THE PRODUCTIVITY OF LARGE TALL AND SMALL SHORT BULLS OF ABERDEEN-ANGUS BREED

Проблема и цель. Целью данной работы явилось установление особенностей продуктивности молодняка абердин-ангусской породы крупного высокорослого и мелкого компактного типа телосложения. Методология. Для проведения опыта в ООО «Хаммер» Карачаево-Черкесской Республики из потомства четырех быков крупного и трех быков мелкого типа абердин-ангусской породы было отобрано в каждую двух групп по 14 голов бычков. Отцы бычков первой группы имели более высокий уровень живой массы по сравнению с отцами бычков второй группы (на 80 кг) и отличались от них некоторой высоконогостью, меньшей широкотелостью и массивностью. Результаты. Выращивание молодняка разных типов от отъёма до 18-месячного возраста показало, что бычки крупного типа превосходили бычков мелкого типа по мясной продуктивности, что выразилось в большей скорости роста и лучшей оплате корма приростом живой массы. В 18-месячном возрасте бычки крупного типа достигли массы 442 кг, а мелкого – 413 кг. (Р > 0,99). За период от отъёма до полуторалетнего возраста бычки крупного типа затратили на 1 кг прироста 8,1 ЭКЕ., а бычки мелкого типа – 8,4 ЭКЕ. У бычков первой группы была более высокая предубойная масса (на 31,4 кг, Р>0,99) и тяжелые туши по сравнению с бычками второй группы (на 28,3 кг, Р>0,99). Бычки первой группы, будучи более высоконогими, при убое дали туши с большим содержанием костей (на 4,08кг). В их тушах на 1 кг костей приходилось 4,52 кг мякоти, в то время как в тушах второй группы – 5,03 кг. В целом, при обвалке полутуш первой группы было получено мякоти больше на 9,9 кг (Р>0,99). Заключение. Наиболее желательным является крупный высокорослый тип животных, обладающих интенсивным ростом, хорошей оплатой корма и высокой мясной продуктивностью. Problem and purpose. The purpose of this work was to establish the characteristics of the productivity of young Aberdeen-Angus breed of large tall and small short body type. Methodology. For the experiment in Hammer LLC of the Karachayevo-Cherkessian Republic from the offspring of four large bulls and three small bulls of the Aberdeen-Angus breed, 14 bulls were selected in each of two groups. The fathers of the bulls of the first group had a higher level of live weight compared to the fathers of the bulls of the second group (by 80 kg) and differed from them in some high leg height, narrower body and less mass. Results. Growing young animals of different types from weaning to 18 months of age showed that large-type bulls were superior to small-type ones in terms of meat productivity, which resulted in a higher growth rate and better payment for forage with an increase in live weight. At the age of 18 months, large-type bulls reached a mass of 442 kg, and small-type ones had 413 kg (P>0.99). Over the period from weaning to one and a half years of age, large-type bulls spent 8.1 ECU per 1 kg of gain, and small-type ones spent 8.4 ECU. The bulls of the first group had a higher pre-slaughter weight (by 31.4 kg, P>0.99) and heavy carcasses compared to the bulls of the second group (by 28.3 kg, P>0.99). The bulls of the first group, being higher-legged, produced carcasses with a high bone content (by 4.08 kg) during slaughter. There were 4.52 kg of pulp per 1 kg of bones in their carcasses, while the carcasses of the second group had 5.03 kg. In general, when boning semicarcasses of the first group, there was obtained 9.9 kg more pulp (P>0.99). Conclusion. The most desirable is a large, tall type of animals with intensive growth, good feed pay and high meat productivity.

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MUSCLE TISSUE OF ABERDEEN-ANGUS BULLS OF DIFFERENT BODY TYPES

Проблема и цель. Целью данной работы явилось определение химического состава и физико-химических свойств мышечной ткани бычков абердин-ангусской породы в зависимости от типов телосложения. Методология. Экспериментальные исследования проводились в ООО Фирма «Хаммер» КарачаевоЧеркесской Республики в 2020–2021гг. Для проведения опыта из потомства четырех быков крупного и трех быков мелкого типа абердин-ангусской породы было отобрано в каждую группу по 14 голов бычков. Средний возраст бычков первой группы при отъеме был 8 месяцев 22 дня, а бычков второй группы – 8 месяцев 20 дней. После завершения контрольного выращивания был произведен контрольный убой бычков в 18-месячном возрасте. Для проведения контрольного убоя было отобрано из каждой группы по 3 наиболее типичных животных, имеющих одинаковый возраст. Для характеристики полномясности туш проведены их измерения. Химический анализ мяса производился по общепринятым методикам. Результаты. У бычков первой группы была более высокая предубойная масса на 31,4 кг и тяжелые туши по сравнению с бычками второй группы на 28,3 кг (Р>0,99). Бычки первой группы, будучи более высоконогими, при убое дали туши с большим содержанием костей (на 4,08кг). Химический анализ различных проб мяса показал, что туши первой группы по сравнению с тушами второй группой содержали несколько меньше жира, как общего количества в средних пробах, так и внутримышечного в пробах из мускулов. Различия между группами по другим показателям были незначительными. Заключение. Наибольшее количество жира было в отрубах, дающих лучшие сорта мяса – бедренном и спинногрудном; несколько меньшее количество жира содержалось в лопаточной части, дающей мясо второго сорта. По влагосвязывающей способности, цвету мяса, его нежности различий между группами не было. Problem and purpose. The purpose of this work was to determine the chemical composition and physicalchemical properties of the muscle tissue of Aberdeen-Angus bulls, depending on body types. Methodology. Experimental studies were carried out at Hammer LLC in the Karachayevo-Cherkessian Republic in 2020-2021. For the experiment, 14 bulls were selected for each group from the offspring of four large bulls and three small bulls of Aberdeen-Angus breed. The average age of the bulls of the first group at weaning was 8 months 22 days, and the bulls of the second group were 8 months 20 days. After the control breeding, a control slaughter of bulls at 18 months of age was carried out. For the control slaughter, 3 of the most typical animals of the same age were selected from each group. To characterize the full clarity of the carcasses, they were measured. Chemical analysis of meat was carried out according to generally accepted methods. Results. The bulls of the first group had a higher pre-slaughter weight (by 31.4 kg) and heavy carcasses compared to the bulls of the second group (by 28.3 kg, P>0.99). The bulls of the first group, being higherlegged, produced carcasses with a high bone content (by 4.08 kg) during slaughter. The chemical analysis of various meat samples showed that the carcasses of the first group contained slightly less fat in comparison with the second group, both in the total amount in the average samples and intramuscularly in the muscle samples. Differences between groups for other indicators were negligible. Conclusion. The largest amount of fat was in the cuts that gave the best sorts of meat - round and dorsal. A slightly smaller amount of fat was contained in the scapula, which gave meat of the second grade. There were no differences between the groups in terms of moisture-binding ability, color of meat, and its tenderness.

Osteoconductivity of Bovine Xenograft Granules of Different Sizes in Sinus Lift: A Histomorphometric Study in Rabbits

Background: Due to the lack of data on bone-to-graft contact (BGC) over time in the various regions within the subantral space of the augmented sinus floor, the present study aimed to evaluate the osteoconductivity of deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) with granules of different sizes applied in maxillary sinus floor elevation. Methods: A maxillary sinus augmentation was performed bilaterally in 18 rabbits using DBBM with particle dimensions of either 0.125–1.0 mm or 1–2 mm. The antrostomy was covered using a collagen barrier. The animals were euthanized in groups of six after 2, 4, and 8 weeks of healing. MicroCT and histological analyses were performed. Results: After 2 weeks of healing, BGC was 10.9% and 11.9% for the small and large granule sites, respectively. After 8 weeks of healing, the BGC increased to 65% and 62% at the small and large granule sites, respectively. The highest values were located close to the bony walls and the bony window. New bone content developed between 2 and 8 weeks from 7.0% to 27.6% and from 6.1% to 27.6% at the small and large granule sites, respectively. Conclusions: Similar outcomes in osteoconductivity and bone formation were found at both small and large DBBM granule sites.

The influence of age and sex on carcass characteristics and chemical composition of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle in wild boars (<i>Sus scrofa</i>)

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of age and sex on carcass characteristics and the chemical composition of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle in wild boars (Sus scrofa). Carcass quality parameters varied significantly depending on age and sex, whereas the protein and collagen contents in the muscle were affected by animal age. The carcasses of male yearlings and adults were characterised by the highest processing suitability, which can be attributed to the highest percentage of lean meat in the carcass and a moderate fat and bone content. A higher fat content was found in carcasses of females from all age groups, and a lower bone content was found in yearlings and adult females. The protein content was the highest in the LTL muscle of adult boars, and the collagen content was the highest in piglets; thus, the chemical composition of the muscle was most desirable in adult wild boars and least desirable in piglets.

A previously unknown way of heme detoxification in the digestive tract of cats

Free heme is a highly toxic molecule for a living organism and its detoxification is a very important process, especially for carnivorous animals. Here we report the discovery of a previously unknown process for neutralizing free heme in the digestive tract of domestic cats. The cornerstone of this process is the encapsulation of heme into carbonated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, followed by their excretion with faeces. This way of heme neutralization resembles the formation of insoluble heme-containing particles in the digestive tracts of other hematophagous species (for example, the formation of insoluble hemozoin crystals in malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites). Our findings suggest that the encapsulation of heme molecules into a hydroxyapatite matrix occurs during the transition from the acidic gastric juice to the small intestine with neutral conditions. The formation of these particles and their efficiency to include heme depends on the bone content in a cat’s diet. In vitro experiments with heme-hydroxyapatite nanoparticles confirm the proposed scenario.

Diagnostic Validity of Orthopantomogram Compared to Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Scan in Detecting Osteoporosis

Introduction Osteoporosis is one of the most common and rampant metabolic bone disorders among the geriatric, particularly affecting postmenopausal women. Even though resorption tends to occur more rapidly in bones with a higher proportion of trabecular bone (e.g., vertebrae, pelvis, calcaneus), bones with significant cortical bone content also do undergo resorption, for example, mandible. The dental manifestations that may indicate low-bone density include loose teeth, receding gums, and ill-fitting or loose dentures. Objective To validate the efficacy of orthopantomograms (OPGs) in recognizing bone mineral density (BMD) changes of the mandible using mandibular cortical index (MCI) and substantiate the same with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan on femoral neck and spine. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study comprised 60 geriatric patients of both genders. All the patients were subjected to panoramic radiographs wherever clinically indicated. The visual analysis was done based on the radiographic appearance of the mandibular cortical border and results were compared with DEXA scan reports, followed by an analysis of three grades of MCI and BMD statistically. Results In our study, out of 40 patients in C2 and C3 subgroups, 67% and 20% were normal, respectively. The incidence of osteopenia was 33% in the C2 group and 70% in the C3 group, whereas Osteoporosis was present only among 10% of the population in the C3 group. The difference between the groups are statistically significant (p = 0.01). These findings imply that a progressive link exists between BMD and deteriorating cortical morphology. Conclusion The purpose of this study is that dentists will be able to refer patients to physicians of suspected low BMD, based on incidental findings on panoramic radiographs for further examination. There is a statistically significant correlation present between DEXA and MCI, so the latter can also be used for screening BMD changes.

Slaughter and Meat Qualities of Experimental Store Pigs

This study was carried out on the fattening and meat qualities of store pigs. One of the main tasks of the study was to analyze the meat quality of the progeny obtained through the crossing of LW female pigs and half-breed LW x ST with male pigs of specialized meat breeds. Linear sizes were defined, which served as an indirect indicator of meat productivity. The amount of pig fat in a carcass was determined. The animals of the 1st and 2nd groups were distinguished – 30.8% and 32.1%, respectively, which were higher than the animals of the triple crossing by 2.5% (P<0.95); 3.0% (Р<0.95); 3.8% (P>0.99); 3.9% (P>0.999); 4.3% (P>0.999); and 5.1% (P>0.999). According to our data, the highest indicator of the loin eye area was among the pigs obtained through the crossing of crossbred female pigs LW x ST with male pigs of Pietrain, Duroc, Landrace breeds. The triple crossing pigs had the highest slaughter yield – 72.4-73.3%, compared to 69.4% for LW, and 70.5% for the two-breed rotation LW x ST. In terms of bone content, the differences were not significant and were statistically unreliable. The two-breed pigs LW x ST had the largest amount of kidney fat followed by LW and all of the triple crossed pigs. However, the difference was not statistically significant. The weight of the carcasses in the experimental groups ranged from 60.7 kg to 65.3 kg, and the pigs of the 3rd, 4th and 5th groups had the largest carcass weights, while the highest indicator was observed in the combination (LW x ST) x D. Keywords: pigs, meat quality, muscles, pig fat

Body types of Aberdeen Angus bulls and their relationship with meat production

The study results of Aberdeen-Angus breed bull meat production, depending on the body type, are presented. The first group consisted of bulls descended from stud bulls of large tall type, the second group consisted of bulls descended from stud bulls of the small compact type. It was determined that at the age of 18 months, bulls from large-type parents reached a weight of 442 kg, and from small-type parents - 413 kg. The first group bulls had a higher pre-slaughter weight by 31.4 kg and heavy carcasses compared to the second group bulls by 28.3 kg or 13.5% (P > 0.99). The first group bulls, being higher-legged, produced carcasses with a higher bone content (by 4.08 kg) during slaughter compared to the second group. In their carcasses, there was 4.52 kg of boneless meat per 1 kg of bones, while in the second group carcasses - 5.03 kg. However, in general, when boning semi-carcasses of the first group, more boneless meat was obtained, by 9.9 kg. or by 11.72% (P > 0.99) compared with the second group.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates bone loss and maintains bone health by skewing Tregs-Th17 cell balance in Ovx mice

Osteoporosis is a systemic-skeletal disorder characterized by enhanced fragility of bones leading to increased rates of fractures and morbidity in large number of populations. Probiotics are known to be involved in management of various-inflammatory diseases including osteoporosis. But no study till date had delineated the immunomodulatory potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) in bone-health. In the present study, we examine the effect of probiotic-LR on bone-health in osteoporotic (Ovx) mice model. We observed that administration of LR attenuated bone-loss in Ovx mice. Both the cortical and trabecular bone-content of LR treated group was significantly higher than Ovx-group. Remarkably, the percentage of osteoclastogenic-CD4+Rorγt+Th17 cells at distinct immunological sites such as BM, spleen, LN and PP were significantly reduced, whereas the percentage of anti-osteoclastogenic-CD4+Foxp3+Tregs and CD8+Foxp3+Tregs were significantly enhanced in LR-treated group thereby resulting in inhibition of bone-loss. The immunomodulatory-role of LR was further supported by serum-cytokine data with a significant reduction in proinflammatory-cytokines (IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-α) along with enhancement in anti-inflammatory-cytokines (IL-10, IFN-γ) in LR treated-group. Altogether, the present study for the first time establishes the osteoprotective role of LR on bone-health, thus highlighting the potential of LR in the treatment and management of various bone related diseases including osteoporosis.

Calcium, vitamin D, and bone disorders

• Calcium metabolism is complex and dependent upon parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin, and vitamin D3. • Bone mineralization is dependent on normal health, diet growth, and puberty. • Osteoporosis or osteopenia is a loss of total bone content, due to: ◦ decreased bone formation ◦ increased bone resorption. • Osteomalacia is a defect in bone mineralization. • Osteogenesis imperfecta is the most common cause of primary osteoporosis (although rare). • Bisphosphonates can be used to reduce symptoms. • Hypocalcaemia (<2.2 mmol/L) can be caused by: ◦ primary hypoparathyroidism ◦ PTH resistance syndromes ◦ hypomagnesaemia ◦ vitamin D deficiency ◦ activating mutations of calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR) ◦ autoimmune (may occur as part of polyglandular syndrome) ◦ metabolic disease. • Albright’s hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO): ◦ is a family of PTH resistance syndromes caused by abnormalities in function of the GS-α‎ part of the G protein-coupled PTH receptor (GNAS1 gene). ◦ Treatment is with 1α‎-hydroxyvitamin D3 (alfacalcidol). Oral calcium supplements may be needed. • Hypercalcaemia is rare in infancy and childhood; calcium >2.65 mmol/L usually detected by chance. Caused by: ◦ neonatal primary hyperparathyroidism: homozygous inactivating mutations of the CASR gene ◦ Williams syndrome, with mild hypercalcaemia is a feature in 20% ◦ vitamin D excess. • Rickets can present with: ◦ symptoms and signs of hypocalcaemia ◦ muscle weakness ◦ metaphyseal flaring ◦ bowed legs ◦ rickety rosary. • Treatment is with vitamin D3 or D2. • Other genetic forms of rickets are rare.