scholarly journals The transition from the female-like great calls to male calls during ontogeny in southern yellow-cheeked gibbon males (Nomascus gabriellae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michal Hradec ◽  
Gudrun Illmann ◽  
Luděk Bartoš ◽  
Petra Bolechová
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Modulation ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Vocal Repertoire ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Mature Form ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Great Call ◽  
Observation Period ◽  
Do So

AbstractIt is well known that gibbons emit a pattern of vocalizations, which is specific for species and sex. A previous study showed, however, that immature southern yellow-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus gabriellae) males produce only female-like great calls from 2.3 to 5.3 years of age in co-singing interactions with their mothers. To date, nothing is known about how the vocal repertoire of a male changes from the female-like call (great call) to the male call (staccato notes and multi-modulation phrase) during vocal ontogeny. The goal of this study was to describe the transition from the female-like great call to the male call and the ontogeny of the male call. We predicted that the transition from the female-like great call to the male-specific call and the development of the male call is a normal part of the aging proces. If this is the case, the following phenomena will occur: (a) female vocalization should no longer be produced with the mature form of the multi-modulation phrase and (b) all stages of the male vocalization should occur gradually as the young male ages. Young males regularly emit both female-like great calls and male-specific calls between the ages of 5.6 to 7.1 years. Once the young males reached 7.1 years of age, they emitted male calls exclusively, and they continued to do so until the end of the observation period (at 8.11 years of age). It was confirmed that the young males emitted only female-like great calls during periods when they produced non-mature forms of a multi-modulation phrase (Fm0,1—none or one frequency modulation in second notes). Furhermore, the decrease in the number of female-like great calls was attributed to the development of the mature form of the multi-modulation phrase (Fm2—two or more frequency modulation in second notes), which developed with age. We also confirmed that the multi-modulation phrase developed gradually, while the development of the staccato notes occurred in leaps. A multi-modulation phrase developed as the initial part of the male-specific call. It was evolved from a simpler to a more complex form as the maximum frequency and age of the young males increased. Staccato notes subsequently developed in certain young males. Possible explanations for such vocal ontogeny in young males are discussed in this work.

scholarly journals Relating Reactive and Proactive Aggression to Trait Driving Anger in Young and Adult Males: A Pilot Study Using Explicit and Implicit Measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1850
Author(s):  
Veerle Ross ◽  
Nora Reinolsmann ◽  
Jill Lobbestael ◽  
Chantal Timmermans ◽  
Tom Brijs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Proactive Aggression ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Targeted Interventions ◽  
Driving Anger ◽  
Reactive And Proactive Aggression

Driving anger and aggressive driving are main contributors to crashes, especially among young males. Trait driving anger is context-specific and unique from other forms of anger. It is necessary to understand the mechanisms of trait driving anger to develop targeted interventions. Although literature conceptually distinguished reactive and proactive aggression, this distinction is uncommon in driving research. Similar, cognitive biases related to driving anger, measured by a combination of explicit and implicit measures, received little attention. This pilot study related explicit and implicit measures associated with reactive and proactive aggression to trait driving anger, while considering age. The sample consisted of 42 male drivers. The implicit measures included a self-aggression association (i.e., Single-Target Implicit Association Test) and an attentional aggression bias (i.e., Emotional Stroop Task). Reactive aggression related positively with trait driving anger. Moreover, a self-aggression association negatively related to trait driving anger. Finally, an interaction effect for age suggested that only in young male drivers, higher proactive aggression related to lower trait driving anger. These preliminary results motivate further attention to the combination of explicit and implicit measures related to reactive and proactive aggression in trait driving anger research.

scholarly journals Compartment Syndrome: an Acute Femoral Stress Fracture in a Young Male Athlete

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelie Kanovsky ◽  
Ernst J. Mueller
Keyword(s):  
Compartment Syndrome ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Stress Fracture ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Fatigued Muscle ◽  
Fracture Osteosynthesis ◽  
Initial Fracture ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe incidence of an acute compartment syndrome (ACS) of the thigh is less than 1%. It is most common in the setting of muscle overuse or muscle injury, as well as secondary to trauma, such as a femoral fracture. We present a case of an ACS in a young, healthy, and semiprofessional athlete with normal coagulation who sustained an acute stress fracture of the distal femur. After the initial fracture osteosynthesis, the patient suffered from a compartment syndrome in the right anterior aspect of the distal thigh. Following rapid surgical fasciotomy, the case was uneventful, and he returned to his preinjury sport level without any neurological consequences. This case confirms that ACS in the thigh is rare, but mainly occurs in young males with a large muscle mass due to participation in various athletic programs. We hypothesize that constant muscle over-usage primes for a larger amount of contused and protruding muscle mass in the small femoral compartment. Hence, the fatigued muscle subjects the bone to an increased mechanical force resulting in an overloading process. This ensues the accumulation of femoral microfractures and primes for the occurrence of an increased rate of stress fractures and an ACS in the thigh.

Abstract P038: Testosterone Supplements Have Differential Effects on Blood Pressure in Old and Young Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Hypertension ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo O Maranon ◽  
Licy L Yanes Cardozo ◽  
Carolina Dalmasso ◽  
Chetan N Patil ◽  
Andrew Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive ◽  
Young Males ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats

Testosterone (“T”) supplements are widely used by men to improve their quality of life, libido, and protect against osteoporosis. In clinical studies, both high and low “T” levels were found to be associated with hypertension and cardiovascular risk. Endogenous “T” levels are reduced in obese men and rats. We have shown previously that “T” supplements in middle-aged (6 mos) obese Zucker rats improved symptoms of the metabolic syndrome and caused weight loss, but increased their blood pressure. How “T” supplements affect hypertensive men and rats is unknown. We hypothesized that “T” supplements would further increase blood pressure (BP) in both old and young male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Old (O=20-22 mos) and young (Y=10 wks) male SHR were treated with “T” (testosterone propionate 8 mg/10 mm silastic pellet; OT and YT, implanted sc) or placebo (empty pellets; OP and YP, sc). Pellets were changed every 3 weeks for 8 weeks. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured by telemetry for 2 weeks. MAP in OP was higher than in YP (OP: 166±7 vs YP: 148±0.5 mmHg, p<0.001). As we predicted, “T” increased MAP in YT (YP: 148±1 vs YT: 157±1 mmHg, p<0.001). In contrast, “T” decreased MAP in OT (OP: 166±1 vs OT: 155±1 mmHg, p<0.001). These data suggest that in younger men, especially men who are already hypertensive, blood pressure should be monitored closely during “T” supplementation in order to prevent further cardiovascular disease. Since “T” reduced MAP in older male SHR, these data suggest that “T” supplements may not be as detrimental in older hypertensive men as in young men. Future studies will need to be done to determine the mechanisms by which “T” increases BP in young males and the mechanisms by which “T” reduces BP in old males. Supported by NIH-R01HL66072, PO1HL51971 (JFR), 14POST18640015 (ROM), EFF Endocrine Res Grant (LLY).

scholarly journals Role of Th17-cell related cytokines in geriatric asthma

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 580-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Quan-san ◽  
Xu Xiaohong ◽  
Li ying ◽  
Sun Zhaojia
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Function ◽  
Geriatric Patients ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Airway Remodeling ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Asthma Control Test ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Male Patients

Objective This study aimed to investigate the pathogenesis of geriatric asthma through immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-17F, and glucocorticoid receptor-β (GR-β) expression. Methods We studied 51 geriatric male patients with asthma and 50 young male patients with asthma. We also included 21 normal geriatric males and 21 normal young males. All geriatric and young patients were divided into groups according to pulmonary function. Levels of cytokines, such as IgE, IL-17A, IL-17F, and GR-β, were measured. Pulmonary function was assessed. The results from patients were compared with those from the 42 healthy subjects. Results Serum IgE, IL-17A, IL-17F, and GR-β levels in geriatric patients with moderate or severe asthma were significantly higher than those in young patients with moderate asthma and in the normal population. Geriatric patients with asthma had higher asthma control test scores than did young patients with asthma. Conclusion Hormone resistance in geriatric male patients with asthma is more serious than that in young male patients with asthma. Airway inflammation and airway remodeling in geriatric male patients with asthma may be more serious than those in young male patients with asthma, even when there is similar pulmonary function.

scholarly journals Sex differences in early experience and the development of aggression in wild chimpanzees

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (12) ◽  
pp. e2017144118
Author(s):  
Kris H. Sabbi ◽  
Melissa Emery Thompson ◽  
Zarin P. Machanda ◽  
Emily Otali ◽  
Richard W. Wrangham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Early Life Exposure ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Differential Experience

Sex differences in physical aggression occur across human cultures and are thought to be influenced by active sex role reinforcement. However, sex differences in aggression also exist in our close evolutionary relatives, chimpanzees, who do not engage in active teaching, but do exhibit long juvenile periods and complex social systems that allow differential experience to shape behavior. Here we ask whether early life exposure to aggression is sexually dimorphic in wild chimpanzees and, if so, whether other aspects of early sociality contribute to this difference. Using 13 y of all-occurrence aggression data collected from the Kanyawara community of chimpanzees (2005 to 2017), we determined that young male chimpanzees were victims of aggression more often than females by between 4 and 5 (i.e., early in juvenility). Combining long-term aggression data with data from a targeted study of social development (2015 to 2017), we found that two potential risk factors for aggression—time spent near adult males and time spent away from mothers—did not differ between young males and females. Instead, the major risk factor for receiving aggression was the amount of aggression that young chimpanzees displayed, which was higher for males than females throughout the juvenile period. In multivariate models, sex did not mediate this relationship, suggesting that other chimpanzees did not target young males specifically, but instead responded to individual behavior that differed by sex. Thus, social experience differed by sex even in the absence of explicit gender socialization, but experiential differences were shaped by early-emerging sex differences in behavior.

Abstract P120: Association Of Liver Transaminase Levels And Long-term Blood Pressure Variability In Military Young Males In Taiwan

Hypertension ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gen-min Lin ◽  
Pang-yen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Blood Pressure Variability ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Elevated Serum ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Liver Transaminase ◽  
Young Males

Background: Elevated serum liver transaminases (AST and ALT), highly related to metabolic disorders, are paradoxically associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Blood pressure variability (BPV), a risk factor of CVD, has not been examined the relationship with serum liver transaminase. Methods: A prospective cohort of 1,112 military males, aged 32.2 years was collected in Taiwan. Serum AST and ALT were obtained from a 12 hour-fast blood sample of each participant. BPV was assessed by standard deviation (SD) and average real variability (ARV) of systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), respectively across 4 visits during the study period (2012-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, and 2016-18). Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to determine the association adjusting for age, body mass index, SBP, DBP, lipid profiles, physical activity, alcohol and smoking status. Results: In the unadjusted model, serum ALT were positively correlated with SD DBP and ARV DBP (β (SE) =0.36 (0.16) and 0.24 (0.12), respectively), and so were AST (β= 0.19 (0.08) and 0.14 (0.06), respectively). However, all the associations were insignificant with adjustments. By contrast, the associations with systolic BPV were initially insignificant in the unadjusted model. With adjustments, serum ALT were negatively correlated with SD SBP and ARV SBP (β= -0.34 (0.16) and -0.24 (0.12), respectively) and so were AST (β= -0.14 (0.07) and -0.11 (0.06), respectively). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that liver transaminase levels were negatively correlated with long-term systolic BPV in young male adults, possibly accounting for the lower risk of CVD in previous studies.

scholarly journals Non-reproductive male cane toads ( Rhinella marina ) withhold sex-identifying information from their rivals

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 20190462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Crystal Kelehear ◽  
Richard Shine
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Identity ◽  
Standardized Tests ◽  
Opportunity Cost ◽  
Cane Toad ◽  
Rhinella Marina ◽  
Secondary Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Reproductive Male ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Do So

A male cane toad ( Rhinella marina ) that mistakenly clasps another male (rather than a female) in a sexual embrace (amplexus) can be induced to dismount by a male-specific ‘release call'. Although that sex-identifying system can benefit both males in that interaction, our standardized tests showed that one-third of male cane toads did not emit release calls when grasped. Most of those silent males were small, had small testes relative to body mass, and had poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics. If emitting a release call is costly (e.g. by attracting predators), a non-reproductive male may benefit by remaining silent; other cues (such as skin rugosity) will soon induce the amplexing male to dismount, and the ‘opportunity cost’ to being amplexed (inability to search for and clasp a female) is minimal for non-reproductive males. Hence, male toads may inform other males about their sexual identity only when it is beneficial to do so.

Gender differences on the effects of aging on cardiac and peripheral adrenergic stimulation in old conscious monkeys

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (2) ◽  
pp. H527-H534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gen Takagi ◽  
Kuniya Asai ◽  
Stephen F. Vatner ◽  
Raymond K. Kudej ◽  
Franco Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Adrenergic Stimulation ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Cardiac Contractile ◽  
Effects Of Aging

We examined the effects of gender and aging on cardiac and peripheral hemodynamic responses to β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) stimulation in young (male = 5.9 ± 0.4 yr old and female = 6.5 ± 0.7 yr old) and old (male = 19.8 ± 0.7 yr old and female = 21.2 ± 0.2 yr old) conscious monkeys ( Macaca fascicularis), chronically instrumented for measurements of left ventricular (LV) and arterial pressures as well as cardiac output. Baseline LV pressure, the first derivative of LV pressure (LV dP/d t), cardiac index, mean arterial pressure, total peripheral resistance (TPR), and heart rate in conscious monkeys were not different among the four groups. Increases in LV dP/d t in response to 0.1 μg/kg isoproterenol (Iso) were diminished ( P < 0.05) in old males (+99 ± 11%) compared with young males (+194 ± 18%). In addition, the inotropic responses to norepinephrine (NE) and forskolin (FSK) were significantly depressed ( P < 0.05) in old males. Iso-induced reductions of TPR were less ( P < 0.05) in old males (–28 ± 2%) than in young males (–49 ± 2%). The changes of TPR in response to NE and FSK were also significantly attenuated ( P < 0.05) in old males. However, the LV dP/d t responses to BAY y 5959 (15 μg · kg–1 · min–1), a Ca2+ channel promotor independent of β-AR signaling, were not significantly different between old and young males. In contrast to results in male monkeys, LV dP/d t and TPR responses to Iso, NE, and FSK in old females were similar to those observed in young females. Thus both cardiac contractile and peripheral vascular dynamic responses to β-AR stimulation are preserved in old female but not old male monkeys. This may explain, in part, the reduced cardiovascular risk in the older female population.

scholarly journals Comparison of Subjective Workout Intensities between Aquatic and Land-based Running in Healthy Young Males: A Pilot Study

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 151
Author(s):  
Chang-Hyung Lee ◽  
Jun Hwan Choi ◽  
Soo-Yeon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Treadmill Test ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Exercise Treadmill ◽  
Male Subjects

Background and objectives: Aquatic exercises have demonstrated several advantages over land-based exercise, but only a few studies have compared the workout intensities and efficiencies in a stage-specific manner. This study aimed to investigate workout intensity during aquatic and land-based running, based on the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy young male subjects underwent a land-based running test (LRT) and an aquatic running test (ART), in the form of a cardiopulmonary exercise treadmill test and a shallow-water running test. The seven stages of the ART were composed of 3 minutes each of the Bruce protocol performed during the LRT. In the ART, the participants were instructed to run in a swimming pool with matching RPE to that obtained at each stage of the LRT. Results: Heart rate (HR) during both LRT and ART exhibited a linear relationship (r = 0.997 and 0.996, respectively; p < 0.001). During the initial and middle period, HR was higher in the ART than in the LRT. However, in the final period, HR was higher in the LRT than in the ART. Conclusions: In aquatic exercises based on the RPE obtained from the LRT, HR exhibited a linear relationship in both the ART and the LRT. The ART appears to increase cardiac loading more efficiently in the initial period and does not increase cardiac loading abruptly at a later period. Although there is no precise, objective, controlled parameter to compare the ART and the LRT, the RPE may be used as a convenient measurement for workout intensity in aquatic running.

Bone Health of Young Male Gymnasts: A Systematic Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 456-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren A. Burt ◽  
David A. Greene ◽  
Geraldine A. Naughton
Keyword(s):  
Bone Density ◽  
Bone Strength ◽  
Bone Health ◽  
Imaging Modality ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Skeletal Health ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Bone Content ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: To synthesize existing literatures on the impact of gymnastics participation on the skeletal health of young male gymnasts. Methods: Following a systematic search, 12 studies were included in this review. Quality of included studies was assessed using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE modified) criteria. Results: Assessment of skeletal health varied between and within imaging modality protocols. Gymnasts had higher total bone content, greater total and trabecular bone density, larger bone size, a thicker cortex, and higher estimates of bone strength than controls. Recreational studies reported no difference in height or weight between gymnasts and controls; however, elite gymnasts were shorter and lighter than nongymnasts. STROBE scores ranged from 65% to 95%. Conclusion: Gymnastics participation may be beneficial to the bone health of young males as gymnasts had higher bone density and bone mineral content, larger bones, and greater estimates of bone strength than controls.

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