scholarly journals Use of machine learning to classify adult ADHD and other conditions based on the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Christiansen ◽  
Mira-Lynn Chavanon ◽  
Oliver Hirsch ◽  
Martin H. Schmidt ◽  
Christian Meyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Instruments ◽  
Problematic Gambling ◽  
Global Accuracy ◽  
Adhd Rating Scales

Abstract A reliable diagnosis of adult Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is challenging as many of the symptoms of ADHD resemble symptoms of other disorders. ADHD is associated with gambling disorder and obesity, showing overlaps of about 20% with each diagnosis. It is important for clinical practice to differentiate between conditions displaying similar symptoms via established diagnostic instruments. Applying the LightGBM algorithm in machine learning, we were able to differentiate subjects with ADHD, obesity, problematic gambling, and a control group using all 26 items of the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS-S: S) with a global accuracy of .80; precision (positive predictive value) ranged between .78 (gambling) and .92 (obesity), recall (sensitivity) between .58 for obesity and .87 for ADHD. Models with the best 5 and best 10 items resulted in less satisfactory fits. The CAARS-S seems to be a promising instrument to be applied in clinical practice also for multiclassifying disorders displaying symptoms resembling ADHD.

scholarly journals Non-credible symptom report in the clinical evaluation of adult ADHD: development and initial validation of a new validity index embedded in the Conners’ adult ADHD rating scales

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Becke ◽  
Lara Tucha ◽  
Matthias Weisbrod ◽  
Steffen Aschenbrenner ◽  
Oliver Tucha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Stimulant Medication ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Symptom Report ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Detection Strategies ◽  
Unusual Symptom ◽  
Adhd Rating Scales

AbstractAs attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a feasible target for individuals aiming to procure stimulant medication or accommodations, there is a high clinical need for accurate assessment of adult ADHD. Proven falsifiability of commonly used diagnostic instruments is therefore of concern. The present study aimed to develop a new, ADHD-specific infrequency index to aid the detection of non-credible self-report. Disorder-specific adaptations of four detection strategies were embedded into the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) and tested for infrequency among credible neurotypical controls (n = 1001) and credible adults with ADHD (n = 100). The new index’ ability to detect instructed simulators (n = 242) and non-credible adults with ADHD (n = 22) was subsequently examined using ROC analyses. Applying a conservative cut-off score, the new index identified 30% of participants instructed to simulate ADHD while retaining a specificity of 98%. Items assessing supposed symptoms of ADHD proved most useful in distinguishing genuine patients with ADHD from simulators, whereas inquiries into unusual symptom combinations produced a small effect. The CAARS Infrequency Index (CII) outperformed the new infrequency index in terms of sensitivity (46%), but not overall classification accuracy as determined in ROC analyses. Neither the new infrequency index nor the CII detected non-credible adults diagnosed with ADHD with adequate accuracy. In contrast, both infrequency indices showed high classification accuracy when used to detect symptom over-report. Findings support the new indices’ utility as an adjunct measure in uncovering feigned ADHD, while underscoring the need to differentiate general over-reporting from specific forms of feigning.

Malingered Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder on the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales: Do Reasons for Malingering Matter?

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 552-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Cook ◽  
Melissa T. Buelow ◽  
Esther Lee ◽  
Ashley Howell ◽  
Brittni Morgan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
Extra Time ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Adhd Rating Scales

Malingering is a significant assessment concern in adults undergoing evaluations for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and may occur for a number of reasons, including access to medication and/or accommodations. Therefore, it is important to investigate ways to determine accuracy of self-reported ADHD symptoms. The present study used a simulation design to examine the impact of reasons for malingering on the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) Symptom subscales and the CAARS infrequency index (CII). Participants ( N = 157) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: best effort, malingering for stimulant medication, or malingering for extra time accommodations. The three groups were compared with 34 individuals reporting previous diagnosis of ADHD. Results showed that individuals in both malingering groups scored higher than controls on all CAARS subscales and CII. Individuals in the medication malingering group, but not the extra time malingering group, scored higher than the ADHD group on CII and several CAARS subscales whose content overtly reflects ADHD symptomatology. Findings emphasize the influence of malingering on self-reported ADHD symptoms and the need to assess for malingering in ADHD evaluation. Results also suggest that reason for malingering might differentially affect self-report of ADHD symptoms.

Reliability, Validity, Factor Structure, and Measurement Invariance of the Japanese Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS)

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-349
Author(s):  
Fumio Someki ◽  
Masafumi Ohnishi ◽  
Mikael Vejdemo-Johansson ◽  
Kazuhiko Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
North American ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Scalar Invariance ◽  
Adhd Rating Scales

To examine reliability, validity, factor structure, and measurement invariance (i.e., configural, metric, and scalar invariance) of the Japanese Conners’ Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Rating Scales (CAARS), Japanese nonclinical adults ( N = 786) completed the CAARS Self-Report (CAARS-S). Each participant was also rated by one observer using the CAARS Observer Form (CAARS-O). For the test of measurement invariance, excerpts from the original (North American) CAARS norming data ( N = 500) were used. Dimensional structure was examined by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Test–retest reliability, internal consistency, and concurrent validity were satisfactory. Based on the DSM-IV model and Japanese four-factor model, configural and metric invariance were established for the CAARS-S/O across Japanese and North American populations. Scalar invariance was established for the CAARS-O based on the Japanese model. The use of the Japanese CAARS for diagnostic purposes in Japan was supported; however, it should be used with caution for cross-cultural comparison research.

Screening for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adult Inpatients with Psychiatric Disorders

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geetha Kumar ◽  
Justin Faden ◽  
Robert A. Steer
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Assessment Measures ◽  
Comorbid Adhd ◽  
Symptom Criteria

The purpose was to assess the effectiveness of the adult ADHD Module from the MINI International Neuropsychiatrie Interview (MINI) and the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales: Screening Version DSM-IV ADHD Symptoms Total Scale (CAARS-S:SV) in screening for attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) disorder in patients hospitalized for other psychiatric disorders. Assessment measures were administered to 55 (50%) female and 55 (50%) male adult (> 18 yr. old) inpatients. Only six (5%) of the 110 inpatients had been diagnosed with comorbid ADHD according to medical charts. In contrast, 55 (50%) patients met criteria for ADHD according to the MINI, and 39 (36%) patients met criteria on the CAARS-S:SV. The higher rates of prevalence for the MINI and the CAARS-S:SV were attributable to symptom criteria for ADHD being similar to those shared with comorbid disorders.

The Epidemiology of Adult ADHD

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (S12) ◽  
pp. 6-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Source Of Information

Until recently, little was known about the epidemiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Bottom-up studies following children with ADHD into adolescence had shown variable rates of persistence, some of which depended on the definitions used. The traditional diagnosis was complicated by the introduction of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, which stated that ADHD could be diagnosed with inattentive symptoms alone. This resulted in diagnostic inconsistency as earlier investigations demanded the presence of hyperactivity while others did not. Diagnosis also depended on the site, the cohort, whether interviews versus rating scales were employed, and whether the subject or their parent were the source of information.

Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales, Short Version--Catalan Adaptation

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Amador-Campos ◽  
Juana Gómez-Benito ◽  
Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
Keyword(s):  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Short Version ◽  
Adhd Rating Scales

Adult Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) in Parents of ADHD Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S263-S263
Author(s):  
E. Kolat ◽  
U. Kolat
Keyword(s):  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Common Mental Disorders ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Childhood Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Adhd Children ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Competing Interest

ObjectiveADHD is one of the most common mental disorders of childhood and adolescence, and characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity symptomatology. The objective of this study is to find out the difference between ADHD prevalence in parents of children with or without ADHD.MethodA total of 132 parents of 90 ADHD children; aged between 6 and 12, and 67 parents of 45 non-ADHD children were recruited in the study. Control parents were matched to ADHD children parents according to age, gender and educational status.ResultsRate of childhood ADHD were significantly higher among parents of ADHD children compared to the parents of control group (P = 0.039). Rate of adult ADHD (P = 0.076) was not significantly but higher among parents of ADHD children compared to the parents of control group.ConclusionIn our study, we found the prevelance of childhood ADHD in parents of children with ADHD, similar to those reported by published studies but the prevelance of adult ADHD is lower than most of the previous studies. There may be several reasons for us to find a relatively low rate of adult ADHD. Firstly, in our study only parents of ADHD children are investigated, but in the previous studies not only parents but also siblings of ADHD children are investigated. Secondly, in the previous studies adult ADHD is diagnosed according to DSM-III; not DSM-IV. Under the highlight of our findings, assessing adult ADHD in patients with having a child with ADHD is important for treatment and prognosis.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

Evaluating the Psychometric Properties of the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1111-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyssa C. Smyth ◽  
Scott T. Meier
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adhd Rating Scales

Objective: Characterized by significant work-related impairments, difficulties with relationships, and higher rates of criminal behavior and substance abuse, ADHD is now understood as a disability that can persist throughout a lifetime. Differing opinions remain, however, regarding adult symptoms of ADHD, particularly with regard to gender differences. These issues add to the challenges of constructing a reliable and valid measure of ADHD for use with adults in research and practice. Method: We review the theoretical foundations of ADHD and psychometric properties of a major assessment device, the Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). Results: Results of the literature review found (a) a wide range of internal consistency estimates, with lowest values for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM)–Hyperactive/Impulsive Symptoms subscale when completed by women, and (b) discriminant validity estimates in the same range as convergent validity estimates. Conclusion: These findings raise questions about the construct validity of the CAARS and suggest directions for future research.

scholarly journals Public perceptions of adult ADHD: Indications of stigma?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmet Godfrey ◽  
Anselm B. M. Fuermaier ◽  
Lara Tucha ◽  
Marah Butzbach ◽  
Matthias Weisbrod ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Public Perceptions ◽  
Medium Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adhd Group ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Dsm Iv

AbstractStigmatization represents a major barrier to treatment seeking across mental disorders. Despite this, stigma research on individual mental disorders remains in its infancy. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults also represents an under-researched area—being far less studied than its child counterpart. This study examined the current state of public perceptions towards adult ADHD. A simulation group consisting of 105 participants performed the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale (WFIRS) and Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) as though they had ADHD. These scores were compared to a group consisting of 98 individuals with adult ADHD and a group of 117 healthy individuals both groups being instructed to complete the WFIRS and CAARS to the best of their abilities. Simulators were found to overestimate impairments in adult ADHD (to a large effect) in the domains of hyperactivity, DSM-IV hyperactivity-impulsivity, DSM-IV total, work, school, (to a medium effect) in family and social, and (to a negligible-small effect) in inattention, impulsivity, DSM-IV inattention, and life skills when compared to the ADHD group, and in all domains (to a large effect) when compared to the control group. Current and retrospective ADHD symptoms were found to be associated with more accurate perceptions in a number of domains. Evidence for the presence of perceptions considered to be stigmatizing was found, with largest effects present in the domains of hyperactivity, impulsivity, impairments at work, school, and engagement in risky behaviour.

The german version of the conners adult ADHD rating scales (CAARS)

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1195-1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Christiansen ◽  
B. Kis ◽  
O. Hirsch ◽  
A. Philipsen ◽  
J. Hebebrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychometric Properties ◽  
Adult Adhd ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Self Report ◽  
German Version ◽  
American Model ◽  
Valid Instrument ◽  
Adhd Rating Scales

IntroductionInstruments for diagnosing Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in childhood are well validated and reliable, but psychometric assessment of ADHD in adults remains problematic. To date the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) are frequently used in the assessment of ADHD.ObjectivesThe CAARS were translated into German and a series of studies planned to establish psychometric properties of the CAARS-self and -observer rating scales.AimsTo evaluate the German version of the CAARS.MethodsWe recruited 847 healthy German subjects and 466 adult ADHD patients to fill out the CAARS-self report and questions on socio-demographic variables. Additionally, 896 CAARS-observer reports were filled out by significant others and clinical experts. Factor analyses were conducted to obtain factor structure and to replicate the structure of the original American-model. Comparisons between patients and controls, and analyses on influences of gender, age, and education level were calculated. Additional analyses established psychometric properties.ResultsConfirmative factor analysis based on the original American-model showed a high model-fit for both the German healthy control and the adult ADHD patient sample. Analyses of normative data showed significant influences of age, gender, and education level on the emerging subscales for the control sample only. Differences on all subscales were highly significant between patients and controls. Test-, test-retest-reliability was very high, and criterion validity could be established with DSM-IV based clinical interviews. Sensitivity and specificity ratings are overall very satisfying.ConclusionThe German version of the CAARS is a cross-culturally valid instrument for the assessment of adult ADHD.

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