isoforms

The influence of the presence of ammonium ions in growth culture on malic enzyme (ME) isoforms activity and lipogenesis in Cunninghamella bainieri 2A1 was investigated. The fungus was cultivated in a nitrogen-limiting medium for 120 h at 30oC under two conditions. One of the cultures was intermittently fed with ammonium tartrate to maintain the ammonium concentrations above 0.5 g/L. The second culture was performed without any feeding to allow N limitation, thus promoting lipid accumulation. Activity staining of ME isoforms was carried out for both cultures. The culture which was not intermittently fed with ammonium tartrate achieved a maximum lipid content of 35% (g/g biomass) at 48 h. This culture possessed five ME isoforms (A, B, C, D and E) with isoform E showing a parallel correlation to lipid accumulation profile. In contrast, intensity of bands representing isoform D decreased as lipid accumulated. No appreciable differences of all other isoforms were observed. However, the culture which was intermittently fed with ammonium tartrate, accumulated only up to 16% lipid (g/g biomass). All isoforms were present but with a more pronounced activity of isoform D and a lower activity of isoform E was observed. These findings support further evidence that isoform E is the key isoform for lipid synthesis in C. bainieri 2A1.

scholarly journals Consortium Growth of Filamentous Fungi and Microalgae: Evaluation of Different Cultivation Strategies to Optimize Cell Harvesting and Lipid Accumulation

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3648
Author(s):  
Savienne M. F. E. Zorn ◽  
Cristiano E. R. Reis ◽  
Messias B. Silva ◽  
Bo Hu ◽  
Heizir F. De Castro
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Synthetic Medium ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biomass Composition ◽  
Fungal Mycelium ◽  
Fourfold Increase

This study aims to evaluate the potential of consortium biomass formation between Mucor circinelloides, an oleaginous filamentous fungal species, and Chlorella vulgaris, in order to promote a straightforward approach to harvest microalgal cells and to evaluate the lipid production in the consortium system. A synthetic medium with glucose (2 g·L−1) and mineral nutrients essential for both fungi and algae was selected. Four different inoculation strategies were assessed, considering the effect of simultaneous vs. separate development of fungal spores and algae cells, and the presence of a supporting matrix aiming at the higher recovery of algae cell rates. The results were evaluated in terms of consortium biomass composition, demonstrating that the strategy using a mature fungal mycelium with a higher algae count may provide biomass samples with up to 79% of their dry weight as algae, still promoting recovery rates greater than 97%. The findings demonstrate a synergistic effect on the lipid accumulation by the fungal strain, at around a fourfold increase when compared to the axenic control, with values in the range of 23% of dry biomass weight. Furthermore, the fatty acid profile from the samples presents a balance between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids that is likely to present an adequate balance for applications such as biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Fast media optimization for mixotrophic cultivation of Chlorella vulgaris

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie C. A. Ward ◽  
Lars Rehmann
Keyword(s):  
Cell Density ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Mixotrophic Cultivation ◽  
Cell Weight ◽  
Dry Cell Weight ◽  
Dry Cell

AbstractMicroalgae can accumulate large proportions of their dry cell weight as storage lipids when grown under appropriate nutrient limiting conditions. While a high ratio of carbon to nitrogen is often cited as the primary mode of triggering lipid accumulation in microalgae, fast optimization strategies to increase lipid production for mixotrophic cultivation have been difficult to developed due to the low cell densities of algal cultures, and consequently the limited amount of biomass available for compositional analysis. Response surface methodologies provide a power tool for assessing complex relationships such as the interaction between the carbon source and nitrogen source. A 15 run Box-Behnken design performed in shaker flasks was effective in studying the effect of carbon, nitrogen, and magnesium on the growth rate, maximum cell density, lipid accumulation rate, and glucose consumption rate. Using end-point dry cell weight and total lipid content as assessed by direct transesterification to FAME, numerical optimization resulted in a significant increase in lipid content from 18.5 ± 0.76% to 37.6 ± 0.12% and a cell density of 5.3 ± 0.1 g/L to 6.1 ± 0.1 g/L between the centre point of the design and the optimized culture conditions. The presented optimization process required less than 2 weeks to complete, was simple, and resulted in an overall lipid productivity of 383 mg/L·d.

scholarly journals Physiological Characterization and Transcriptome Analysis of Camellia oleifera Abel. during Leaf Senescence

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Shiwen Yang ◽  
Kehao Liang ◽  
Aibin Wang ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Jiangming Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanism ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Transcriptome Assembly ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Rna Seq

Camellia (C.) oleifera Abel. is an evergreen small arbor with high economic value for producing edible oil that is well known for its high level of unsaturated fatty acids. The yield formation of tea oil extracted from fruit originates from the leaves, so leaf senescence, the final stage of leaf development, is an important agronomic trait affecting the production and quality of tea oil. However, the physiological characteristics and molecular mechanism underlying leaf senescence of C. oleifera are poorly understood. In this study, we performed physiological observation and de novo transcriptome assembly for annual leaves and biennial leaves of C. oleifera. The physiological assays showed that the content of chlorophyll (Chl), soluble protein, and antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase, peroxide dismutase, and catalase in senescing leaves decreased significantly, while the proline and malondialdehyde concentration increased. By analyzing RNA-Seq data, we identified 4645 significantly differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) in biennial leaves with most associated with flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism pathways. Among these DEGs, 77 senescence-associated genes (SAGs) including NOL, ATAF1, MDAR, and SAG12 were classified to be related to Chl degradation, plant hormone, and oxidation pathways. The further analysis of the 77 SAGs based on the Spearman correlation algorithm showed that there was a significant expression correlation between these SAGs, suggesting the potential connections between SAGs in jointly regulating leaf senescence. A total of 162 differentially expressed transcription factors (TFs) identified during leaf senescence were mostly distributed in MYB (myeloblastosis), ERF (Ethylene-responsive factor), WRKY, and NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUCU2) families. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis of 19 putative SAGs were in accordance with the RNA-Seq data, further confirming the reliability and accuracy of the RNA-Seq. Collectively, we provide the first report of the transcriptome analysis of C. oleifera leaves of two kinds of age and a basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of leaf senescence.

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