The network limits of infectious disease control via occupation-based targeting

AbstractPolicymakers commonly employ non-pharmaceutical interventions to reduce the scale and severity of pandemics. Of non-pharmaceutical interventions, physical distancing policies—designed to reduce person-to-person pathogenic spread – have risen to recent prominence. In particular, stay-at-home policies of the sort widely implemented around the globe in response to the COVID-19 pandemic have proven to be markedly effective at slowing pandemic growth. However, such blunt policy instruments, while effective, produce numerous unintended consequences, including potentially dramatic reductions in economic productivity. In this study, we develop methods to investigate the potential to simultaneously contain pandemic spread while also minimizing economic disruptions. We do so by incorporating both occupational and contact network information contained within an urban environment, information that is commonly excluded from typical pandemic control policy design. The results of our methods suggest that large gains in both economic productivity and pandemic control might be had by the incorporation and consideration of simple-to-measure characteristics of the occupational contact network. We find evidence that more sophisticated, and more privacy invasive, measures of this network do not drastically increase performance.

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Holistic Innovation Policy

10.1093/oso/9780198809807.001.0001 ◽

2019 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Susana Borrás ◽

Charles Edquist

Keyword(s):

Policy Design ◽

Innovation Policy ◽

Early Stage ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

Development Education ◽

Policy Makers ◽

The Public ◽

Policy Problems ◽

Theoretical Foundations

This book is about holistic innovation policy: its theoretical foundations, its problem-oriented approach, and its instrument choices. We start with the observation that most of the current innovation policies are not holistic because they only focus on a few determinants of innovation processes. This book provides a theoretically anchored foundation for the design of holistic innovation policy by identifying the core policy problems that tend to afflict the activities of innovation systems, including the unintended consequences of policy itself. This is a necessary stepping stone for the identification of viable, relevant, and down-to-earth policy solutions. The book also offers a critical analysis of policy instruments and their choice in innovation policy design. It is not a ‘recipe’ nor a ‘how-to’ guide. Instead, it provides analytical depth and substantial considerations about the ways in which policy might be providing solutions to problems in systems of innovation. After introducing its conceptual framework about innovation and innovation policy, the book delves into the following areas of innovation policy-making: knowledge production and research and development; education, training, and skills development; functional procurement as demand-side; change of organizations through entrepreneurship and intrapreneurship; interaction and innovation networks; changing institutions and regulations; and the public financing of early stage innovations. Its critical and novel perspective serves policy-makers, scholars, and anyone interested in the design of innovation policy. The summary chapter (Chapter 12) can be read independently of the rest of the book.

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Optimal, near-optimal, and robust epidemic control

Communications Physics ◽

10.1038/s42005-021-00570-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Dylan H. Morris ◽

Fernando W. Rossine ◽

Joshua B. Plotkin ◽

Simon A. Levin

Keyword(s):

Robust Control ◽

Disease Control ◽

Epidemic Model ◽

Optimal Strategy ◽

Policy Design ◽

Optimal Strategies ◽

Economic Costs ◽

Short Period ◽

Intervention Policy ◽

Pharmaceutical Interventions

AbstractIn the absence of drugs and vaccines, policymakers use non-pharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing to decrease rates of disease-causing contact, with the aim of reducing or delaying the epidemic peak. These measures carry social and economic costs, so societies may be unable to maintain them for more than a short period of time. Intervention policy design often relies on numerical simulations of epidemic models, but comparing policies and assessing their robustness demands clear principles that apply across strategies. Here we derive the theoretically optimal strategy for using a time-limited intervention to reduce the peak prevalence of a novel disease in the classic Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered epidemic model. We show that broad classes of easier-to-implement strategies can perform nearly as well as the theoretically optimal strategy. But neither the optimal strategy nor any of these near-optimal strategies is robust to implementation error: small errors in timing the intervention produce large increases in peak prevalence. Our results reveal fundamental principles of non-pharmaceutical disease control and expose their potential fragility. For robust control, an intervention must be strong, early, and ideally sustained.

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Handling uncertainty in bioenergy policy design – A case study analysis of UK and German bioelectricity policy instruments

Biomass and Bioenergy ◽

10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.03.029 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 79 ◽

pp. 64-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Alexandra Purkus ◽

Mirjam Röder ◽

Erik Gawel ◽

Daniela Thrän ◽

Patricia Thornley

Keyword(s):

Policy Design ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Study Analysis ◽

Case Study Analysis

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Death at the Border: Efficacy and Unintended Consequences of US Immigration Control Policy

Population and Development Review ◽

10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00661.x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 661-685 ◽

Cited By ~ 256

Author(s):

Wayne A. Cornelius

Keyword(s):

Control Policy ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

Immigration Control ◽

Us Immigration

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National Informatization Policy in Korea: A Historical Reflection and Policy Implications

Korean Journal of Policy Studies ◽

10.52372/kjps36103 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 27-43

Author(s):

Lee Changhee

Keyword(s):

Policy Implementation ◽

Success Factors ◽

Policy Design ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Implementation Process ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Digital Revolution ◽

The Past ◽

Historical Reflection ◽

Five Phases

This study examines, from a historical and macro perspective, the national informatization strategy that Korea has pursued over the past 40 years which laid the foundation for the rise of Korea as one of the leading countries in the digital revolution today. In particular, the informatization process is divided into five phases from the 1980s to the present, and analyzed in three aspects ? main policies and plans, policy implementation system and structure, and major laws. And based on the previous research results, the success factors of informatization in Korea are discussed in terms of policy actors and institutions, policy implementation process, and policy environment. After examining the limitations of Korea’s informatization policy, policy implications for developing countries are drawn in terms of policy process, policy design, and policy instruments.

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Analysis of Linkages between Environmental Policy Instruments and Innovation: A Case Study of End-of-Life Vehicles Technologies in Japan

Journal of Sustainable Development ◽

10.5539/jsd.v9n2p181 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 181 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Rajeev Kumar Singh ◽

Helmut Yabar ◽

Rie Murakami-Suzuki ◽

Noriko Nozaki ◽

Randeep Rakwal

Keyword(s):

Environmental Policy ◽

End Of Life ◽

Environmental Regulations ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Control Policy ◽

Before And After ◽

Exogenous Factors ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact

Environmental policies are designed to deal with externalities either by internalizing environmental costs or imposing specific standards for environmental pollution. This study aims to examine the impact of environmental regulations related to End-of-Life Vehicles (ELV) on innovation in Japan. We determined whether there is any statistical difference in patent activity comparing the periods before and after the regulations were enacted. In order to control for exogenous factors such as business cycles, we also analyzed the ratios of ELV and total environmental patents during the same periods. Results showed that environmental regulations drive innovations and the number of ELV-related patents were larger even after controlling for such exogenous factors. We concluded that environmental policy for ELV in Japan was effective in inducing innovation. However, we also found that the weakness in these types of command and control policy is the lack of incentives for further innovation.

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Policy integration, problem-solving, and the coronavirus disease crisis: lessons for policy design

Policy and Society ◽

10.1093/polsoc/puab010 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Martino Maggetti ◽

Philipp Trein

Keyword(s):

Problem Solving ◽

Policy Design ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Policy Integration ◽

Catching Up ◽

The World ◽

Integration Problem ◽

The One ◽

Integrated Response ◽

Crisis Responses

Abstract The coronavirus disease pandemic has exposed differences in the capacity of governments around the world to integrate and coordinate different policy instruments into a coherent response. In this article, we conceptualize and empirically examine policy integration in responses to the coronavirus disease crisis in 35 countries. We then discuss how the interplay between restrictions, health protection, and economic policy has been articulated between, on the one hand, a policy design based on the complementarity of pro-public health and pro-economy measures, implying an integrated response, and, on the other, a policy design based on the perception of an inherent trade-off between the two. Finally, we discuss three implications from our analysis of policy integration against the coronavirus disease crisis for the post-COVID state: (a) the normalization and adaptation of integrated crisis responses; (b) the possible acceleration and “catching up” of problem-solving capacity as governments may use the crisis as an instance to put into place new social policies; and (c) policy integration as an accelerator of policy complexity and resistance against technocracy in the post-COVID state.

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Eksplorasi ABAC dan XACML untuk Design Access Control pada Resource Digital

Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer ◽

10.25126/jtiik.2019651679 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (5) ◽

pp. 535

Author(s):

Fauzan Natsir ◽

Imam Riadi ◽

Yudi Prayudi

Keyword(s):

Access Control ◽

System Analysis ◽

Policy Design ◽

Control Policy ◽

Control Model ◽

Policy Statement ◽

Access Control Policy ◽

Access Control Model ◽

Digital Resources ◽

Attribute Based Access Control

Resource digital memerlukan sebuah mekanisme untuk mengatur policy terhadap kontrol untuk mendapatkan hak akes ke dalam suatu sistem. Akses kontrol lebih fleksibel dibanding dengan pendekatan otorisasi, autentikasi ataupun verifikasi yang sangat sederhana. Mekanisme access control policy dengan pendekatan atribut diyakini sebagai solusi adaptif yaitu ABAC (Attribute Based Access Control) dengan implementasi model XACML (Extensible Access Control Modelling Language). Desain policy ABAC ini disajikan dengan atribut-atribut dari salah satu studi kasus resource digital dengan sistem e-Library. e-Library merupakan salah satu resource digital dimana proses autentikasinya belum dimodelkan dengan atrubut subjek yang ada. Penelitian ini diawali dari identifikasi atribut dari rule, pemodelan ABAC resource digital, implementasi XACML, simulasi sistem dan analisis sistem. Hasil dari pengujian akses kontrol menggunakan ALFA (Axiomatics Language for Authorization) untuk pemberian kinerja akses kontrol terhadap resource digital. Hasil analisis dengan pendekatan ABAC dengan model XACML ini menyajikan suatu keamanan sistem dengan model akses kontrol berbasis atribut dari policy statement untuk menjadi solusi model akses kontrol yang dibuat sebelumnya dan mendukung model akses kontrol yang relevan untuk resource digital AbstractDigital resources require a mechanism to regulate policy against controls to get access rights to a system. Access control is more flexible than the very simple approach of authorization, authentication or verification. The access control policy with the attribute approach is believed to be an adaptive solution, namely ABAC (Attribute Based Access Control) with the implementation of the XACML (Extensible Access Control Modeling Language) model. This ABAC policy design is presented with attributes from one of the digital resource case studies with the e-Library system. e-Library is one of the digital resources where the authentication process has not been modeled with the existing subject matter. This study begins with the identification of the attributes of the rule, digital ABAC resource modeling, XACML implementation, system simulation and system analysis. The results of testing access control using ALFA (Axiomatics Language for Authorization) to provide performance control access to digital resources. The results of the analysis using the ABAC approach with the XACML model present a system security with attribute-based access control models from policy statements to be a solution to the previously created access control model and support the access control model relevant for digital resources

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How does research evaluation impact educational research? Exploring intended and unintended consequences of research assessment in the United Kingdom, 1986–2014

European Educational Research Journal ◽

10.1177/1474904117730159 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 820-842 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Marcelo Marques ◽

Justin JW Powell ◽

Mike Zapp ◽

Gert Biesta

Keyword(s):

Peer Review ◽

Educational Research ◽

Evaluation System ◽

Research Evaluation ◽

Academic Staff ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Unintended Consequences ◽

Research Assessment ◽

Research Article ◽

Departments Of Education

Research evaluation systems in many countries aim to improve the quality of higher education. Among the first of such systems, the UK’s Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) dating from 1986 is now the Research Excellence Framework (REF). Highly institutionalised, it transforms research to be more accountable. While numerous studies describe the system’s effects at different levels, this longitudinal analysis examines the gradual institutionalisation and (un)intended consequences of the system from 1986 to 2014. First, we analyse historically RAE/REF’s rationale, formalisation, standardisation, and transparency, framing it as a strong research evaluation system. Second, we locate the multidisciplinary field of education, analysing the submission behaviour (staff, outputs, funding) of departments of education over time to find decreases in the number of academic staff whose research was submitted for peer review assessment; the research article as the preferred publication format; the rise of quantitative analysis; and a high and stable concentration of funding among a small number of departments. Policy instruments invoke varied responses, with such reactivity demonstrated by (1) the increasing submission selectivity in the number of staff whose publications were submitted for peer review as a form of reverse engineering, and (2) the rise of the research article as the preferred output as a self-fulfilling prophecy. The funding concentration demonstrates a largely intended consequence that exacerbates disparities between departments of education. These findings emphasise how research assessment impacts the structural organisation and cognitive development of educational research in the UK.

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Carbon allowances and the demand for offsets: a comprehensive assessment of imperfect substitutes

Journal of Public Policy ◽

10.1017/s0143814x14000336 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 139-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Noah C. Dormady ◽

Gabriel Englander

Keyword(s):

Policy Design ◽

Policy Instruments ◽

Implementation Process ◽

Comprehensive Assessment ◽

Carbon Offsets ◽

Design Parameters ◽

Future Market ◽

Carbon Markets ◽

Regulatory Frameworks ◽

Detailed Assessment

AbstractThe efficient use of market-based policy instruments is an area of increasing importance as scholars and policymakers work to balance effective climate policy with economic growth. Carbon allowances and carbon offsets, despite being statutorily substitutable, behave in practice like imperfect substitutes. This paper provides a synthesis of extant work, market data and the regulatory frameworks of the world’s major carbon markets, and provides a comprehensive assessment of the drivers of demand for carbon offsets. It also provides a detailed assessment of the process through which international carbon offsets are produced, the UN’s Clean Development Mechanism. Demand for carbon offsets is heavily influenced by key programme design parameters that are specific to carbon market design and its implementation. These design parameters heavily influence the degree to which transaction costs, regulatory uncertainty and risk factor into the decisions of firms operating within the carbon trading programme. This paper also identifies key extra-statutory drivers that are outside of the policymaker’s control, which should be considered in both the policy design and the implementation process. This paper provides an instructive set of guiding criteria for policymakers and scholars for the design of future market-based environmental policy.

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