scholarly journals Expression of truncated Kir6.2 promotes insertion of functionally inverted ATP-sensitive K+ channels

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Heitz ◽  
Robert Bränström ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Yiding Huang ◽  
Tilo Moede ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Sulfonylurea Receptor ◽  
Membrane Expression ◽  
Membrane Orientation ◽  
Electrophysiological Recordings ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
Truncated Variants

AbstractATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels couple cellular metabolism to electrical activity in many cell types. Wild-type KATP channels are comprised of four pore forming (Kir6.x) and four regulatory (sulfonylurea receptor, SURx) subunits that each contain RKR endoplasmic reticulum retention sequences that serve to properly translocate the channel to the plasma membrane. Truncated Kir6.x variants lacking RKR sequences facilitate plasma membrane expression of functional Kir6.x in the absence of SURx; however, the effects of channel truncation on plasma membrane orientation have not been explored. To investigate the role of truncation on plasma membrane orientation of ATP sensitive K+ channels, three truncated variants of Kir6.2 were used (Kir6.2ΔC26, 6xHis-Kir6.2ΔC26, and 6xHis-EGFP-Kir6.2ΔC26). Oocyte expression of Kir6.2ΔC26 shows the presence of a population of inverted inserted channels in the plasma membrane, which is not present when co-expressed with SUR1. Immunocytochemical staining of intact and permeabilized HEK293 cells revealed that the N-terminus of 6xHis-Kir6.2ΔC26 was accessible on both sides of the plasma membrane at roughly equivalent ratios, whereas the N-terminus of 6xHis-EGFP-Kir6.2Δ26 was only accessible on the intracellular face. In HEK293 cells, whole-cell electrophysiological recordings showed a ca. 50% reduction in K+ current upon addition of ATP to the extracellular solution for 6xHis-Kir6.2ΔC26, though sensitivity to extracellular ATP was not observed in 6xHis-EGFP-Kir6.2ΔC26. Importantly, the population of channels that is inverted exhibited similar function to properly inserted channels within the plasma membrane. Taken together, these data suggest that in the absence of SURx, inverted channels can be formed from truncated Kir6.x subunits that are functionally active which may provide a new model for testing pharmacological modulators of Kir6.x, but also indicates the need for added caution when using truncated Kir6.2 mutants.

scholarly journals Protein tyrosine kinase is expressed and regulates ROMK1 location in the cortical collecting duct

2004 ◽  
Vol 286 (5) ◽  
pp. F881-F892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dao-Hong Lin ◽  
Hyacinth Sterling ◽  
Baofeng Yang ◽  
Steven C. Hebert ◽  
Gerhard Giebisch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Cortical Collecting Duct ◽  
Membrane Expression ◽  
Intracellular Compartment ◽  
Membrane Staining

We previously demonstrated that dietary K intake regulates the expression of Src family PTK, which plays an important role in controlling the expression of ROMK1 in plasma membrane (Wei Y, Bloom P, Lin D-H, Gu RM, and Wang WH. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 281: F206–F212, 2001). In the present study, we used the immunofluorescence staining technique to demonstrate the presence of c-Src, a member of Src family PTK, in the thick ascending limb (TAL) and collecting duct. Confocal microscopy shows that c-Src is highly expressed in the renal cortex and outer medulla. Moreover, c-Src and ROMK are coexpressed in the same nephron segment. Also, the positive staining of c-Src is visible in tubules stained with Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein or aquaporin-2. This suggests that c-Src is present in the TAL, cortical collecting duct (CCD), and outer medullary collecting duct (OMCD). To study the role of PTK in the regulation of ROMK membrane expression in the TAL and CCD, we carried out immunocytochemical staining with ROMK antibody in the CCD or TAL from rats on either a high-K (HK) or K-deficient (KD) diet. A sharp membrane staining of ROMK can be observed in the TAL from rats on both HK and KD diets. However, a clear plasma membrane staining can be observed only in the CCD from rats on a HK diet but not from those on a KD diet. Treatment of the CCD from rats on a HK diet with phenylarsine oxide (PAO) decreases the positive staining in the plasma/subapical membrane and increases the ROMK staining in the intracellular compartment. However, PAO treatment did not significantly alter the staining pattern of ROMK in the TAL. Moreover, the biotinylation technique has also confirmed that neither herbimycin A nor PAO has significantly changed the biotin-labeled ROMK2 in HEK293 cells transfected with ROMK2 and c-Src. We conclude that c-Src is expressed in the TAL, CCD, and OMCD and that stimulation of PTK increases the ROMK channels in the intracellular compartment but decreases them in the apical/subapical membrane in the CCD.

What Can Epitope Specific Antibodies Tell us About the Organization of Caveolin in Cells?

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1030-1031
Author(s):  
J.M. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Biochemical Characterization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Membrane Microdomains ◽  
Truncated Form ◽  
Coated Pits ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
Plasma Membrane Microdomains

There are three members of the caveolin (CAV) gene family that give rise to four polypeptides. These polypeptides are CAV-1α, CAV-1β, CAV-2, and CAV-3. The CAV-1β isoform is a truncated form of CAV-1α that lacks 31 amino acids at the N-terminus of the molecule. The CAV- 1β molecule arises through an alternative splicing mechanism.Caveolae are specialized plasma membrane microdomains that are expressed at high levels in some cell types (e.g., endothelium, adipocytes, fibroblasts). These specialized regions of the plasma membrane have a characteristic omega-shaped appearance with diameters ranging from 40-90 run. They are distinct from clathrin-coated pits since they lack the characteristic coated appearance in electron microscopy. Caveolae were among the first structures to be discovered by biological electron microscopy. However, biochemical characterization of these structures did not begin in earnest until a marker protein was identified. The initial marker was the 22-kDa protein known as caveolin.

scholarly journals Small GTPase Rab11b regulates degradation of surface membrane L-type Cav1.2 channels

2011 ◽  
Vol 300 (5) ◽  
pp. C1023-C1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jabe M. Best ◽  
Jason D. Foell ◽  
Courtney R. Buss ◽  
Brian P. Delisle ◽  
Ravi C. Balijepalli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Ventricular Myocardium ◽  
Small Gtpase ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Endosomal Trafficking ◽  
Membrane Expression ◽  
Membrane Density

L-type Ca2+ channels (LTCCs) play a critical role in Ca2+-dependent signaling processes in a variety of cell types. The number of functional LTCCs at the plasma membrane strongly influences the strength and duration of Ca2+ signals. Recent studies demonstrated that endosomal trafficking provides a mechanism for dynamic changes in LTCC surface membrane density. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether the small GTPase Rab11b, a known regulator of endosomal recycling, impacts plasmalemmal expression of Cav1.2 LTCCs. Disruption of endogenous Rab11b function with a dominant negative Rab11b S25N mutant led to a significant 64% increase in peak L-type Ba2+ current ( IBa,L) in human embryonic kidney (HEK)293 cells. Short-hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown of Rab11b also significantly increased peak IBa,L by 66% compared when with cells transfected with control shRNA, whereas knockdown of Rab11a did not impact IBa,L. Rab11b S25N led to a 1.7-fold increase in plasma membrane density of hemagglutinin epitope-tagged Cav1.2 expressed in HEK293 cells. Cell surface biotinylation experiments demonstrated that Rab11b S25N does not significantly impact anterograde trafficking of LTCCs to the surface membrane but rather slows degradation of plasmalemmal Cav1.2 channels. We further demonstrated Rab11b expression in ventricular myocardium and showed that Rab11b S25N significantly increases peak IBa,L by 98% in neonatal mouse cardiac myocytes. These findings reveal a novel role for Rab11b in limiting, rather than promoting, the plasma membrane expression of Cav1.2 LTCCs in contrast to its effects on other ion channels including human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) K+ channels and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator. This suggests Rab11b differentially regulates the trafficking of distinct cargo and extends our understanding of how endosomal transport impacts the functional expression of LTCCs.

scholarly journals TMEM16F (Anoctamin 6), an anion channel of delayed Ca2+ activation

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (5) ◽  
pp. 585-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Grubb ◽  
Kristian A. Poulsen ◽  
Christian Ammitzbøll Juul ◽  
Tania Kyed ◽  
Thomas K. Klausen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Anion Channel ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Na Current ◽  
Pore Region ◽  
Anoctamin 6 ◽  
Electrophysiological Properties ◽  
Anion Selectivity

Members of the TMEM16 (Anoctamin) family of membrane proteins have been shown to be essential constituents of the Ca2+-activated Cl− channel (CaCC) in many cell types. In this study, we have investigated the electrophysiological properties of mouse TMEM16F. Heterologous expression of TMEM16F in HEK293 cells resulted in plasma membrane localization and an outwardly rectifying ICl,Ca that was activated with a delay of several minutes. Furthermore, a significant Na+ current was activated, and the two permeabilities were correlated according to PNa = 0.3 PCl. The current showed an EC50 of 100 µM intracellular free Ca2+ concentration and an Eisenman type 1 anion selectivity sequence of PSCN > PI > PBr > PCl > PAsp. The mTMEM16F-associated ICl,Ca was abolished in one mutant of the putative pore region (R592E) but retained in two other mutants (K616E and R636E). The mutant K616E had a lower relative permeability to iodide, and the mutant R636E had an altered anion selectivity sequence (PSCN = PI = PBr = PCl > PAsp). Our data provide evidence that TMEM16F constitutes a Ca2+-activated anion channel or a pore-forming subunit of an anion channel with properties distinct from TMEM16A.

Differential N termini in epithelial Na+ channel δ-subunit isoforms modulate channel trafficking to the membrane

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (6) ◽  
pp. C868-C879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Wesch ◽  
Mike Althaus ◽  
Pablo Miranda ◽  
Ignacio Cruz-Muros ◽  
Martin Fronius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Na Channel ◽  
Open Probability ◽  
Splice Isoforms ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
Lysine Residues ◽  
Tight Epithelia ◽  
Py Motif

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) is a heteromultimeric ion channel that plays a key role in Na+ reabsorption across tight epithelia. The canonical ENaC is formed by three analogous subunits, α, β, and γ. A fourth ENaC subunit, named δ, is expressed in the nervous system of primates, where its role is unknown. The human δ-ENaC gene generates at least two splice isoforms, δ1 and δ2 , differing in the N-terminal sequence. Neurons in diverse areas of the human and monkey brain differentially express either δ1 or δ2 , with few cells coexpressing both isoforms, which suggests that they may play specific physiological roles. Here we show that heterologous expression of δ1 in Xenopus oocytes and HEK293 cells produces higher current levels than δ2 . Patch-clamp experiments showed no differences in single channel current magnitude and open probability between isoforms. Steady-state plasma membrane abundance accounts for the dissimilarity in macroscopic current levels. Differential trafficking between isoforms is independent of β- and γ-subunits, PY-motif-mediated endocytosis, or the presence of additional lysine residues in δ2-N terminus. Analysis of δ2-N terminus identified two sequences that independently reduce channel abundance in the plasma membrane. The δ1 higher abundance is consistent with an increased insertion rate into the membrane, since endocytosis rates of both isoforms are indistinguishable. Finally, we conclude that δ-ENaC undergoes dynamin-independent endocytosis as opposed to αβγ-channels.

scholarly journals An uncharacterized region within the N-terminus of mouse TMC1 precludes trafficking to plasma membrane in a heterologous cell line

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Soler ◽  
M. Manikandan ◽  
S. R. Gopal ◽  
A. E. Sloan ◽  
T. S. McCormick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Sequence ◽  
Hair Cell ◽  
Core Protein ◽  
Intracellular Localization ◽  
Cellular Systems ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Uncharacterized Protein ◽  
N Terminus

Abstract Mechanotransduction by hair cell stereocilia lies at the heart of sound detection in vertebrates. Considerable effort has been put forth to identify proteins that comprise the hair cell mechanotransduction apparatus. TMC1, a member of the transmembrane channel-like (TMC) family, was identified as a core protein of the mechanotransduction complex in hair cells. However, the inability of TMC1 to traffic through the endoplasmic reticulum in heterologous cellular systems has hindered efforts to characterize its function and fully identify its role in mechanotransduction. We developed a novel approach that allowed for the detection of uncharacterized protein regions, which preclude trafficking to the plasma membrane (PM) in heterologous cells. Tagging N-terminal fragments of TMC1 with Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and GFP fusion reporter, which intrinsically label PM in HEK293 cells, indicated that residues at the edges of amino acid sequence 138–168 invoke intracellular localization and/or degradation. This signal is able to preclude surface localization of PM protein AQP3 in HEK293 cells. Substitutions of the residues by alanine or serine corroborated that the information determining the intracellular retention is present within amino acid sequence 138–168 of TMC1 N-terminus. This novel signal may preclude the proper trafficking of TMC1 to the PM in heterologous cells.

Levels of plasma membrane expression in progressive and benign mutations of the bile salt export pump (Bsep/Abcb11) correlate with severity of cholestatic diseases

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (5) ◽  
pp. C1709-C1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Lam ◽  
Claire L. Pearson ◽  
Carol J. Soroka ◽  
Shuhua Xu ◽  
Albert Mennone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Intrahepatic Cholestasis ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Salt Transport ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Membrane Expression

Human BSEP (ABCB11) mutations are the molecular basis for at least three clinical forms of liver disease, progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2), benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (BRIC2), and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). To better understand the pathobiology of these disease phenotypes, we hypothesized that different mutations may cause significant differences in protein defects. Therefore we compared the effect of two PFIC2 mutations (D482G, E297G) with two BRIC2 mutations (A570T and R1050C) and one ICP mutation (N591S) with regard to the subcellular localization, maturation, and function of the rat Bsep protein. Bile salt transport was retained in all but the E297G mutant. Mutant proteins were expressed at reduced levels on the plasma membrane of transfected HEK293 cells compared with wild-type (WT) Bsep in the following order: WT > N591S > R1050C ∼ A570T ∼ E297G >> D482G. Total cell protein and surface protein expression were reduced to the same extent, suggesting that trafficking of these mutants to the plasma membrane is not impaired. All Bsep mutants accumulate in perinuclear aggresome-like structures in the presence of the proteasome inhibitor MG-132, suggesting that mutations are associated with protein instability and ubiquitin-dependent degradation. Reduced temperature, sodium butyrate, and sodium 4-phenylbutyrate enhanced the expression of the mature and cell surface D482G protein in HEK293 cells. These results suggest that the clinical phenotypes of PFIC2, BRIC2, and ICP may directly correlate with the amount of mature protein that is expressed at the cell surface and that strategies to stabilize cell surface mutant protein may be therapeutic.

Membrane microdomains: lessons from microscopy

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 776-777
Author(s):  
J.M. Robinson ◽  
J.M Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Membrane Microdomains ◽  
Membrane Domains ◽  
Lateral Heterogeneity ◽  
Functional Importance

Specialized regions of plasma membranes displaying lateral heterogeneity are the focus of this Symposium. Specialized membrane domains are known for certain cell types such as differentiated epithelial cells where lateral heterogeneity in lipids and proteins exists between the apical and basolateral portions of the plasma membrane. Lateral heterogeneity and the presence of microdomains in membranes that are uniform in appearance have been more difficult to establish. Nonetheless a number of studies have provided evidence for membrane microdomains and indicated a functional importance for these structures.This symposium will focus on the use of various imaging modalities and related approaches to define membrane microdomains in a number of cell types. The importance of existing as well as emerging imaging technologies for use in the elucidation of membrane microdomains will be highlighted. The organization of membrane microdomains in terms of dimensions and spatial distribution is of considerable interest and will be addressed in this Symposium.

scholarly journals Proteus mirabilis Urease: Unsuspected Non-Enzymatic Properties Relevant to Pathogenicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (13) ◽  
pp. 7205
Author(s):  
Matheus V. C. Grahl ◽  
Augusto F. Uberti ◽  
Valquiria Broll ◽  
Paula Bacaicoa-Caruso ◽  
Evelin F. Meirelles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Stone Formation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Urinary Stone ◽  
Enzymatic Properties ◽  
Hek293 Cells ◽  
Urinary Stones ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Tnf Α

Infection by Proteus mirabilis causes urinary stones and catheter incrustation due to ammonia formed by urease (PMU), one of its virulence factors. Non-enzymatic properties, such as pro-inflammatory and neurotoxic activities, were previously reported for distinct ureases, including that of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Here, PMU was assayed on isolated cells to evaluate its non-enzymatic properties. Purified PMU (nanomolar range) was tested in human (platelets, HEK293 and SH-SY5Y) cells, and in murine microglia (BV-2). PMU promoted platelet aggregation. It did not affect cellular viability and no ammonia was detected in the cultures’ supernatants. PMU-treated HEK293 cells acquired a pro-inflammatory phenotype, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. SH-SY5Y cells stimulated with PMU showed high levels of intracellular Ca2+ and ROS production, but unlike BV-2 cells, SH-SY5Y did not synthesize TNF-α and IL-1β. Texas Red-labeled PMU was found in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus of all cell types. Bioinformatic analysis revealed two bipartite nuclear localization sequences in PMU. We have shown that PMU, besides urinary stone formation, can potentially contribute in other ways to pathogenesis. Our data suggest that PMU triggers pro-inflammatory effects and may affect cells beyond the renal system, indicating a possible role in extra-urinary diseases.

scholarly journals The exosome journey: from biogenesis to uptake and intracellular signalling

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonam Gurung ◽  
Dany Perocheau ◽  
Loukia Touramanidou ◽  
Julien Baruteau
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Intracellular Signalling ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Adequate Definition

AbstractThe use of exosomes in clinical settings is progressively becoming a reality, as clinical trials testing exosomes for diagnostic and therapeutic applications are generating remarkable interest from the scientific community and investors. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by all cell types playing intercellular communication roles in health and disease by transferring cellular cargoes such as functional proteins, metabolites and nucleic acids to recipient cells. An in-depth understanding of exosome biology is therefore essential to ensure clinical development of exosome based investigational therapeutic products. Here we summarise the most up-to-date knowkedge about the complex biological journey of exosomes from biogenesis and secretion, transport and uptake to their intracellular signalling. We delineate the major pathways and molecular players that influence each step of exosome physiology, highlighting the routes of interest, which will be of benefit to exosome manipulation and engineering. We highlight the main controversies in the field of exosome research: their adequate definition, characterisation and biogenesis at plasma membrane. We also delineate the most common identified pitfalls affecting exosome research and development. Unravelling exosome physiology is key to their ultimate progression towards clinical applications.

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