scholarly journals Vulnerability of cities to toxic airborne releases is written in their topology

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Fellini ◽  
Pietro Salizzoni ◽  
Luca Ridolfi
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Pollutant Dispersion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Crucial Aspect ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Toxic Gases ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

AbstractThe incidental or malicious release of toxic gases in the atmosphere is one of the most critical scenarios for cities. The impact of these releases varies with the ventilation potential of the urban environment. To disentangle this crucial aspect, vulnerability to airborne releases is here traced back to essential properties of the urban fabric. To this aim, pollutant dispersion is disassembled in its fundamental bricks and the main drivers of the process are captured. The analysis is based on four cities with emblematic architectures: Paris, Firenze, Lyon and New York. Results show that vulnerability is driven by the topology of the city and by its interaction with the approaching wind. In this sense, fragility to toxic releases is written in the layout of the urban fabric and results from its historical evolution. This study paves the way to the assessment of air pollution-related issues from a morphological point of view.

Strangers in the City: Transmigration from Eastern Europe and its Impact on Berlin and Hamburg 1880–1914

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-246
Author(s):  
Tobias Brinkmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Massive Growth ◽  
Transit Migration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This article examines the impact of transit migration from the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires on Berlin and Hamburg between 1880 and 1914. Both cities experienced massive growth during the last three decades of the nineteenth century, and both served as major points of passage for Eastern Europeans travelling to (and returning from) the United States. The rising migration from Eastern Europe through Central and Western European cities after 1880 coincided with the need to find adequate solutions to accommodate a rapidly growing number of commuters. The article demonstrates that the isolation of transmigrants in Berlin, Hamburg (and New York) during the 1890s was only partly related to containing contagious disease and ‘undesirable’ migrants. Isolating transmigrants was also a pragmatic response to the increasing pressure on the urban traffic infrastructure.

scholarly journals The city and the war

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Leonid Salmin
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Visual Discourse ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Ritual Practices

The article focuses on the city as a visual discourse. This topic was previously studied in the article “Invisible Moscow” (Salmin, 2018). The impact of the war on the concepts of visibility / invisibility of the city and their relationship is analyzed from the point of view of mytho-ritual practices. Inversions of the visible and invisible are considered in the context of evolution of the city's symbolism under the influence of the military threats.

Reflections of a “Second Generation” German Emigré: The Impact of my Emigré Professors on a Future Economist

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-425
Author(s):  
Ingrid H. Rima
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Political Economy ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Air Travel ◽  
Joseph Schumpeter ◽  
Friedrich Engels ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

My reflections are at least partly those of the child of an emigré who grew up to beome an economist. Since my father was an engineer from Germany's Barmen-Elberfeld textile city—also the city of Friedrich Engels—he clearly is not among the first generation of German scholars who were deprived of their professional positions as the Hitler regime came into power. Indeed, somewhat like Joseph Schumpeter, he came to America to grasp an opportunity rather than to avoid a threat. Like many of educated men of his generation, he was fluent in five languages and an ardent student of philosophy, history, and political economy. His move to America, after three or four trial visits, preceded my birth, because in those days before international air travel the seven day ocean voyage between Bremerhaven and New York was so daunting for a woman approaching childbirth that I was close to a year old before our arrival in America. My early childhood was uneventful except for the arrival of two siblings, and the only negative I recall from those early days was that I hated my first name, Ingrid (so carefully chosen by my parents), and longed to be called Jane, Anne or anything other than Ingrid.

Events and placemaking: the case of the Festival Internacional Cervantino in Guanajuato, Mexico

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Barrera-Fernández ◽  
Marco Hernández-Escampa
Keyword(s):  
Service Failure ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Urban Spaces ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Local Perception ◽  
Intangible Heritage ◽  
New Policies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on the Festival Internacional Cervantino, which represents one of the major cultural events in Latin America. Based on theoretical propositions regarding tourism as an experience, perception of visitors was studied focussing on emotional factors. Urban perception was also addressed, especially where public service failure affected the experience and therefore, the placemaking. Design/methodology/approach A mixed methodology was applied. First, the event experience scale (EES) methodology for visitors’ perception was performed in order to collect data directly from tourists. The relationship between the festival and the visit to heritage resources and attractions was especially highlighted and analysed. Urban field work focussed on expressing the location of the most visited areas during festival days. Public services were also assessed where perception was affected negatively. Interviews were applied to public administration officials and public policy-related documents were collected in order to understand the expectation of visitors, previous to the experience itself. Local perception was also contrasted with the rest of the data. Findings Attracted by information about the historic and colonial nature of the city, tourists gather massively in Guanajuato during the festival. This event in particular yields in some aspects to a transient placemaking, mainly related to inner perception and the event as such is highly appreciated. It was also found that the foreign figure of Cervantes was incorporated into the intangible heritage discourse of the city and linked to the event itself. However, some urban spaces and services need improvement to consolidate a positive experience of visitors who complain about specific factors such as traffic, accessibility, waste disposal and environmental noise. Social implications The fact that the event has caused some problems in a number of urban aspects suggests that new policies might be proposed in order to fill these gaps, especially by the corresponding government agencies. Another issue relates to the concentration of the economic profits and its lack of distribution, which right now does not contribute to social sustainability, yet the event demands high actions and costs to the city and local people. Originality/value The research has been useful to give another point of view to existing surveys and conclusions of the impact of the festival. The application of EES has yielded some improvements that could be made in further applications of the same methodology. Application of EES to assess the impact of events in urban spaces and services can be applied to many other cities that host festivals in their city centres.

Drugs and Justice: The Impact of Drugs on Criminal Justice in a Metropolitan Community

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 204-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Klofas
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Local Level ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
Case Processing ◽  
York Metropolitan Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

This study examines the impact of drugs on the criminal justice system of the greater Rochester (New York) metropolitan area. Although discussed widely, there has been little investigation of the effects of the “war on drugs” at the local level. This research considers patterns of arrest and case processing and includes an examination of drug treatment. Increases in arrests, particularly for possession of drugs, have occurred in the city but not the suburbs and have had a disproportionate effect on African-Americans. Many cases are processed as misdemeanors and result in minor sanctions. The implications for traditional order maintenance concerns in a metropolitan community are discussed.

scholarly journals The Spatial Perspective in Post-Earthquake Evaluation to Improve Mitigation Strategies: Geostatistical Analysis of the Seismic Damage Applied to a Real Case Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (15) ◽  
pp. 3182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvador García-Ayllón ◽  
Antonio Tomás ◽  
José Luis Ródenas
Keyword(s):  
Earthquake Engineering ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Statistical Point ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
New Framework

The analysis of damage in cities after an earthquake to implement mitigation strategies of seismic risk is a complex job that is usually full of uncertainties. Numerous variables affect the final result of the observable damage in a set of buildings in an urban area. The use of methodologies capable of providing global explanations beyond the traditional unidisciplinary approach of disciplines, such as structural analysis, earthquake engineering, geotechnics, or seismology, can be very useful for improving the behavior of our cities against earthquakes. This article presents geostatistical post-earthquake analysis, an innovative approach in this field of research based on GIS spatial statistical tools to evaluate the importance of the different variables after an earthquake that may have caused damage in a city. This new framework will be applied to analyze, from a geostatistical perspective, the damage levels observed in the city of Lorca (Spain) after the earthquake of 2011; a case study where various studies have proposed different measures to mitigate the impact of future earthquakes as a consequence of focusing on different phenomena as the main variable for the damage produced. A bivariate GIS assessment will allow spatial correlation of the problems detected from a statistical point of view (inadequate design of buildings, age of the real estate stock, inefficient urban planning configurations, geological risk, etc.) and the different levels of damage that the technicians who participated in the post-earthquake phase evaluated in the city. The results obtained will allow one to hierarchize the importance of the different detected phenomena to prepare the city better against future earthquakes and to elaborate an improved seismic mitigation strategy.

Integrated methodologies for seismic risk mitigation in Durrës (Albania) after the seismic event of November 26th, 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elfrida Shehu ◽  
Klodian Skrame
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Seismic Vulnerability ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Housing Prices ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Earthquake Ground Motion ◽  
Emergency Plans ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

<p>Albania, the small country in the western Balkan, is a disaster-prone country. It ranks as one of the countries in the world with the highest economic risk from natural hazards events. During the past several decades, in average, Albania has been hit by about one major geological event per year. The impact of disasters in Albania are significantly compounded by a relatively high degree of poverty, lack of infrastructure maintenance, unsafe building and land use practices, linked to rapid urbanization, exploitation of natural resources (overgrazing of pasture, overexploitation of forests and riverbeds, etc.) as well as some other consequences of the transition from a centralized to an open marked economy.</p><p>From a geological point of view, Albania is a young and very dynamic territory and is very vulnerable to the geological and hydro-geological hazards as: earthquakes, landslides, flooding, torrential rains, river erosion, coastal erosion and avalanches that cover almost the entire territory. Due to these conditions its average annual losses count for about 2.5% of its GDP.</p><p>The Durrës earthquakes of 2019 had a huge impact on the Albanian economy. The city of Durrës, Thumanë, Tirana, Vora, Shijak and their villages suffered considerable damage after the earthquakes of September 21<sup>st</sup>, 2019 of Mw 5.4 and November 26<sup>th</sup>, 2019 of Mw 6.2. The main event of the <sup>26th</sup> November caused the deaths of 51 persons and the damaging of hundreds of buildings. The degree of damages produced by these earthquakes has been, in some cases, significantly enhanced by the characteristics of the earthquake ground motion affected by the local subsurface soil structure and the quality of the constructions. The situations during and after the seismic events highlight the indispensable need of the seismic microzonation studies for the entire Albanian territory and emergency plans for the main cities of the country.</p><p>This paper shows the impact of the earthquake event on the housing market value by treating the data collected in the city of Durrës for the period December 2019 - September2020.</p><p>The main goal of the paper is to correlate the obtained results with the engineering-geological and geophysical conditions of the city of Durrёs and the seismic vulnerability of the building.</p><p>The findings of this study can be considered as a first step for in-depth studies aiming to calculate the impact of seismic risk and the change in the risk perception on the housing prices.</p>

‘And When the Heart is Sick, the Whole Body is Sick.’ Repairing the Person and the Urban Fabric through Everyday Sufi Ethics in Postwar Sarajevo

Südosteuropa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-93
Author(s):  
Zora Kostadinova
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Community Building ◽  
Charismatic Leadership ◽  
Religious Practice ◽  
The Self ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Ethical Demand

Abstract The author explores how the ritual religious practice of Sufism and the charismatic leadership of the sheikh play a role in ethical self-making and community-building in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina. She traces how the Sufi concept of adab, or proper dervish conduct, represents at once a transcendent relationship with the Divine and urban civility. The author argues that Sufi practices in the care for the self represent an authentic response to the postwar and postsocialist ethical demand in the city of restoring urban social relationships. The processes analysed here reflect wider changes in what constitutes an Islamic authority in post-Yugoslav Bosnia, and the impact this has on the ongoing local debate on Islam as discursive tradition.

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