scholarly journals Effects of increasing axial load on cervical motor control

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Rafique ◽  
Ursula Heggli ◽  
Denis Bron ◽  
David Colameo ◽  
Petra Schweinhardt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Mixed Models ◽  
Axial Load ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Axial Loads ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

AbstractTo investigate the effects of increasing axial load on cervical motor control. Surrogates of cervical motor control were active cervical range of motion (C-ROM) and joint position error (JPE) assessed in flexion, extension, lateroflexion and rotation directions in 49 healthy young men (mean age: 20.2 years). All measurements were executed with 0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-kg axial loads. Linear mixed models were used to assess the effects of axial loading and cervical movement-direction on C-ROM and JPE. Post-hoc analysis was performed to compare load levels. Axial loading (p = 0.045) and movement direction (p < 0.001) showed significant main effects on C-ROM as well as an interaction (p < 0.001). C-ROM significantly changed with 3-kg axial load by decreaseing extension (− 13.6%) and increasing lateroflexion (+ 9.9%). No significant main effect was observed of axial loading on JPE (p = 0.139). Cervical motor control is influenced by axial loading, which results in decreased C-ROM in extension and increased C-ROM lateroflexion direction.

Nine, Seven, Five, or Three: How Many Figures Do We Need for Assessing Body Image?

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neala Ambrosi-Randić ◽  
Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian ◽  
Vladimir Takšić
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

320 Croatian female students ( M = 20.4 yr.) were recruited to examine the validity and reliability of figural scales using different numbers of stimuli (3, 5, 7, and 9) and different serial presentation (serial and nonserial order). A two-way analysis of variance (4 numbers × 2 orders of stimuli) was performed on ratings of current self-size and ideal size as dependent variables. Analysis indicated a significant main effect of number of stimuli. This, together with post hoc tests indicated that ratings were significantly different for a scale of three figures from scales of more figures, which in turn did not differ among themselves. Main effects of order of stimuli, as well as the interaction, were not significant. The results support the hypothesis that the optimal number of figures on a scale is seven plus (or minus) two.

scholarly journals Effects of symmetry and familiarity on the attractiveness of human faces

Psihologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Mentus ◽  
Slobodan Markovic
Keyword(s):  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Cognitive Factor ◽  
Perceptual Factor ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Unfamiliar Faces ◽  
Font Color

The effects of both symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive factor) on facial attractiveness were investigated. From the photographs of original slightly asymmetric faces, symmetric left-left (LL) and right-right (RR) versions were generated. Familiarity was induced in the learning block using the repetitive presentation of original faces. In the test block participants rated the attractiveness of original, previously seen (familiar) faces, original, not previously seen faces, and both LL and RR versions of all faces. The analysis of variance showed main effects of symmetry. Post hoc tests revealed that asymmetric original faces were rated as more attractive than both LL and RR symmetric versions. Familiarity doesn?t have a significant main effect, but the symmetry-familiarity interaction was obtained. Additional post hoc tests indicated that facial attractiveness is positively associated with natural slight asymmetry rather than with perfect symmetry. Also, unfamiliar LL symmetric versions were rated as more attractive than familiar LL versions, whereas familiar RR versions were rated as more attractive than RR unfamiliar faces. These results suggested that symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive or memorial factor) play differential roles in facial attractiveness, and indicate a relatively stronger effect of the perceptual compared to the cognitive factor. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. ON179018 i br. ON179033] <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PSI1701101E">10.2298/PSI1701101E</a><u></b></font>

Relationship between Competitive Trait Anxiety, State Anxiety, and Golf Performance: A Field Study

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Weinberg ◽  
Marvin Genuchi
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Lower State ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Muscle Coordination ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the relationship between competitive trait anxiety (CTA), state anxiety, and golf performance in a field setting. Ten low, moderate, and high CTA collegiate golfers (N = 30) performed in a practice round on Day 1 and Day 2 of a competitive tournament. State anxiety results indicated a significant CTA main effect with low CTA subjects displaying lower state anxiety than moderate or high CTA subjects. The competition main effect was also significant, with post hoc tests indicating higher levels of state anxiety during Day 1 and Day 2 than during the practice round. Performance results produced a significant CTA main effect with low CTA subjects displaying higher levels of performance than moderate or high CTA subjects. Correlations between SCAT and state anxiety indicated that SCAT was a good predictor of precompetitive state anxiety. The direction of state anxiety and performance CTA main effects provide support for Oxendine's (1970) contentions that sports requiring fine muscle coordination and precision (e.g., golf) are performed best at low levels of anxiety. Future directions for research are offered.

scholarly journals Physiological Compensation for Advanced Bolus Location at Swallow Onset: A Retrospective Analysis in Healthy Seniors

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4351-4355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica G. Herzberg ◽  
Danielle Brates ◽  
Sonja M. Molfenter
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Barium Swallow ◽  
Bolus Volume ◽  
Posterior Angle ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Laryngeal Vestibule ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Previous work has established that advanced bolus location at swallow onset (BLSO) alone is not correlated with an increased swallowing safety risk in healthy seniors. The primary goal of this retrospective study was to examine whether healthy seniors systematically alter their laryngeal vestibule closure reaction time (LVCrt) to maintain a safe swallow in the context of advanced BLSO. The secondary goal was to determine if longer LVCrt distinguished Penetration–Aspiration Scale (PAS; Rosenbek, Robbins, Roecker, Coyle, & Wood, 1996) scores of 1 versus 2. Method Videofluoroscopy studies from 43 healthy seniors (21 men, 22 women; M age = 76.7 years, SD = 7.2) were analyzed. LVCrt was calculated for 3 × 5 ml and 3 × 20 ml thin liquid barium boluses per participant. PAS and BLSO (Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile Component 6) were scored for all swallows. Reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > .75) was established on all measures. A linear mixed-effects regression was run to examine the effect of PAS and BLSO on LVCrt while controlling for bolus volume and repeated swallow trial. Results There was a main effect of BLSO ( F = 4.6, p = .004) and PAS ( F = 29.3, p < .001) on LVCrt. Post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that LVCrt was significantly faster in BLSO scores of 3 (pyriforms) compared to scores of both 0 (posterior angle of the ramus) and 1 (valleculae). Significantly prolonged LVCrt was observed in PAS scores of 2 in comparison to 1. No significant main effects of bolus volume or trial, or interactions, were observed. Conclusions Our findings suggest that healthy seniors compensate for advanced BLSO by increasing their LVCrt. Furthermore, faster LVCrt was shown to distinguish PAS scores of 1 versus 2. Additional work should explore the relationship between LVCrt, BLSO, and PAS scores in dysphagic populations, specifically those with known sensory impairments.

scholarly journals Biomechanical analysis of distraction forces on the posterior meniscal roots to optimize early rehabilitation protocols

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (9_suppl7) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0051
Author(s):  
Sophia Ellermann ◽  
Christoph Kittl ◽  
Andre Frank ◽  
Jens Wermers ◽  
Johannes Glasbrenner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Axial Load ◽  
Cruciate Ligament ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Postoperative Phase ◽  
Full Extension ◽  
Root Repair ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Flexion Extension

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the distraction forces of the medial and lateral posterior meniscal roots after repair (PMMR, PLMR) at different degrees of flexion and axial load. Hypotheses: It was hypothesized that with increasing axial load and flexion angle, the distraction forces on the meniscal roots increase continuously. Methods: Eight fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees were axially loaded in a custom made kinematics rigs with 0 N, 200 N and 400 N throughout a continuous flexion-extension cycle (0°-90°). The distraction forces acting on the PMMR and PLMR were determined in three scenarios: 1) native knee joint, 2) after bilateral detachment of the posterior meniscal roots and following root repair, 3) after resection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). To measure the distraction forces, the FiberWire No. 2 (Arthrex, Inc.) sutures used for the root repairs were shuttled transtibially through a 2.4 mm bone tunnel and tied over a force sensor mounted on the anterior tibia with a pretension of 2 N. Statistical analysis was performed using a repeated- measures ANOVA with a post-hoc Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05). Results: Overall, the different investigated knee states as well as the degree of flexion showed a significant effect on the distraction forces on the posterior meniscal roots (p <0.01). An axial load of 200 N and 400 N resulted in a significant increase of the distraction forces on both menisci over the entire range of motion compared to an unloaded state (p < 0.01). When no axial load was applied, the distraction forces after PMMR and PLMR refixation were not significantly affected by the degree of flexion (p > 0.05). With axial loading of 200 N and 400 N, the distraction forces on the PLMR were significantly higher at flexion angles between 15° and 90° compared to full extension (p <0.01). In contrast, the distraction forces on the PMMR were highest close to extension (0° -30°) and decreased significantly towards 90° of flexion when the knees were loaded with 200 N and 400 N (p <0.01). When the ACL was removed, a significant increase of the distraction forces at the posterior meniscal roots was observed (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Axial loading significantly increases the distraction forces after posterior meniscal root repair. Therefore, axial loading should be avoided in the early postoperative phase. Furthermore, data of this study shows that passive exercise between 0° and 90° flexion can be performed without significantly affecting the forces acting on the menisci.

Anagram Solution Time and Effects of Distraction, Sex Differences, and Anxiety

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Papsdorf ◽  
David P. Himle ◽  
Barbara S. McCann ◽  
Bruce A. Thyer
Keyword(s):  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Anagram Solution ◽  
Anagram Task ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Single Solution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

A single-solution anagram task was administered to high and low test-anxious 32 male and 32 female undergraduates under conditions of high and low external distraction. No significant main effects were found linking solution times to either test-anxiety level or the presence or absence of distracting stimuli. Following a planned post hoc analysis which assigned the anagrams into ‘hard’ or ‘easy’ categories, a significant main effect for level of test anxiety was found for the ‘hard’ anagrams, indicating that test anxiety debilitates performance only when the criterion task is especially difficult. Difficulty of anagrams also significantly interacted with subjects' sex, test anxiety, and distraction. The results are discussed in terms of the hypotheses that distracting stimuli may produce increases in arousal during difficult tasks and that these increments may either compromise or improve performance, depending upon the level of test anxiety which is viewed as a determinant of the initial arousal level of the subject.

Aim Investigation of the Axial Load Carrying Capacity of Cylindrical Roller Bearings

1973 ◽  
Vol 187 (1) ◽  
pp. 763-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Axial Load ◽  
Roller Bearing ◽  
Axial Loading ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Axial Loads ◽  
Roller Bearings ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Rolling Elements ◽  
Cylindrical Roller Bearing ◽  
Cylindrical Roller

Normally cylindrical roller bearings are employed to transmit purely radial loads. However, depending upon the configuration of lips or flanges on the rings, it is sometimes possible to carry an axial load. In certain applications, an axial load capability is essential. A significant feature in determining the performance of a cylindrical roller bearing under axial loading is the lubrication conditions existing between the lips and rolling elements. The paper describes a study of such conditions. The long-term aim of the work is to provide a basis for the design of cylindrical roller bearings to carry axial loads.

Physiologic Axial Load, Frictional Resistance, and the Football Shoe—Surface Interface

2003 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 551-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick W. Cawley ◽  
Robert S. Heidt ◽  
Pierce E. Scranton ◽  
Gary M. Losse ◽  
Mark E. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Axial Load ◽  
Frictional Resistance ◽  
Axial Rotation ◽  
Axial Loads ◽  
Torsional Resistance ◽  
Repeated Measures Analysis ◽  
Athletic Shoes ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Post Hoc

The purpose of this investigation was to report on the interaction between different types of athletic shoes and playing surfaces using physiologic loads of 40 and 220 lbs. This is a continuation of our previous report using a load of 25 lbs. Nine shoes by three manufacturers were characterized as turf, court, molded cleat, or traditional cleat and tested on both natural grass and synthetic turf. A specially designed pneumatic testing device was used in order to measure translational resistance and rotational torque of the shoe-surface interface. Measurements were acquired for 1) force-X describing translational loading, 2) moment-Y describing the torque generated by linear translation, and 3) moment-Z describing the moment generated by axial rotation, and data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc comparison. It was found that increased the axial loads from 40 to 220 lbs significantly increased the frictional resistance ( p < .05) between the shoe and the artificial turf surface in a nonlinear fashion. Turf shoes demonstrated the most frictional resistance of any group for this condition. Increases in the forces generated in linear translation from the axial load of 40 to 220 lbs produced the most significant increases of any resistance test on the turf surface. The cleated shoes (both traditional and molded) generated the highest frictional and torsional resistance on the grass surface when compared to the other categories of shoes. Grass generated higher peak moments than turf for the cleated shoes. These results demonstrate the considerable differences between laboratory and physiologic conditions and that the increase in frictional resistance is nonlinear with increasing loads.

scholarly journals The role of stigmas in mental health: A comparative study

Curationis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erhabor S. Idemudia ◽  
Nyambeni A. Matamela
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Gauteng Province ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Enacted Stigma ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background: HIV (Human immunodeficiency Virus), AIDS and cancer are feared terminal diseases. HIV sufferers are known to be stigmatized. The stigma surrounding cancer, unfortunately, is hardly the focus of psychological investigations, and hence this provoked the need to compare the stigma suffered by both groups, and how these have impacted on the psychological functioning of the disease sufferer. Objectives: The study had two main objectives, firstly, to explore whether HIV patients suffer more stigma than cancer patients or not, and secondly, to understand the most common type of stigma and if stigma is associated with psychopathology. Psychopathology is measured with GHQ–28 which evaluates somatic complaints, anxiety, depression and social dysfunction.Method: The study was a survey, and descriptive in nature, and anchored on two hypotheses: Firstly, that HIV patients will experience more stigmas than cancer patients and consequently report more psychological dysfunctions. Secondly that there will be a significant difference between types of stigma and the symptoms reported about them. Data were collected from a conveniently sampled group of 50 HIV positive patients and another 50 patients diagnosed with cancer, in two clinics and a hospital around the Gauteng Province. The majority of the participants were females, numbering 62 (62, 0%), whilst 38 (38.0%) were males. The age of the respondents ranged from 20–73 years with a mean age of 44.4 years (s.d. = 11.6).Results: Results revealed a significant main effect for enacted stigma F = (1.98), = 17.629, p < .001 and anxiety F = (1.98) = 5.750, p < .001. A post hoc Bonferroni also showed that HIV patients had a higher mean score of enacted stigma (X-bar = 4.22) than cancer patients (X-bar = 1.28) and also HIV patients reported more anxiety (X-bar = 8.81) than cancer patients (X-bar = 6.42). Enacted stigma significantly influenced the GHQ Total (F = (98) = 1.700, p < .05); anxiety (F = (97) = 2.578, p < .004); and depression (F = (97) = 3.390 p < .001). The perceived community stigma had one main effect for depression (F = (1.98) = 1.452, p < .05). There were no significant main effects for internally felt stigma and psychological dysfunctions. Both hypotheses were partially supported.Conclusion: Recommendations included tailoring interventions to meet the cultural needs of patients. Other recommendations were made in accordance with the findings of the study.

scholarly journals The influence of possession status on the physical output of male international hockey players

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110339
Author(s):  
Eoin Cunniffe ◽  
Mark Connor ◽  
Marco Beato ◽  
Adam Grainger ◽  
Walter McConnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Pairwise Comparisons ◽  
Total Distance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Physical Output ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
First Time

The aims of this investigation were to describe the physical output of hockey relative to possession status, and to identify differences in physical output during each possession category with respect of match result. Ten international matches were analysed utilizing Sportscode to identify in and not in possession instances. 24 players (age 26 ± 4) wore a 10 Hz GPS device to track physical output. Linear Mixed Models and post hoc pairwise comparisons were utilised to compare the physical output in each possession category within each position and relative to match result. Significant main effects were found for possession status on several physical output metrics (p ≤ 0.05). For all positions except forwards, not in possession instances were more physically demanding than in possession instances for metrics such as relative total distance, explosive distance, and high-speed running (>5.5 m.s−1). No significant difference was identified between possession category physical output aligned with match result (p > 0.05). This study shows for the first time that not in possession instances were more physically demanding than in possession instances for defenders, outside backs and midfielders. For not in possession instances, relative total distance and high-speed running was, on average, 13% and 41% higher compared to in possession instances. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in physical output for any position during each possession category relative to the match result.

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