Characterization of the Oral Microbiome in Canine Chronic Ulcerative Stomatitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anderson JG ◽  
◽  
Paster BJ ◽  
Chen T ◽  
Kokaras A ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Microbial Profile ◽  
Supragingival Plaque ◽  
Mucosal Lesions ◽  
Bacterial Plaque ◽  
Ulcerative Stomatitis

Canine chronic ulcerative stomatitis is a debilitating, oral mucosal disorder of dogs. A commonly held hypothesis for pathogenesis is that bacterial plaque on tooth surfaces is responsible for the ulcerative mucosal lesions. As such, therapy has focused on full-mouth, tooth extraction. Recent studies revealed a unique leukocyte profile in canine ulcerative stomatitis that is amenable to immune modulating therapy. What remains unknown is the role bacteria may play in dysbiosis and immune-inflammatory mechanisms. The microbiota of canine ulcerative stomatitis has not been characterized. Aims of the present study include determination of the microbiome of mucosal lesions in canine ulcerative stomatitis and that of the supragingival plaque of the opposing tooth. The microbiota of these surfaces was compared to healthy mucosa in the canine ulcerative stomatitis patient, and three non-stomatitis control patients. Our hypothesis was that specific microbial species or complexes are associated with ulcerative stomatitis. DNA from 100 clinical samples was evaluated using Next Generation Sequencing methods and was analyzed using LDA Effect Size and the non-parametric factorial Kruskal-Wallis sum-rank test. Statistically significant differences in species were determined from mucosal ulcers versus normal sites in ulcerative stomatitis patients. Species that were more prevalent on the ulcer lesions included putative periodontal pathogens, such as a Tannerella forsythia-like phylotype and Porphyromonas gingivicanis, a species related to the human pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. The microbial profile of the supragingival plaque of the abutting tooth to the ulcer revealed similar pathogens. This study showed that in dogs with stomatitis, the mucosal ulcer is inhabited by a unique, species-specific bacterial community and suggests significant differences between the oral mucosa of healthy dogs, dogs with severe periodontal disease, or dogs with oral mucosal tumors. Based on our results, full-mouth, tooth extraction may not be the optimal treatment of the disease.

scholarly journals The impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on oral microbiome dynamics in Japanese patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isamu Kado ◽  
Junzo Hisatsune ◽  
Keiko Tsuruda ◽  
Kotaro Tanimoto ◽  
Motoyuki Sugai
Keyword(s):  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Japanese Patients ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Supragingival Plaque ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Microbial Dna ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level Analysis

AbstractFixed orthodontic appliances are common and effective tools to treat malocclusion. Adverse effects of these appliances, such as dental caries and periodontitis, may be associated with alteration of the microbiome. This study investigated the impact of these appliances on the dynamics of the oral microbiome. Seventy-one patients were selected. Supragingival plaque samples were collected before placement (T0) and six months after placement (T1). Saliva samples were collected at T0 and T1, and then when appliance removal (T2). Microbial DNA was analyzed by 16S rRNA meta-sequencing. The diversity analysis indicated dynamic changes in the structure of the oral microbiome. Taxonomic analysis at phylum level showed a significant increase in Bacteroidetes and Saccharibacteria (formally TM7) and decrease in Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria over time, in both plaque and saliva. Genus level analysis of relative abundance indicated a significant increase in anaerobic and facultative anaerobes in both plaque and saliva. Fixed orthodontic appliances induced measurable changes in the oral microbiome. This was characterized by an increase in relative abundance of obligate anaerobes, including periodontal pathogens. It can be concluded that this dysbiosis induced by fixed orthodontic appliances is likely to represent a transitional stage in the shift in microbiome from healthy to periodontitis.

scholarly journals Detection of pathogens from periodontal lesions

2004 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 723-728 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veruska de João Malheiros ◽  
Mario Julio Avila-Campos
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subject ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Bacteria Identification

OBJECTIVE: To comparatively detect A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum from periodontal and healthy sites. METHODS: Subgingival clinical samples from 50 periodontitis adult patients and 50 healthy subjects were analyzed. Both organisms were isolated using a trypticase soy agar-bacitracin-vancomycin (TSBV) medium and detected by PCR. Conventional biochemical tests were used for bacteria identification. RESULTS: A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum were isolated in 18% and 20% of the patients, respectively, and in 2% and 24% of healthy subjects. Among A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates, biotype II was the most prevalent. Primer pair AA was 100% sensitive in the detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans from both subject groups. Primers ASH and FU were also 100% sensitive to detect this organism in healthy subject samples. Primer pair FN5047 was more sensitive to detect F. nucleatum in patients or in healthy samples than primer 5059S. Primers ASH and 5059S were more specific in the detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans and F. nucleatum, respectively, in patients and in healthy subject samples. CONCLUSIONS: PCR is an effective tool for detecting periodontal pathogens in subgingival samples, providing a faster and safer diagnostic tool of periodontal diseases. The method's sensitivity and specificity is conditioned by the choice of the set of primers used.

scholarly journals High-Resolution Taxonomic Profiling of the Subgingival Microbiome for Biomarker Discovery and Periodontitis Diagnosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 1047-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Szymon P. Szafranski ◽  
Melissa L. Wos-Oxley ◽  
Ramiro Vilchez-Vargas ◽  
Ruy Jáuregui ◽  
Iris Plumeier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Biomarker Discovery ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Individualized Medicine ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Taxonomic Profiling

ABSTRACTThe oral microbiome plays a key role for caries, periodontitis, and systemic diseases. A method for rapid, high-resolution, robust taxonomic profiling of subgingival bacterial communities for early detection of periodontitis biomarkers would therefore be a useful tool for individualized medicine. Here, we used Illumina sequencing of the V1-V2 and V5-V6 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. A sample stratification pipeline was developed in a pilot study of 19 individuals, 9 of whom had been diagnosed with chronic periodontitis. Five hundred twenty-three operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from the V1-V2 region and 432 from the V5-V6 region. Key periodontal pathogens likePorphyromonas gingivalis,Treponema denticola, andTannerella forsythiacould be identified at the species level with both primer sets. Principal coordinate analysis identified two outliers that were consistently independent of the hypervariable region and method of DNA extraction used. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size algorithm (LEfSe) identified 80 OTU-level biomarkers of periodontitis and 17 of health. Health- and periodontitis-related clusters of OTUs were identified using a connectivity analysis, and the results confirmed previous studies with several thousands of samples. A machine learning algorithm was developed which was trained on all but one sample and then predicted the diagnosis of the left-out sample (jackknife method). Using a combination of the 10 best biomarkers, 15 of 17 samples were correctly diagnosed. Training the algorithm on time-resolved community profiles might provide a highly sensitive tool to detect the onset of periodontitis.

scholarly journals Rapamycin rejuvenates oral health in aging mice

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Y An ◽  
Kristopher A Kerns ◽  
Andrew Ouellette ◽  
Laura Robinson ◽  
H Douglas Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Periodontal Bone Loss ◽  
Bone Inflammation

Periodontal disease is an age-associated disorder clinically defined by periodontal bone loss, inflammation of the specialized tissues that surround and support the tooth, and microbiome dysbiosis. Currently, there is no therapy for reversing periodontal disease, and treatment is generally restricted to preventive measures or tooth extraction. The FDA-approved drug rapamycin slows aging and extends lifespan in multiple organisms, including mice. Here, we demonstrate that short-term treatment with rapamycin rejuvenates the aged oral cavity of elderly mice, including regeneration of periodontal bone, attenuation of gingival and periodontal bone inflammation, and revertive shift of the oral microbiome toward a more youthful composition. This provides a geroscience strategy to potentially rejuvenate oral health and reverse periodontal disease in the elderly.

scholarly journals DETECTION AND QUANTITATION OF RED COMPLEX BACTERIA IN SUBGINGIVAL PLAQUE BY USING FLUORESCENT IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION (FISH)

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 279-289
Author(s):  
Kishore G. Bhat ◽  
Aradhana Chhatre ◽  
Vijay M. Kumbar ◽  
Manohar S. Kugaji ◽  
Sanjeevani Patil
Keyword(s):  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Subgingival Plaque ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship

Motivation/Background: Red complex bacteria are proven periodontal pathogens. In dentistry, there is a need to identify and quantitate the organisms from the diseased sites quickly and reliably. Since culture requires several days, molecular methods are being used frequently to detect these bacteria.  Among them, Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) is rapid, sensitive and quantitative. An attempt is made here to evaluate the applicability of this technique as a diagnostic tool in periodontology. Method: Subgingival plaque was collected from participants, fixed with paraformaldehyde and subjected to FISH. Fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes were used for hybridization. After the procedure, the fluorescently stained bacteria were identified and counted from the smear and quantitated using a simple grading. Results: There was a significant difference in the prevalence and numbers of red complex bacteria in healthy and diseased subjects. A strong linear relationship existed between P. gingivalis, T. forsythia and T. denticola. Conclusions: The procedure used in the study is simple, rapid and can be easily adaptable. It also has a high sensitivity and has the ability to detect a single bacterial cell. The method can be directly applied to the clinical samples and can be used as a rapid diagnostic tool in periodontics.

scholarly journals Oral Microbiome and Preterm Birth: Correlation or Coincidence? A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (F) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Biagio Rapone ◽  
Elisabetta Ferrara ◽  
Nicola Montemurro ◽  
Ilaria Converti ◽  
Matteo Loverro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Periodontal Pathogen ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Medline Search ◽  
Phylogenetic Community Structure ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Periodontal Infection

BACKGROUND: Physiological changes that occur during pregnancy involve, as a natural consequence, also modifications of oral microbiome. However, the addition with microbial imbalance due to pre-existing periodontal infection might impair a pathological alteration in the phylogenetic community structure and composition in the oral cavity, exacerbating an inflammatory status, and becoming a potential risk factor for preterm birth. From the empirical findings about the relationship between periodontal pathogens and systemic diseases, a clear interest focused on the potential impact of some periodontal pathogens on the preterm birth risk has emerged. AIM: Exploration of the potential interdependence existing between dysbiosis of oral microbiome and changes in maternal-fetal barrier in premature rupture of membranes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a Medline search was performed for studies focusing on oral microbioma and its association with pre-term birth, and completed by additional hand searching. Two reviewers independently selected studies and extracted data. The search was restricted to only reports written in English. RESULTS: The electronic search produced 66 items. Six duplicates were found. Among the collected studies, 56 were discarded because they met the exclusion criteria. The articles and reports in our review showed a connection between preterm birth and altered oral microbiome, suggesting a potential key role of Fusobacterium nucleatum, a notable periodontal pathogen involved in several pathological periodontal conditions, in increasing the risk of premature birth. CONCLUSIONS: Since F. nucleatum is frequently associated with preterm birth, it is coherent to hypothesize a potential role for the oral microbiota for preterm birth risk. Further studies should be carried out to determine the changes of the oral microflora in pregnancy and to provide comprehensive knowledge of the diversity of oral bacteria involved in preterm birth.

scholarly journals Oral Microbiome of Tobacco Smokers: A Shift in Composition

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽  
pp. 57s-57s ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Ogba ◽  
J. Ewa ◽  
O. Olorode
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cancer ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Tobacco Smoking ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Color Change ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Microbiological Techniques ◽  
Minimum Age

Background: The use of tobacco may affect the human oral microbiome resulting in numerous diseases including cancer. There are more than 1.3 billion tobacco smokers worldwide with 4.5 million adult Nigerians addressed as tobacco addicts. Tobacco smoking causes oral cancer, color change on the teeth, halitosis, periodontitis and other health implications. Aim: The study was aimed at determining the changes caused by tobacco smoking on the oral microbiome of cigarette smokers and the shift toward organisms that may cause oral cancer and lung diseases. Methods: One hundred and twenty subjects made of 60 tobacco smokers and 60 nonsmokers were enrolled for the study. Oral swabs were collected from the oral cavity of the subjects using sterile swab sticks under standard aseptic methods. The specimens were subjected to microscopy and culture. Organisms were identified using standard microbiological techniques. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 26.9 ± 3.4 years, with minimum age 18.0 years. There was a higher rate of bacterial colonization 86.7% among smokers than nonsmokers (χ2 = 299.0, P = 0.0002). Most members of the oral biofilm belonged to the Enterobacteriaceae with Klebsiella pneumoniae being the most prevalent isolate among smokers while Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4 (20.0%) were the most prevalent bacterial isolates among the control subjects. Tooth decay 19 (36.5%) was the oral cavity disorder among smokers associated with the highest number of isolates, followed by halitosis 18 (34.6%) and mouth ulcer 7 (13.4%). Halitosis was mostly associated with Candida species 5 (71.4%). There was a statistically significant association between oral cavity conditions and microbial isolates among smokers (χ2 = 299.0, P = 0.002). Conclusion: Smoking may have altered bacterial acquisition and oral mucosal colonization in favor of periodontal pathogens. This study have shown that smoking predisposes to oral cavity diseases which may predispose to oral cancer or lung diseases. The campaign against smoking should therefore be intensified as this may help to improve the oral health of smokers.

scholarly journals Virulence of the Pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis Is Controlled by the CRISPR-Cas Protein Cas3

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Solbiati ◽  
Ana Duran-Pinedo ◽  
Fernanda Godoy Rocha ◽  
Frank C. Gibson ◽  
Jorge Frias-Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Porphyromonas Gingivalis ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Bacterial Virulence ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Associated Proteins ◽  
Polymicrobial Disease

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen of periodontitis, a polymicrobial disease characterized by a chronic inflammation that destroys the tissues supporting the teeth. Thus, understanding the virulence potential of P. gingivalis is essential to maintaining a healthy oral microbiome. In nonoral organisms, CRISPR-Cas systems have been shown to modulate a variety of microbial processes, including protection from exogenous nucleic acids, and, more recently, have been implicated in bacterial virulence. Previously, our clinical findings identified activation of the CRISPR-Cas system in patient samples at the transition to disease; however, the mechanism of contribution to disease remained unknown. The importance of the present study resides in that it is becoming increasingly clear that CRISPR-associated proteins have broader functions than initially thought and that those functions now include their role in the virulence of periodontal pathogens. Studying a P. gingivalis cas3 mutant, we demonstrate that at least one of the CRISPR-Cas systems is involved in the regulation of virulence during infection.

scholarly journals Oral Microbiome of Children Living in an Isolated Area in Myanmar

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 4033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshiaki Nomura ◽  
Ryoko Otsuka ◽  
Ryo Hasegawa ◽  
Nobuhiro Hanada
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
The Core ◽  
Hypervariable Regions ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
Supragingival Plaque ◽  
Systemic Health ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Several studies have shown that the oral microbiome is related to systemic health, and a co-relation with several specific diseases has been suggested. The oral microbiome depends on environmental- and community-level factors. In this observational study, the oral microbiomes of children of isolated mountain people were analyzed with respect to the core oral microbiome and etiology of dental caries. We collected samples of supragingival plaque from children (age 9–13) living in the Chin state of Myanmar. After DNA extraction and purification, next-generation sequencing of the V3–V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA was conducted. From thirteen subjects, 263,458 valid reads and 640 operational taxonomic units were generated at a 97% identity cut-off value. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria was the most abundant, followed by Firmicutes and Bacteroides. Forty-four bacteria were detected in total from all the subjects. For children without dental caries, Proteobacteria was abundant. In contrast, in children with dental caries, Firmicutes and Bacteroides were abundant. The oral microbiome of children living in an isolated area may be affected by environmental- and community-level factors. Additionally, the composition of the oral microbiome may affect the risk of dental caries.

scholarly journals Substantial Differences in the Subgingival Microbiome Measured by 16S Metagenomics According to Periodontitis Status in Older Women

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael LaMonte ◽  
Robert Genco ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Daniel McSkimming ◽  
Christopher Andrews ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Host Susceptibility ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Periodontal Pathogens ◽  
Microbial Life ◽  
Severe Periodontitis ◽  
V3 Region

Aging invokes physiological changes, such as immunosenescence and inflammation, that could increase host susceptibility to oral microbiome shifts that enable periodontitis progression in later life. At present, there is a dearth of studies specifically evaluating the oral microbiome and periodontitis in older adults. We used high-throughput untargeted sequencing methods and functional metagenomic analyses to assess and compare the subgingival biofilm of postmenopausal women (mean age 71 years) according to periodontitis status. Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 15 postmenopausal women with no periodontitis, and from 15 women with severe periodontitis, determined by probing measures. The 16S rRNA gene (V1–V3 region) was sequenced on the 454 FLX platform. The PICRUSt technique was used to provide information on what the potential functional characteristics of microbiota might be in healthy, compared with diseased, periodontium. The subgingival microbiome associated with periodontitis showed clear differences to that associated with health. Of the 464 species identified, 22.8% had elevated abundance in disease, while only 6.3% had elevated abundance in health. Among the 12 most prevalent organisms in periodontitis, one-half have previously been recognized as periodontal pathogens by other investigators. The subgingival microbiome in periodontitis contained genes that could code for specific activities, including microbial mobility, synthesis of endotoxin, and proteolytic degradation. The healthy microbiome included genes that could code for sustaining microbial life, including encoding for transporters, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the Krebs cycle, and protein kinases. In the present study on postmenopausal women, aged 60 and older, the subgingival microbiome differed in composition and potential function between those with and without periodontitis. Studies of functional gene expression, such as transcriptomics, are needed to definitively identify the molecules carrying out functions associated with pathogenic subgingival complexes. This, in turn, could lead to identification of targets for enhanced management of periodontitis and, possibly, other diseases, in later life.

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