scholarly journals Associated factors, post infection child growth, and household cost of invasive enteritis among under 5 children in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Das ◽  
Md. Ahshanul Haque ◽  
Mohammod Jobayer Chisti ◽  
A. S. G. Faruque ◽  
Tahmeed Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Growth Faltering ◽  
Household Costs ◽  
Household Cost ◽  
Weight For Age

AbstractBoth Campylobacter- and Shigella-induced invasive enteritis are common in under-5 Bangladeshi children. Our study aimed to determine the factors associated with Campylobacter and Shigella enteritis among under-5 children, the post-infection worsening growth, and the household cost of invasive enteritis. Data of children having Shigella (591/803) and Campylobacter (246/1148) isolated from the fecal specimen in Bangladesh were extracted from the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) for the period December 2007 to March 2011. In multiple logistic regression analysis, fever was observed more frequently among shigellosis cases [adjusted OR 2.21; (95% CI 1.58, 3.09)]. Breastfeeding [aOR 0.55; (95% CI 0.37, 0.81)] was found to be protective against Shigella. The generalized estimating equations multivariable model identified a negative association between Shigella and weight-for-height z score [aOR − 0.11; (95% CI − 0.21, − 0.001)]; a positive association between symptomatic Campylobacter and weight-for-age z score [aOR 0.22; (95% CI 0.06, 0.37)] and weight-for-height z score [aOR 0.22; (95% CI 0.08, 0.37)]. Total costs incurred by households were more in shigellosis children than Campylobacter-induced enteritis ($4.27 vs. $3.49). Households with low-level maternal education tended to incur less cost in case of their shigellosis children. Our findings underscore the need for preventive strategies targeting Shigella infection, which could potentially reduce the disease burden, associated household costs, and child growth faltering.

scholarly journals Multilevel analysis of risk factors associated with severe underweight among children under 5 years: evidence from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-172
Author(s):  
Justice M K Aheto ◽  
Ogum-Alangea Deda
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Health Survey ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Demographic And Health Survey ◽  
Multiple Birth ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Weight For Age

Background: Undernutrition among children <5yr. is a global public health problem, especially in developing countries like Ghana. Undernutrition increases the risk of child morbidity and mortality. There is paucity of data on household-level effects on severe underweight and associated factors. Objective: The study investigated the risk factors associated with severe underweight among children < 5yr.in Ghana and examined unobserved differences across households based on the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health surveys (GDHS) data. Methods: Data from a population-based cross-sectional study was obtained from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. Data on 2720 children nested within 1972 households was extracted for analysis. Our regression analysis used data on 2716 children with complete data on the outcome and risk factors. Children with weight-for-age Z-score below -3 standard deviations were classified as severely underweight based on the 2006 WHO child growth standards. We applied random intercept multilevel logistic regression to examine whether severe underweight status in children differ across households while simultaneously identifying potential risk factors. Results: A total of 2720 children had valid weight-for-age z-score and 53 (1.95%) of them were identified as severely underweight. In the univariate model, child level variables such as multiple birth [odds ratio (OR), 4.03;95%confidence interval (CI): 1.85-8.76]and child born average (OR, 2.17;95%CI: 1.09-4.32) or small (OR, 4.08; 95%CI: 2.01-8.28) in size at birth are associated with increased odds of severe underweight. Maternal/household level variables such as increase in number of children below 5 yr. (OR, 1.61; 95%CI: 1.28-2.04), poorest households (OR, 4.85; 95%CI: 1.14-20.59) and increase in number of births in last 5 yr. (OR, 1.80, 95%CI: 1.24-2.60) were associated with increased odds of severe underweight. Increase in maternal years of education (OR, 0.89; 95%CI: 0.83-0.95) was associated with reduced odds of severe underweight. In the multilevel logistic model, only type of birth (OR, 1.61;95%CI: 1.28-2.04), size of child (average: OR, 2.12;95%CI: 1.04-4.33; small: OR, 3.87;95%CI: 1.80-8.33) at birth, and maternal education (OR, 0.92;95%CI: 0.84-1.00) were independently associated with severe underweight. There were no significant residual household-level variations in severe underweight status. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that improving maternal education, socioeconomic conditions of families, and family planning are critical in addressing severe underweight

scholarly journals The relationship between residential altitude and stunting: evidence from >26 000 children living in highlands and lowlands of Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 123 (8) ◽  
pp. 934-941
Author(s):  
Shimels H. Mohammed ◽  
Tesfa D. Habtewold ◽  
Debelo D. Abdi ◽  
Shahab Alizadeh ◽  
Bagher Larijani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Growth Faltering ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractLittle information is known about the influence of altitude on child growth in Ethiopia, where most people live in highlands. We investigated the relation of residential altitude with growth faltering (stunting) of infants and young children in Ethiopia. We also examined whether the altitude–growth relationship was independent of the influence of the dietary and non-dietary determinants of growth. We used the data of 26 976 under-5-year-old children included in the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys, conducted from 2005 to 2016. The samples were recruited following a two-stage cluster sampling strategy. Stunting was defined by height-for-age <−2 z-scores. The relationship between residential altitude and stunting was examined by running multiple logistic regression analysis, controlling the effect of covariate dietary and non-dietary variables. The residential altitude of the study participants ranged from −116 to 4500 m above sea level (masl). There was a significant and progressive increase in the prevalence and odds of stunting with increasing altitude (P < 0·001), irrespective of the dietary and non-dietary predictors of stunting. The prevalence of stunting was lowest in lowlands (39 %) and highest in highlands (47 %). Compared with altitude <1000 masl, the odds of stunting was 1·41 times higher at altitude ≥2500 masl (OR 1·41, 95 % CI 1·16, 1·71) and 1·29 times higher at altitude 2000–2499 masl (OR 1·29, 95 % CI 1·11, 1·49). Children living in highlands might be at a higher risk of poor growth. Further studies are warranted to understand the mechanism behind the observed altitude–stunting link and identify strategies to compensate for the growth-faltering effect of living in highlands.

scholarly journals The influence of intensive nutritional counseling in Posyandu towards the growth 4-18 month old children

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Noviati Noviati ◽  
J C Susanto ◽  
H Selina ◽  
M Mexitalia
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Estimating Equation ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Nutritional Counseling ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Growth Faltering ◽  
Equation Analysis

Introduction Under 5 years is a critical period for child growth,when growth faltering often occurs. Periodical growth monitoringand nutritional counseling can detect growth faltering earlier, de-termine the cause, and find alternatives to solve such problems.Objective To determine the benefit of nutritional counseling onknowledge, attitude, practice of mothers, and child growth.Methods A randomized controlled trial was conducted inSendangguwo, Semarang on 143 children of the treatment groupand 135 children of the control group. Nutritional counseling wasgiven to mothers in the treatment group by trained health volun-teers. Changes of weight for age Z-score (WAZ), height for age Z-score (HAZ), and weight for height Z-score (WHZ) were analyzedrepeatedly by using ANOVA. The differences of ΔWAZ, ΔHAZ, andΔWHZ between groups were compared by student t-test. GEE (gen-eralized estimating equation) analysis was used to analyze theeffect of confounding variables on the changes of WAZ.Results After 6 months of counseling, knowledge, attitude, andpractice of nutrition in the treatment group significantly increasedcompared to that of the control group (P<0.001). The WAZ, HAZ,and WHZ curves in the control group decreased. However, in thetreatment group, WHZ increased and there was stabilization ofWAZ. At the end of the study, treatment group had significantlyimproved their WAZ (P<0.001), HAZ (P=0.004), and WHZ(P<0.001) compared to that of the control group.Conclusion Nutritional counseling can improve knowledge, atti-tude, and practice of mothers, and has beneficial effects on childgrowth by WAZ, HAZ, and WHZ

scholarly journals Development of LMS and Z Score Growth References for Egyptian Children From Birth Up to 5 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali M. El Shafie ◽  
Fady M. El-Gendy ◽  
Dalia M. Allahony ◽  
Hossam H. Hegran ◽  
Zein A. Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Egyptian Children ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Growth References ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

Background: The Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) and Z score methods are important for assessment of growth and nutritional status. In Egypt, there is a lack of this tool for monitoring growth in preschool children.Objective: To develop LMS and Z score growth references for assessment of growth and nutritional status for Egyptian children from birth up to 5 years.Methods: A total of 27,537 children [13,888 boys (50.4%) and 13,649 girls (49.6%)] from birth up to 5 years were included in a multistage cross sectional randomized study from different Egyptian geographic districts to create LMS and Z score references for weight, length/height, and body mass index corresponding to age in addition to weight for length/height. Healthy term infants and children, exclusive breast feeding for at least 4 months and not suffering from any chronic diseases were included in this study. Children with dysmorphic features, preterm infants, admitted in neonatal or pediatric intensive care units and having any chronic diseases (hematological, cardiac, hepatic, and renal) were excluded. In addition any health condition that affects child growth including nutritional disorders was also excluded. Un-paired t-test was calculated to compare the means of weight for age, length/height for age, weight for length/height, and BMI for-age z scores of the Egyptian and WHO reference values.Results: Through detailed tables and graphs, LMS and Z scores for weight for age, length/height for age, weight for length/height, and BMI for age of both sexes were represented. Our findings showed no statistically significant difference between reference charts of WHO and Egyptian Z score charts (P &gt; 0.05).Conclusion: This study provides the first reference for Egyptian children from birth up to 5 years based on Z score tool for assessment the growth and nutritional status in various clinical conditions and research, also allows comparison with references of other countries.

scholarly journals Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) factors associated with growth between birth and 1 year of age in children in Soweto, South Africa: results from the Soweto Baby WASH study

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 798-819
Author(s):  
D. J. Momberg ◽  
L. E. Voth-Gaeddert ◽  
B. C. Ngandu ◽  
L. Richter ◽  
J. May ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Transmission ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Water Index ◽  
Growth Faltering ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

Abstract Interventions to reduce undernutrition and improve child growth have incorporated improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) as part of disease transmission prevention strategies. Knowledge gaps still exist, namely, when and which WASH factors are determinants for growth faltering, and when WASH interventions are most effective at improving growth. This study drew cross-sectional data from a longitudinal cohort study and used hierarchical regression analyses to assess associations between WASH factors: water index, sanitation, hygiene index, and growth: height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ), weight-for-height (WHZ) at 1, 6, and 12 months postpartum among infants a priori born healthy in Soweto, Johannesburg. Household access to sanitation facilities that were not safely managed was associated with a decrease in HAZ scores at 1 month (β = −2.24) and 6 months (β = −0.96); a decrease in WAZ at 1 month (β = −1.21), 6 months (β = −1.57), and 12 months (β = −1.92); and finally, with WHZ scores at 12 months (β = −1.94). Counterintuitively, poorer scores on the hygiene index were associated with an increase at 1 month for both HAZ (β = 0.53) and WAZ (β = 0.44). Provision of safely managed sanitation at household and community levels may be required before improvements in growth-related outcomes are obtained.

scholarly journals Faktor Risiko Malnutrisi pada Balita

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 572
Author(s):  
Titik Kuntari ◽  
Nur Aisyah Jamil ◽  
Opi Kurniati
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Education ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Normal Birth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Weight For Age ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Gizi buruk yang merupakan masalah penting di semua negara-negara miskin dan berkembang bertanggung jawab terhadap 60 persen kematian balita. Prevalensi balita gizi buruk di Indonesia tergolong tinggi, pada 2005, berbagai propinsi di Indonesia melaporkan 76.178 balita mengalami gizi buruk. Kasihan adalah salah satu kecamatan di kabupaten Bantul berbatasan dengan Kotamadya Yogyakarta yang menghadapi permasalahan gizi buruk. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui angka kejadian dan faktor risiko gizi buruk di Kecamatan Kasihan, Kabupaten Bantul. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus kontrol meliputi kelompok kasus 54 balita malnutrisi dan kelompok kontrol 54 balita gizi baik. Status gizi ditentukan berdasarkan Z score berat badan menurut umur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pendidikan ibu yang tinggi (OR = 0,4 ; 95% CI = 0,19 - 0,79), jarang kelahiran lebih dari 60 bulan (OR = 0,3; 95% CI = 0,11 - 0,90), berat lahir normal (OR = 0,2; 95% CI = 0,10 - 0,60), dan riwayat penyakit kronis (OR = 0,3; 95% CI = 0,14 - 0,80) merupakan faktor protektif malnutrisi pada balita. Malnutrisi tidak berhubungan dengan umur ibu, paritas, tingkat pendidikan ayah, pendapatan keluarga, riwayat ASI, anggota keluarga yang merokok dan imunisasi campak.Malnutrition is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age in developing countries. Malnutrition significantly increases the risk of infant and child death. Although the incidence of malnutrition in Yogyakarta lower than other provinces in Indonesia, the prevalence of severe malnutrition of children under five years of age was 1.14%. the objective of this study were to identify and determine the risk factors for malnutrition in children under the five years of age in Kasihan 1, Bantul District. Case control design was conducted among 54 children under the age of five with malnutrition (z score <-2 Deviation Standart) and 54 comparison children from Kasihan 1. The data were collected using structured questionnaire. The children’s weight and length were measured using standardized and calibrated device. Nutrition state classified using Z score (weight for age) Anthropometry WHO software version 2011. The protective factors for malnutrition were high maternal education (OR = 0.4 ; 95% CI = 0.19 - 0.79), birth space more than 60 months (OR = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.11- 0.90), normal birth weight (OR = 0.2; 95% CI = 0.10 - 0.60), and no history of chronic disease (OR = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.14 - 0.80). There are no relationship between malnutrition with maternal age, parity, paternal education, income, history of breastfeeding, smoking member of family and measles immunization.

scholarly journals The psychological distress of parents is associated with reduced linear growth of children: evidence from a nationwide population survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun A Susiloretni ◽  
Emily R Smith ◽  
Suparmi ◽  
Marsum ◽  
Rina Agustina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Linear Growth ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Parental Distress ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Self Reporting Questionnaire

AbstractBackgroundStunting, an indicator of restricted linear growth, has become a primary measure of childhood undernutrition due to its persistent high prevalence globally, and importance for health and development. Although the etiology is recognized to be complex, most analyses have focused on biomedical determinants, with limited attention to social factors affecting care and nurturing in the home.ObjectivesTo identify the association between parental distress and linear growth and stunting and to examine z score loss due to any parental distress and socioeconomic, behavioral, and physiologic risk factors on for linear growthDesignCross sectional studyParticipants54,261 households from the Indonesia National Health Survey 2013. Main outcome measures. Multivariate linear, logistic, and multilevel multinomial logistic regression, using survey weights, were used to assess the relationship between parental distress, as assessed by the WHO Self Reporting Questionnaire, with height-for-age z score (HAZ), stunting, and behavioral risk factors for stunting.ResultsMaternal, paternal and parental distress (i.e. both maternal and paternal distress) were associated with reduced linear growth of the children by 0.091, 0.13 and 0.21 z-scores, respectively. Maternal and paternal distress increased the risk of mild stunting (HAZ < -1) by 38% and 39%, and the risk of moderate stunting (HAZ < -2) by 41% and 23%, respectively. Parental stress increased the risk of moderate and severe stunting by 67% and 41%. Any parental distress accounted for 5.6% of the modeled overall loss of HAZ-score due to interactions with socioeconomic status (low maternal occupational status, low wealth, low maternal occupation) and behavioral (poor garbage sanitation) factors, rendering it amongst the more influential factors on linear growth. The modeled overall loss of HAZ-score incorporating any parental distress was associated with socioeconomic factors (26.1%) including, in descending order, low maternal occupational status, low wealth, low maternal education, low paternal occupational status, rural residence; behavioral factors (15.3%) including open garbage disposal, unimproved water disposal, paternal smoking, not using iodized salt; physiological factors (13.5%) including low maternal height, female child, paternal height, maternal mid-upper arm circumference.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the complex etiology of stunting, and suggest nutritional and other biomedical interventions are insufficient, and that promotion of mental and behavioral health programs for parents are essential to achieve child growth and development, and would likely foster taller, healthier, smarter, and thriving populations.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Malnutrition in a Rural Residential Sanskrit School in Baglung, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (205) ◽  
pp. 153-157
Author(s):  
Bhawana Amatya ◽  
Nitesh Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Reference Data ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Severe Stunting ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
Growth Reference ◽  
Measuring Tape ◽  
Poor Absorption ◽  
Weight For Age

Introduction: Under-nutrition is a condition in which there is inadequate consumption, poor absorption or excessive loss of nutrients. Nepal still faces high chronic as well as acute under‐nutrition in children. The following study was conducted a Sanskrit school in rural Baglung to find the prevalence of malnutrition among the children which could reflect the nutritional status of the community. Methods: Out of 60 students admitted to the school, only 43 were present at the time when we collected our data. Weight was measured with a standard weighing scale and standing height with a measuring tape attached to the wall. Data were filled up in proforma, entered in Microsoft Excel 2013 and were analyzed and indicators calculated with SPSS version 20 using WHO Child Growth Reference data for 5-19 years and macros. Results: Stunting (Z score < -2) was found in 53.5 % of the study group and severe stunting (Z score < -3) was found in 25.6%. 12.5% of the 8 children under 10 years in our study had weight for age < -2 Z score which indicates underweight. No one was severely underweight. In our study, 2.3% had severe thinness (Z-score < -3), 14% had thinness (Z-score < -2). No one was overweight or obese. Conclusions: The prevalence of malnutrition was high among the students of the rural Sanskrit school where the study was conducted.   Keywords: anthropometry; Baglung; malnutrition; Nepal; prevalence.

scholarly journals Maternal Dietary Diversity and Growth of Children Under 24 Months of Age in Rural Dodoma, Tanzania

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Huang ◽  
Christopher Sudfeld ◽  
Abbas Ismail ◽  
Said Vuai ◽  
Julius Ntwenya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Growth Outcomes ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

Objective: To identify predictors of maternal dietary diversity in rural Dodoma, Tanzania and assess its association with child growth outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 361 mothers with children under 24 months of age was conducted in 5 villages in rural Dodoma, Tanzania. Maternal diets were assessed using food frequency questionnaires, and dietary diversity was categorized using Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) guidelines. Child anthropometric measures were taken to calculate height-for-age z-score (HAZ), weight-for-height z-score (WHZ), and weight-for-age z-score (WAZ). Linear and logistic regressions were used to examine the association between maternal dietary diversity and children’s growth outcomes. Results: About 40% of mothers did not consume a diverse diet (MDD-W < 5), and 35% of children were stunted. Household production of greater number of crops was associated with greater MDD-W scores ( P < .01). Greater maternal dietary diversity was associated with significantly greater child WHZ (mean difference = 0.44; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10-0.78; P = .01), WAZ (mean difference = 0.37; 95% CI: 0.08-0.65; P = .01), and reduced risk of wasting (odds ratio = 0.22; 95% CI: 0.07-0.66; P = .01). Conclusions: Greater maternal dietary diversity was associated with improved child WHZ and WAZ outcomes. Sustainable interventions to increase maternal dietary diversity may improve WHZ and WAZ in young children in similar settings.

scholarly journals Maternal Sociodemographic Factors and Antenatal Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6812
Author(s):  
Maheshwari Andhavarapu ◽  
James Orwa ◽  
Marleen Temmerman ◽  
Joseph Wangira Musana
Keyword(s):  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Adverse Birth Outcomes ◽  
Biological Stress ◽  
Antenatal Stress

Antenatal stress has been associated with adverse birth outcomes such as fetal growth restriction, low birth weight, and preterm birth. Understanding key determinants of stress in a vulnerable pregnant population has the potential of informing development of targeted cost-effective interventions to mitigate against these adverse birth outcomes. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from 150 pregnant women attending antenatal care services at a rural referral hospital in Kenya. The participants completed a sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire, the Cohen’s Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and gave a hair sample for cortisol and cortisone analysis. The association between selected sociodemographic predictors (age, parity, marital status, maternal education, household income, polygyny, and intimate partner violence) and outcomes (hair cortisol, hair cortisone, and PSS score) was examined using univariate, bivariate and multivariate models. We found a negative association between PSS scores and household income (β = −2.40, p = 0.016, 95% CI = −4.36, −0.45). There was a positive association of the ratio of hair cortisone to cortisol with Adolescent age group (β = 0.64, p = 0.031, 95% CI = 0.06, 1.22), and a negative association with Cohabitation (β = −1.21, p = 0.009, 95% CI = −2.11, −0.31). We conclude that household income influenced psychological stress in pregnancy. Adolescence and cohabitation may have an influence on biological stress, but the nature of this effect is unclear.

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