scholarly journals Theoretical interpretation of drivers’ gaze strategy influenced by optical flow

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Okafuji ◽  
Takanori Fukao
Keyword(s):  
Optical Flow ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Flow Theory ◽  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Driver Analysis ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Future Path

AbstractDriver analysis, particularly revealing where drivers gaze, is a key factor in understanding drivers’ perception. Several studies have examined drivers’ gaze behavior and the two main hypotheses that have been developed are Tangent Point (TP) and Future Path Point (FP). TP is a point on the inner side of the lane, where the driver’s gaze direction becomes tangential with the lane edge. FP is an arbitrary single point on the ideal future path for an individual driver on the road. The location of this single point is dependent on the individual driver. While these gaze points have been verified and discussed by various psychological experiments, it is unclear why drivers gaze at these points. Therefore, in this study, we used optical flow theory to understand drivers’ gaze strategy. Optical flow theory is a method to quantify the extent to which drivers can perceive the future path of the vehicle. The results of numerical simulations demonstrated that optical flow theory can potentially estimate drivers’ gaze behavior. We also conducted an experiment in which the observed driver gaze behavior was compared to calculated gaze strategy based on optical flow theory. The experimental results demonstrate that drivers’ gaze can be estimated with an accuracy of 70.8% and 65.1% on circular and straight paths, respectively. Thus, these results suggest that optical flow theory can be a determining factor in drivers’ gaze strategy.

scholarly journals Promoting Sustainable Mobility: A Perspective from Car and Public Transport Users

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4715
Author(s):  
Audrius Dėdelė ◽  
Auksė Miškinytė
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Bicycle Safety ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Significant Factors

Sustainable mobility is becoming a key factor in improving the quality of life of the residents and increasing physical activity (PA) levels. The current situation of sustainable mobility and its analysis is a first step in understanding the factors that would encourage residents to discover and choose alternative modes of travel. The present study examined the factors that encourage the choice of active modes of travel among urban adult population. Walking and cycling were analyzed as the most sustainable forms of urban mobility from the perspective of car and public transport (PT) users. Total of 902 subjects aged 18 years or older were analyzed in the study to assess commuting habits in Kaunas city, Lithuania. The majority (61.1%) of the respondents used a passenger vehicle, 28.2% used PT, and only 13.5% used active modes of travel. The results showed that safer pedestrian crossings, and comfortable paths were the most significant factors that encourage walking. A wider cycling network, and bicycle safety were the most important incentives for the promotion of cycling. Our findings show that the main factors encouraging walking and cycling among car and PT users are similar, however, the individual characteristics that determine the choice of these factors vary significantly.

scholarly journals Heparan sulfate proteoglycans serve as alternative receptors for low affinity LCMV variants

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. e1009996
Author(s):  
André Volland ◽  
Michael Lohmüller ◽  
Emmanuel Heilmann ◽  
Janine Kimpel ◽  
Sebastian Herzog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heparan Sulfate ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis ◽  
Single Point Mutation ◽  
Biosynthesis Pathway ◽  
Virus Binding ◽  
Virus Attachment ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Lcmv Infection

Members of the Old World Arenaviruses primarily utilize α-dystroglycan (α-DAG1) as a cellular receptor for infection. Mutations within the glycoprotein (GP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) reduce or abrogate the binding affinity to α-DAG1 and thus influence viral persistence, kinetics, and cell tropism. The observation that α-DAG1 deficient cells are still highly susceptible to low affinity variants, suggests the use of an alternative receptor(s). In this study, we used a genome-wide CRISPR Cas9 knockout screen in DAG1 deficient 293T cells to identify host factors involved in α-DAG1-independent LCMV infection. By challenging cells with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), pseudotyped with the GP of LCMV WE HPI (VSV-GP), we identified the heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis pathway as an important host factor for low affinity LCMV infection. These results were confirmed by a genetic approach targeting EXTL3, a key factor in the HS biosynthesis pathway, as well as by enzymatic and chemical methods. Interestingly, a single point mutation within GP1 (S153F or Y155H) of WE HPI is sufficient for the switch from DAG1 to HS binding. Furthermore, we established a simple and reliable virus-binding assay, using directly labelled VSV-GP by intramolecular fusion of VSV-P and mWasabi, demonstrating the importance of HS for virus attachment but not entry in Burkitt lymphoma cells after reconstitution of HS expression. Collectively, our study highlights the essential role of HS for low affinity LCMV infection in contrast to their high affinity counterparts. Residual LCMV infection in double knockouts indicate the use of (a) still unknown entry receptor(s).

Modelling the Route Choice

2016 ◽  
pp. 178-209
Author(s):  
Eric Moreno-Quintero
Keyword(s):  
Route Choice ◽  
Freight Transport ◽  
Mathematical Representation ◽  
Transport Planning ◽  
Require Time ◽  
Delay Function ◽  
The Road ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Functional Forms ◽  
On The Road

The issue of route choice is a key factor for the freight transport performance. Congestion at roads encourages hauliers to change routes to minimize the delays and keep lead times in a reliable range. In the context of transport planning, the route choice problem can be assessed by modelling the travel times needed to reach a destination through the different routes in a road network. Is in this point where the volume-delay functions become relevant. A Volume-Delay Function (VDF) is a mathematical representation of the increase of the travel time as more and more vehicles utilize the routes, causing congestion on the road networks. The related literature and practitioners report on the use of some known functional forms, as the BPR function, the Conical volume-delay function or the Akcelik's function, which are widely utilized in flow's assignation modelling in transport planning. A successful application of VDFs requires a proper fitting of the function's parameters. In a classical focus these parameters can be deduced from speed-flow surveys carried out at the routes or links of interest; these surveys generally require time money and personnel. As an alternative to this classical focus, particularly when facing scarcity of resources, this work carries out a mathematical analysis of the VDF functional forms, as well with an interpretation of their parameters in relation to road's operation. The results of these analyses clarifies the meaning of the functional forms for the VDFs and their parameters, and suggest other ways to assess those parameters which may be more practical for the purpose of modelling the choice of route in freight transport. Some considerations to put into practice this in Mexico are discussed at the end of this work.

scholarly journals A Fully Automated Sequential-Injection Analyser for Dual Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence/Amperometric Detection

2006 ◽  
Vol 2006 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasios Economou ◽  
Maria Nika
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Optical Flow ◽  
Amperometric Detection ◽  
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence ◽  
Sequential Injection Analysis ◽  
Peristaltic Pump ◽  
Sequential Injection ◽  
Experimental Sequence ◽  
Flow Through ◽  
The Individual

This work describes the development of a dedicated, fully automated sequential-injection analysis (SIA) apparatus suitable for simultaneous electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) and amperometric detection. The instrument is composed of a peristaltic pump, a multiposition selection valve, a home-made potentiostat, a thin-layer electrochemical/optical flow-through cell, and a light detector. Control of the experimental sequence and simultaneous data acquisition of the light and the current intensities were performed in LabVIEW6.1. The CL reagents and the sample were first aspirated as distinct zones into the holding coil of the analyser and, then, delivered to the cell; during their travel, the individual zones mixed and the ECL reaction was initiated as soon as the mixed regents reached the cell. The utility of the analyser was demonstrated for the detection of oxalate andH2O2based on their ECL reactions withRu(bpy)32and luminol, respectively.

scholarly journals Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors as Potential Colorectal Microbicides

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1797-1807 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Herrera ◽  
Martin Cranage ◽  
Ian McGowan ◽  
Peter Anton ◽  
Robin J. Shattock
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Transcriptase ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Rectal Microbicides ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT We investigated whether reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors (RTI) can be combined to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection of colorectal tissue ex vivo as part of a strategy to develop an effective rectal microbicide. The nucleotide RTI (NRTI) PMPA (tenofovir) and two nonnucleoside RTI (NNRTI), UC-781 and TMC120 (dapivirine), were evaluated. Each compound inhibited the replication of the HIV isolates tested in TZM-bl cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and colorectal explants. Dual combinations of the three compounds, either NRTI-NNRTI or NNRTI-NNRTI combinations, were more active than any of the individual compounds in both cellular and tissue models. Combinations were key to inhibiting infection by NRTI- and NNRTI-resistant isolates in all models tested. Moreover, we found that the replication capacities of HIV-1 isolates in colorectal explants were affected by single point mutations in RT that confer resistance to RTI. These data demonstrate that colorectal explants can be used to screen compounds for potential efficacy as part of a combination microbicide and to determine the mucosal fitness of RTI-resistant isolates. These findings may have important implications for the rational design of effective rectal microbicides.

Kultura konsumpcyjna jako kontekst refleksji i praktyki pedagogicznej

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1 (247)) ◽  
pp. 105-119
Author(s):  
Mateusz Mazurek
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Culture ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Educational Environments ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Individual

The author claims that consumer culture is nowadays the key factor in the shaping of our society and of course also of educational environments. Therefore it is worth serious consideration and analysis. This article is devoted to the issues of most important features of consumer culture which, according to the author, are fundamental factors in shaping the context in which education takes place. The author includes among them: excessive consumerism understood as granting consumption the primary importance in the individual and social life, growth in importance of the fashion and displacement of custom, radical individualism, culture of hurry and displacement of culture of thought, and treatment of pleasure as the highest value.

School-based drug education: the shaping of subjectivities

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cary Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Drug Education ◽  
Content Type ◽  
School Based ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore how school-based drug education programmes in Australia have sought to reduce adolescent drug use. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing on insights from Foucault's later works and writers on governmentality, the paper considers how, through the use of various technologies, techniques and strategies, students have been encouraged to problematise their understanding of self by way of a series of choices they are required to make in relation to recreational drug use. Findings – Drugs are positioned as a key factor in the psychic and social well-being of youths insofar as their health and personal happiness is said to depend on the decisions they make concerning their use of drugs. In the process, moral and political objectives are met as students internalise norms, values and objectives consonant with a self-disciplined, self-governing society. Practical implications – By bringing into question school-based drug education, a space is created for further discussions around this historically controversial strategy. Social implications – What is common to all school-based drug education programmes is that the problem is conceptualised in terms of individual and interpersonal deficiencies or inadequacies. Conceptualised thus, both the problem and the solution lay with the individual; it is the individual who must change. Originality/value – The focus of this paper has not been on why school-based drug education is needed or how to improve it (the focus of most research on the subject), but rather on the methods employed to influence student use of recreational drugs. By identifying how school-based drug education has sought to shape student subjectivities, this paper has exposed specific moral and political dimensions of the project.

HIERARCHICAL SEGMENTED POINT PROCESS MODELS WITH MULTIPLE CHANGE POINTS FOR MAINTAINED SYSTEMS

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 261-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. SYAMSUNDAR ◽  
V. N. A. NAIKAN
Keyword(s):  
Point Process ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Change Points ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Changing Environment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Binary Segmentation ◽  
Point Process Models ◽  
The Individual

The failure processes of maintained systems operating in a changing environment may be affected by the changes and exhibit different failure behaviour before and after the changes. Such processes exhibiting abrupt changes in failure intensities at specified times require segmented models with the process domain divided into segments at the points of changes in the environment to represent them. The individual segments can be modeled by any of the usual point process models and combined to form a composite segmented model with multiple change points. This paper proposes such segmented models with multiple change points to represent the failure processes of these systems and uses a hierarchical binary segmentation method to obtain the location of the changes. Its purpose is to quantify the impacts of changes in the environment on the failure intensities. These models are applied to the field data from an industrial setting; parameter estimates obtained and are shown to more accurately describe the failure processes of maintained system in a changing environment than the single point process models usually used. The interpretation and use of these models for maintained systems is also depicted.

scholarly journals Compensation and Weights for Trade-offs in Engineering Design: Beyond the Weighted Sum

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1045-1055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Scott ◽  
Erik K. Antonsson
Keyword(s):  
Objective Function ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Pareto Frontier ◽  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Pareto Optimum ◽  
Additional Parameter ◽  
Weighted Sum ◽  
Importance Weights ◽  
Trade Offs

Multicriteria decision support methods are common in engineering design. These methods typically rely on a summation of weighted attributes to accomplish trade-offs among competing objectives. It has long been known that a weighted sum, when used for multicriteria optimization, may fail to locate all points on a nonconvex Pareto frontier. More recent results from the optimization literature relate the curvature of an objective function to its ability to capture Pareto points, but do not consider the significance of the objective function parameters in choosing one Pareto point over another. A parametrized family of aggregations appropriate for engineering design is shown to model decisions capturing all possible trade-offs, and therefore can direct the solution to any Pareto optimum. This paper gives a mathematical and theoretical interpretation of the parameters of this family of aggregations as defining a degree of compensation among criteria as well as a measure of their relative importance. The inability to reach all Pareto optima is shown to be surmounted by this consideration of degree of compensation as an additional parameter of the decision. Additionally, the direct specification of importance weights is common to many decision methods. The choice of a single point from a Pareto frontier by specifying importance weights alone is shown to depend on the degree of compensation implicit in the aggregation. Thus both the degree of compensation and weights must be considered to capture all potentially acceptable decisions. A simple truss design example is used here to illustrate the concepts.

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