scholarly journals Integrative biology defines novel biomarkers of resistance to strongylid infection in horses

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Sallé ◽  
Cécile Canlet ◽  
Jacques Cortet ◽  
Christine Koch ◽  
Joshua Malsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Phenylalanine Level ◽  
Plasma Phenylalanine ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

AbstractThe widespread failure of anthelmintic drugs against nematodes of veterinary interest requires novel control strategies. Selective treatment of the most susceptible individuals could reduce drug selection pressure but requires appropriate biomarkers of the intrinsic susceptibility potential. To date, this has been missing in livestock species. Here, we selected Welsh ponies with divergent intrinsic susceptibility (measured by their egg excretion levels) to cyathostomin infection and found that their divergence was sustained across a 10-year time window. Using this unique set of individuals, we monitored variations in their blood cell populations, plasma metabolites and faecal microbiota over a grazing season to isolate core differences between their respective responses under worm-free or natural infection conditions. Our analyses identified the concomitant rise in plasma phenylalanine level and faecal Prevotella abundance and the reduction in circulating monocyte counts as biomarkers of the need for drug treatment (egg excretion above 200 eggs/g). This biological signal was replicated in other independent populations. We also unravelled an immunometabolic network encompassing plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate level, short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria and circulating neutrophils that forms the discriminant baseline between susceptible and resistant individuals. Altogether our observations open new perspectives on the susceptibility of equids to strongylid infection and leave scope for both new biomarkers of infection and nutritional intervention.

scholarly journals Integrative biology defines novel biomarkers of resistance to strongylid infection in horses

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Sallé ◽  
Cécile Canlet ◽  
Jacques Cortet ◽  
Christine Koch ◽  
Joshua Malsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Plasma Metabolites ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Phenylalanine Level ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
Beta Hydroxybutyrate

AbstractThe widespread failure of anthelmintic drugs against nematodes of veterinary interest requires novel control strategies. Selective treatment of the most susceptible individuals could reduce drug selection pressure but requires appropriate biomarkers of the intrinsic susceptibility potential. To date, this has been missing in livestock species. Here, we selected Welsh ponies with divergent intrinsic susceptibility to cyathostomin infection and found that their potential was sustained across a 10-year time window. Using this unique set of individuals, we monitored variations in their blood cell populations, plasma metabolites and faecal microbiota over a grazing season to isolate core differences between their respective responses under worm-free or natural infection conditions. Our analyses identified the concomitant rise in plasmatic phenylalanine level and faecal Prevotella abundance and the reduction in circulating monocyte counts as biomarkers of the need for drug treatment. This biological signal was replicated in other independent populations. We also unravelled an immunometabolic network encompassing plasmatic beta-hydroxybutyrate level, short-chain fatty acid producing bacteria and circulating neutrophils that forms the discriminant baseline between susceptible and resistant individuals. Altogether our observations open new perspectives on the susceptibility of equids to cyathostomin infection and leave scope for both new biomarkers of infection and nutritional intervention.

scholarly journals Prevalence of blood-borne viral hepatitis in different communities in Yemen

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 771-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. A. SALLAM ◽  
C. Y. W. TONG ◽  
L. E. CUEVAS ◽  
Y. A. RAJA'A ◽  
A. M. OTHMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Donors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Hbv Dna ◽  
Carrier Rate ◽  
Social Differences ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
African Community ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Republic

It is generally believed that hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses are highly prevalent in the Republic of Yemen. This study investigated the prevalence of HBV and HCV markers in 494 blood donors from Aden, 493 blood donors from Sana'a, 97 residents from an African ethnic minority in Sana'a and 99 residents of Soqotra Island. There were significant differences in the prevalence of HBV carriage (HBsAg: 6·7, 15, 19·6 and 26·3% respectively; P<0·001); past HBV infection (anti-HBc: 17·4, 18·5, 30·9 and 59·6% respectively; P<0·001); susceptibility to HBV (absence of HBV markers: 73·3, 61·9, 38·1 and 9·1% respectively; P<0·001), infectivity of HBV carriers (HBV DNA: 51·5, 33·8, 52·6 and 65·4% respectively; P=0·028) and HCV antibodies (RIBA confirmed or indeterminate: 0·6, 0·2, 5·2 and 5·1% respectively; P<0·001). A significant difference in HBV carrier rate and a borderline significant difference in the prevalence of natural infection was observed between males and females in the African community (P=0·02 and 0·06 respectively). In contrast, in Soqotra Island, there was no significant sex difference in HBV carrier rate but susceptibility was significantly more prevalent in males (P=0·03). This study illustrates that significant difference in prevalence and epidemiology exists among different communities within the same country, reflecting political, geographical and social differences. Control strategies should take these differences into account.

scholarly journals Influenza A virus superinfection potential is regulated by viral genomic heterogeneity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiayi Sun ◽  
Christopher B. Brooke
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Viral Genes ◽  
Prediction And Control ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
And Control

AbstractDefining the specific factors that govern the evolution and transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) populations is of critical importance for designing more effective prediction and control strategies. Superinfection, the sequential infection of a single cell by two or more virions, plays an important role in determining the replicative and evolutionary potential of IAV populations. The prevalence of superinfection during natural infection, and the specific mechanisms that regulate it, remain poorly understood. Here, we used a novel single virion infection approach to directly assess the effects of individual IAV genes on superinfection efficiency. Rather than implicating a specific viral gene, this approach revealed that superinfection susceptibility is determined by the total number of viral genes expressed, independent of their identity. IAV particles that expressed a complete set of viral genes potently inhibit superinfection, while semi-infectious particles (SIPs) that express incomplete subsets of viral genes do not. As a result, virus populations that contain more SIPs undergo more frequent superinfection. These findings identify both a major determinant of IAV superinfection potential and a prominent role for SIPs in promoting viral co-infection.

scholarly journals Developmental Brain Asymmetry. The Good and the Bad Sides

Symmetry ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Monica Laura Cara ◽  
Ioana Streata ◽  
Ana Maria Buga ◽  
Dominic Gabriel Iliescu
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Brain Asymmetry ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Brain Hemispheres ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
New Biomarkers ◽  
The Right ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Brain asymmetry is a hallmark of the human brain. Recent studies report a certain degree of abnormal asymmetry of brain lateralization between left and right brain hemispheres can be associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions. In this regard, some questions need answers. First, the accelerated brain asymmetry is programmed during the pre-natal period that can be called “accelerated brain decline clock”. Second, can we find the right biomarkers to predict these changes? Moreover, can we establish the dynamics of these changes in order to identify the right time window for proper interventions that can reverse or limit the neurological decline? To find answers to these questions, we performed a systematic online search for the last 10 years in databases using keywords. Conclusion: we need to establish the right in vitro model that meets human conditions as much as possible. New biomarkers are necessary to establish the “good” or the “bad” borders of brain asymmetry at the epigenetic and functional level as early as possible.

scholarly journals Variation Within and Among Vitis spp. for Foliar Resistance to the Powdery Mildew Pathogen Erysiphe necator

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lance Cadle-Davidson ◽  
David R. Chicoine ◽  
Nancy H. Consolie
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Durable Resistance ◽  
Erysiphe Necator ◽  
Detached Leaves ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Powdery Mildew Pathogen ◽  
Vitis Spp ◽  
Selection Of

To complement existing control strategies, grape growers desire cultivars with resistance to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe necator. Numerous disease resistance screens of diverse Vitis germplasm have been conducted previously to identify powdery mildew resistance but ratings of named cultivars were inconsistent and identities of resistant individuals in wild species were not typically provided. In the current study, controlled inoculations of a single isolate were made onto detached leaves from 1,025 Vitis accessions. The results were compared with natural epidemics in two vineyards: the cold-hardy Vitis spp. repository in Geneva, NY, in 2007–08, and a replicated vineyard of 89 Vitis accessions in Fredonia, NY in 2006–08. Of the genotypes screened using both natural infection and single-isolate inoculation, 33% were resistant to a single isolate but susceptible to diverse isolates in either or both vineyards, possibly due to race-specific resistance. This was exemplified by selection of E. necator genotypes virulent to Vitis labrusca in the Fredonia, NY vineyard, which is surrounded by production of the interspecific labrusca hybrids Concord and Niagara. Otherwise, there was good correlation of ratings between the vineyard and single-isolate ratings (r = 0.55 to 0.56) and between Geneva and Fredonia vineyard ratings (r = 0.75). No accession rated in all three screens was immune from infection. Although individual accessions of V. aestivalis, V. palmata, Vitis × doaniana, and Ampelopsis brevipedunculata were resistant in Geneva and Fredonia, each well-represented species had notable intraspecific variation in resistance. For 129 interspecific hybrids in this and previous studies, ratings infrequently corresponded among previous studies (39%) and between the current and previous studies (17 to 46%). However, three cultivars (Cayuga White, Diana, and Mars) were consistently rated as resistant across four independent studies. The results underscore the importance of uniform testing in multiple environments and the need for strategies for the development of cultivars with durable resistance.

Teaching children with diabetes about adequate dietary choices

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (S1) ◽  
pp. S33-S39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Maffeis ◽  
Leonardo Pinelli
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Care ◽  
Weight Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Nutritional Education ◽  
Dietary Choices ◽  
Meal Plan ◽  
Weight Control Strategies

Recent recommendations by the American Diabetes Association suggest that children with type 1 diabetes should follow the recommendations for age, sex and body size of the general population. In the case of being overweight or obese, weight-control strategies should be applied. Adherence to recommendations should be pursued by continuous nutritional education that should start at the onset of diabetes and maintained by means of nutritional counselling to the family. The second main target of nutritional intervention is to encourage a reproducible daily meal plan that can be maintained by acquiring good habits when making nutritional choices. Finally, children and parents should be taught how to count carbohydrates, which would help them manage exceptions in their daily meal plan. Specifically, nutritional recommendations for children with diabetes focus on limiting the intake of foods of animal origin (red meat, cheese, cold cuts), moderating fat intake and promoting the intake of foods that naturally contain fibre (mainly vegetables, legumes, fruit). There are two at-risk periods in the lives of children when nutritional education procedures as well as diabetes care in general are less likely to be effective: early years of life and adolescence. In the case of very young children, new behavioural-based intervention strategies to help parents improve mealtimes could be useful in teaching diabetic children to learn to follow a structured eating schedule, which is desirable for long-lasting efficacy in diabetes care. In adolescents, eating disorders and insulin misuse for weight control purposes are concrete and difficult problems to deal with. A good balance between eating for pleasure and maintaining one's health is a challenge for anyone. Appropriate nutritional education helps children with diabetes to find this balance and enjoy a better quality of life.

scholarly journals Exposure Timing and Method Affect Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) Efficacy Against House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Larvae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxie L White ◽  
Christopher J Geden ◽  
Phillip E Kaufman
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
House Fly ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
House Flies ◽  
Fly Larvae ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Window Of Vulnerability

Abstract House flies, Musca domestica L., are widely recognized for their ability to develop resistance to chemical insecticides so alternative control strategies are desired. The use of entomopathogenic fungi such as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin to manage house fly populations has shown promising results; however, the success of using this fungus against larval house flies varies widely. The overall objective of this study was to examine factors that may influence efficacy of B. bassiana treatments against larvae. When a high concentration (4 × 1011 conidia/ml) was applied to first- and second-instar larvae in rearing medium, there was a significant reduction in pupation and adult emergence rates. Treating third-instar larvae at the same concentration did not result in a significant reduction of pupation or adult emergence. Temperature (22 versus 32°C) and media composition (diets with- and without propionic acid) did not affect the B. bassiana treatment efficacy against house fly larvae. The narrow time window of vulnerability of larvae and the high doses required to infect them indicate that B. bassiana has little potential as an operational biocontrol agent for house fly larvae.

Stability analysis of hybrid neural networks with impulsive time window

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. 1750011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Chuandong Li ◽  
Tingwen Huang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Lyapunov Functions ◽  
Impulsive Control ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
Impulsive Systems ◽  
Random Manner ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Hybrid Neural Networks

The urgent problem with impulsive moments cannot be determined in advance brings new challenges beyond the conventional impulsive systems theory. In order to solve this problem, in this paper, a novel class of system with impulsive time window is proposed. Different from the conventional impulsive control strategies, the main characteristic of the impulsive time window is that impulse occurs in a random manner. Moreover, for the importance of the hybrid neural networks, using switching Lyapunov functions and a generalized Hanlanay inequality, some general criteria for asymptotic and exponential stability of the hybrid neural networks with impulsive time window are established. Finally, some simulations are provided to further illustrate the effectiveness of the results.

scholarly journals Natural Occurrence of Phytophthora infestans on Black Nightshade (Solanum nigrum) in Wales

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 771-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Deahl ◽  
D. S. Shaw ◽  
L. R. Cooke
Keyword(s):  
Late Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Infestans ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Solanum Nigrum ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Mitochondrial Haplotype ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Plant Pathol

There is only one published record of natural infection of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary in England (3) and none from Wales. In August 2001, brown, necrotic leaf lesions with pale green margins were found on black nightshade weeds in a potato trial naturally infected with P. infestans at Henfaes Research Centre, University of Wales, Bangor. Although the plants were low growing with large, succulent leaves 4 to 5 cm long instead of having a more erect habit and smaller leaves, their identity was confirmed as S. nigrum; their atypical appearance may relate to the known phenotypic plasticity of this species (4). Infected leaflets incubated in moist chambers produced sporangia typical of P. infestans, and zoospores were released after chilling in water. Five isolates obtained from leaf fragments had growth on rye agar that was indistinguishable from that of P. infestans from potato. Detached leaflets of S. nigrum and S. tuberosum cv. Green Mountain inoculated with the S. nigrum isolates developed sporulating lesions under high humidity in 7 to 10 days; uninoculated controls remained symptomless. Inoculation of attached leaves of 10 potted S. nigrum plants resulted in seven plants developing necrotic lesions with a few sporangia 10 to 14 days later; sporulation developed mainly on lower leaves of plants that were older or had senesced. The remaining plants developed necrotic lesions with no sporulation, and P. infestans was reisolated from sporulating and nonsporulating lesions. All isolates were A1 mating type, metalaxyl-sensitive, and mitochondrial haplotype IIa, which are characteristics found commonly in isolates of P. infestans from potato in Wales (1). Single-sporangial isolates from each isolate were homozygous for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase (Gpi 100/100, Pep 100/100). RG57 fingerprint analysis further established that all five black nightshade isolates were identical to each other and to some local P. infestans isolates from potato. P. infestans in Wales belongs to the new population (1), which may infect a wider host-range than the old US-1 clonal lineage. However, infected black nightshade was only found after late blight was widespread in potato fields. In subsequent years at the same site, weeds of S. nigrum have remained noninfected despite high levels of late blight pressure on adjacent potato plots. There is no evidence to suggest that this species acts as an overwintering host in Wales since it is an annual and lacks frost resistance. Field infection of S. nigrum by P. infestans has recently been reported in the Netherlands (2). Our observations confirm the potential of P. infestans to infect another solanaceous plant species. Alternative hosts may interfere with current disease control strategies because infected weeds would escape fungicide application and could serve as reservoirs of inoculum throughout the growing season. References: (1) J. P. Day and R. C. Shattock. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 103:379, 1997. (2) W. G. Flier et al. Plant Pathol. 52:595, 2003. (3) J. M. Hirst and O. J. Steadman. Ann. Appl. Biol. 48:489, 1960. (4) B. S. Rogers and A. G. Ogg Jr. Page 30 in: Biology of Weeds of the Solanum Nigrum Complex (Solanum Section Solanum) in North America. USDA Publication ARM-W-23, 1981.

scholarly journals Logistics Planning and Visualization of Modular Integrated Construction Projects Based on BIM-GIS Integration and Vehicle Routing Algorithm

2019 ◽  
pp. 579-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanyuan Niu ◽  
Yi Yang ◽  
Wei Pan
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Vehicle Routing ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Routing Algorithm ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Routing Problem ◽  
Logistics Planning

Logistics planning is a critical part of developing supply chain for modular integrated construction (MiC) projects in Hong Kong where high-rise, high density and hilly landscape is the norm. It is important to minimize the total logistics and to guarantee timely delivery of modules, especially for several MiC projects being constructed during the same period. Nevertheless, there is a significant lack of studies on logistics planning, optimization and visualization for MiC projects. The aim of this paper is to establish an integrated MiC logistics planning and visualization platform, which is grounded on the integration of building information modeling (BIM), geographical information system (GIS) and vehicle routing problem (VRP) algorithm. The framework is then presented and evaluated using a case study to identify optimal logistics scenario of trailer routes to meet the installation time window of MiC projects in Hong Kong. The paper finds that the proposed platform has the ability to make optimized logistics scenario for MiC projects, and to visualize the logistics scenario in a 3-dimentional interactive environment. Future study will focus on adopting flexible control strategies and including more decision-making criteria of logistics planning in MiC projects such as road width limitation, travel speed and different module types

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