scholarly journals The role of stigmas in mental health: A comparative study

Curationis ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erhabor S. Idemudia ◽  
Nyambeni A. Matamela
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Psychological Functioning ◽  
Gauteng Province ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Enacted Stigma ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Background: HIV (Human immunodeficiency Virus), AIDS and cancer are feared terminal diseases. HIV sufferers are known to be stigmatized. The stigma surrounding cancer, unfortunately, is hardly the focus of psychological investigations, and hence this provoked the need to compare the stigma suffered by both groups, and how these have impacted on the psychological functioning of the disease sufferer. Objectives: The study had two main objectives, firstly, to explore whether HIV patients suffer more stigma than cancer patients or not, and secondly, to understand the most common type of stigma and if stigma is associated with psychopathology. Psychopathology is measured with GHQ–28 which evaluates somatic complaints, anxiety, depression and social dysfunction.Method: The study was a survey, and descriptive in nature, and anchored on two hypotheses: Firstly, that HIV patients will experience more stigmas than cancer patients and consequently report more psychological dysfunctions. Secondly that there will be a significant difference between types of stigma and the symptoms reported about them. Data were collected from a conveniently sampled group of 50 HIV positive patients and another 50 patients diagnosed with cancer, in two clinics and a hospital around the Gauteng Province. The majority of the participants were females, numbering 62 (62, 0%), whilst 38 (38.0%) were males. The age of the respondents ranged from 20–73 years with a mean age of 44.4 years (s.d. = 11.6).Results: Results revealed a significant main effect for enacted stigma F = (1.98), = 17.629, p < .001 and anxiety F = (1.98) = 5.750, p < .001. A post hoc Bonferroni also showed that HIV patients had a higher mean score of enacted stigma (X-bar = 4.22) than cancer patients (X-bar = 1.28) and also HIV patients reported more anxiety (X-bar = 8.81) than cancer patients (X-bar = 6.42). Enacted stigma significantly influenced the GHQ Total (F = (98) = 1.700, p < .05); anxiety (F = (97) = 2.578, p < .004); and depression (F = (97) = 3.390 p < .001). The perceived community stigma had one main effect for depression (F = (1.98) = 1.452, p < .05). There were no significant main effects for internally felt stigma and psychological dysfunctions. Both hypotheses were partially supported.Conclusion: Recommendations included tailoring interventions to meet the cultural needs of patients. Other recommendations were made in accordance with the findings of the study.

scholarly journals Effect of Frozen Storage on Polyphenol Oxidase, Antioxidant Content, and Color of Pawpaw (Asimina Triloba [L.] Dunal) Fruit Pulp

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G Brannan ◽  
Gai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Polyphenol Oxidase ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Color Difference ◽  
Browning Index ◽  
Air Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Main Effects

Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity values for pawpaw pulp during frozen storage were measured for the main effect of month of storage at three levels (0, 4, 8 months) and treatment at four levels (vacuum, air, ascorbic acid or n-acetylcysteine). A significant effect of treatment was observed in PPO activity (p<0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed no significant difference between samples that were vacuum packaged and those for which no attempt to exclude air was made. The addition of the two chemical browning inhibitors significantly lowered PPO activity. Ascorbic acid exhibited a significant 69% reduction in PPO activity compared to vacuum and air samples and n-acetylcysteine was significantly more effective than ascorbic acid and almost completely inhibited PPO activity compared to the vacuum and air samples. CIELAB tristimulous color values (L*, a*, b*) were used to generate the applied color values total color difference (DE), browning index, hue and chroma in pawpaw pulp for the two main effects. Analysis of variance for the main effects showed significance for all seven color attributes at p<0.001. For the main effect of storage time, ANOVA showed significance during storage for all seven color attributes at p<0.001, indicating that there were color changes during storage. Pawpaw pulp samples at 8 months of storage were significantly darker (lower L*), more yellow (higher b*), more vivid (higher chroma), and had a higher browning index than the samples at 0 or 4 months of storage. For the main effect of treatment, ascorbic acid and n-acetylcysteine treatment produced pawpaw pulp that was significantly different than samples to which air was not excluded for all seven dependent color variables. Specifically, n-acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid produced pulp that was lighter (higher L*), less red (lower a*), and more yellow (higher b* and hue), more vivid (higher chroma), and exhibited more color difference (higher DE). A strategy to inhibit enzymatic browning during frozen storage would be useful for the nascent pawpaw industry.

Nine, Seven, Five, or Three: How Many Figures Do We Need for Assessing Body Image?

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 488-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neala Ambrosi-Randić ◽  
Alessandra Pokrajac-Bulian ◽  
Vladimir Takšić
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

320 Croatian female students ( M = 20.4 yr.) were recruited to examine the validity and reliability of figural scales using different numbers of stimuli (3, 5, 7, and 9) and different serial presentation (serial and nonserial order). A two-way analysis of variance (4 numbers × 2 orders of stimuli) was performed on ratings of current self-size and ideal size as dependent variables. Analysis indicated a significant main effect of number of stimuli. This, together with post hoc tests indicated that ratings were significantly different for a scale of three figures from scales of more figures, which in turn did not differ among themselves. Main effects of order of stimuli, as well as the interaction, were not significant. The results support the hypothesis that the optimal number of figures on a scale is seven plus (or minus) two.

scholarly journals Effects of symmetry and familiarity on the attractiveness of human faces

Psihologija ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Mentus ◽  
Slobodan Markovic
Keyword(s):  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Cognitive Factor ◽  
Perceptual Factor ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Perfect Symmetry ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Unfamiliar Faces ◽  
Font Color

The effects of both symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive factor) on facial attractiveness were investigated. From the photographs of original slightly asymmetric faces, symmetric left-left (LL) and right-right (RR) versions were generated. Familiarity was induced in the learning block using the repetitive presentation of original faces. In the test block participants rated the attractiveness of original, previously seen (familiar) faces, original, not previously seen faces, and both LL and RR versions of all faces. The analysis of variance showed main effects of symmetry. Post hoc tests revealed that asymmetric original faces were rated as more attractive than both LL and RR symmetric versions. Familiarity doesn?t have a significant main effect, but the symmetry-familiarity interaction was obtained. Additional post hoc tests indicated that facial attractiveness is positively associated with natural slight asymmetry rather than with perfect symmetry. Also, unfamiliar LL symmetric versions were rated as more attractive than familiar LL versions, whereas familiar RR versions were rated as more attractive than RR unfamiliar faces. These results suggested that symmetry (perceptual factor) and familiarity (cognitive or memorial factor) play differential roles in facial attractiveness, and indicate a relatively stronger effect of the perceptual compared to the cognitive factor. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. ON179018 i br. ON179033] <br><br><font color="red"><b> This article has been corrected. Link to the correction <u><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/PSI1701101E">10.2298/PSI1701101E</a><u></b></font>

Relationship between Competitive Trait Anxiety, State Anxiety, and Golf Performance: A Field Study

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Weinberg ◽  
Marvin Genuchi
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
State Anxiety ◽  
Lower State ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Muscle Coordination ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the relationship between competitive trait anxiety (CTA), state anxiety, and golf performance in a field setting. Ten low, moderate, and high CTA collegiate golfers (N = 30) performed in a practice round on Day 1 and Day 2 of a competitive tournament. State anxiety results indicated a significant CTA main effect with low CTA subjects displaying lower state anxiety than moderate or high CTA subjects. The competition main effect was also significant, with post hoc tests indicating higher levels of state anxiety during Day 1 and Day 2 than during the practice round. Performance results produced a significant CTA main effect with low CTA subjects displaying higher levels of performance than moderate or high CTA subjects. Correlations between SCAT and state anxiety indicated that SCAT was a good predictor of precompetitive state anxiety. The direction of state anxiety and performance CTA main effects provide support for Oxendine's (1970) contentions that sports requiring fine muscle coordination and precision (e.g., golf) are performed best at low levels of anxiety. Future directions for research are offered.

scholarly journals The Effects and Measures of Auricular Acupressure and Interactive Multimedia for Smoking Cessation in College Students

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei-Ling Yeh ◽  
Pei-Lan Wang ◽  
Jaung-Geng Lin ◽  
Mei-Ling Chung
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Interactive Multimedia ◽  
Auricular Acupressure ◽  
Multimedia Education ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Young Smokers ◽  
Post Hoc

The earlier one starts to smoke, the more likely it is that one’s tobacco use will increase. Either auricular acupressure or multimedia education could improve physiological health status and reduce smoking for young smokers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 10-week auricular acupressure (AA) and interactive multimedia (IM) on smoking cessation in college smokers. A pre- and posttest control research design with two experiments (AA and IM) and one control was used. Thirty-two participants were in each of three groups. A significant difference from pretest to posttest among three groups was exhibited on carbon monoxide (CO), cotinine, and nicotine dependence. Scheffe’spost hoctest found significances on CO in the AA between the IM and the control and cotinine and nicotine dependence between the AA and the control. After controlling the covariates, the main effect of the group was no difference in all outcomes. The interventions, especially AA, may contribute to a decrease of CO, cotinine, and nicotine dependence along with the time change. An analysis without controlling influences may overestimate interventional effects.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of yoga on anxiety, depression and stress level of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Kamli Prakash ◽  
Sunil Saini
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
Experimental Group

Background: Breast cancer has ranked number one cancer among Indian females. Women undergoing chemotherapy experience many side effects including alteration in their body image. The present study assessed effectiveness of yoga on anxiety, depression and stress level of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.Methods: Quantitative Research approach and Randomized Clinical Controlled Trial with Time series design was adopted in the present study. The consecutive sampling technique was done to recruit 100 breast cancer patients fulfilling the eligibility criteria. Recruited patients were randomized to control (N=52) and experiment (N=48) groups by concealed randomization. Written informed consent was taken from each participant. Baseline data was collected during cycle one by using Anxiety depression and stress scale. The patients in the experimental group were taught Diaphragmatic breathing, systematic relaxation and alternate nostril breathing and Joints and Gland neck and shoulder exercises, and were instructed to practice them twice daily at home. They were supervised in practicing these when they received second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth cycles of chemotherapy. Participants in control group received routine care. Data was again collected after 21 days during second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth cycles of chemotherapy.Results: Analysis revealed that at the baseline breast cancer patients in control and experimental group were homogenous in terms of their Sociodemographic and anxiety depression and stress scores. After the yoga intervention the experimental group showed statistically significant difference in anxiety scores from control group during second, third and sixth cycles (p 0.01, p 0.02, p 0.02), in depression score during the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth cycles (p 0.02, p 0.02, p 0.02, p 0.001, p 0.000), and in stress scores during third cycle (p 0.01) of chemotherapy.Conclusions: On the basis of findings of the study it was concluded that yoga was effective in reducing the anxiety, depression and stress of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Therefore, it is recommended as complementary therapy for patients receiving treatment for cancer. 

scholarly journals Physiological Compensation for Advanced Bolus Location at Swallow Onset: A Retrospective Analysis in Healthy Seniors

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4351-4355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica G. Herzberg ◽  
Danielle Brates ◽  
Sonja M. Molfenter
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Barium Swallow ◽  
Bolus Volume ◽  
Posterior Angle ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Laryngeal Vestibule ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Previous work has established that advanced bolus location at swallow onset (BLSO) alone is not correlated with an increased swallowing safety risk in healthy seniors. The primary goal of this retrospective study was to examine whether healthy seniors systematically alter their laryngeal vestibule closure reaction time (LVCrt) to maintain a safe swallow in the context of advanced BLSO. The secondary goal was to determine if longer LVCrt distinguished Penetration–Aspiration Scale (PAS; Rosenbek, Robbins, Roecker, Coyle, & Wood, 1996) scores of 1 versus 2. Method Videofluoroscopy studies from 43 healthy seniors (21 men, 22 women; M age = 76.7 years, SD = 7.2) were analyzed. LVCrt was calculated for 3 × 5 ml and 3 × 20 ml thin liquid barium boluses per participant. PAS and BLSO (Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile Component 6) were scored for all swallows. Reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > .75) was established on all measures. A linear mixed-effects regression was run to examine the effect of PAS and BLSO on LVCrt while controlling for bolus volume and repeated swallow trial. Results There was a main effect of BLSO ( F = 4.6, p = .004) and PAS ( F = 29.3, p < .001) on LVCrt. Post hoc pairwise comparisons revealed that LVCrt was significantly faster in BLSO scores of 3 (pyriforms) compared to scores of both 0 (posterior angle of the ramus) and 1 (valleculae). Significantly prolonged LVCrt was observed in PAS scores of 2 in comparison to 1. No significant main effects of bolus volume or trial, or interactions, were observed. Conclusions Our findings suggest that healthy seniors compensate for advanced BLSO by increasing their LVCrt. Furthermore, faster LVCrt was shown to distinguish PAS scores of 1 versus 2. Additional work should explore the relationship between LVCrt, BLSO, and PAS scores in dysphagic populations, specifically those with known sensory impairments.

Frequency of Microsporidial Infection in Immunocompromised Patients with Staining and Molecular Methods Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer Region Gene in Two Cities of Southwest Iran during 2013-2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Kazemi ◽  
Mehdi Tavalla ◽  
Sharif Maraghi ◽  
Mohammad Jafaryad Yad ◽  
Mahmoud Latifi
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Enterocytozoon Bieneusi ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Region Gene ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients ◽  
Hiv And Cancer

Microsporidiosisis anopportunistic infection frequently diagnosed in immunocompromised patients. Microsporidiosis causes symptomatic or asymptomatic infections immunocompromised/immunosuppressed patients may experience severe and disseminated microsporidiosis. Fecal samples were taken from 186 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (86) and cancer (100). Microsporidia spp. were detected 27.9% (24/86) and 11.6% (10/86) in HIV + patients, 18% (18/100) and 7% (7/100) of cancer patients using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and trichrome staining respectively. <em>Enterocytozoon bieneusi</em> was detected in 28(66.7%) patients, while <em>Encephalitozoon intestinalis</em> was detected in 10 (23.8%) patients. <em>Encephalitozoon cuniculi</em> was detected in only one patient, while<em> Encephalitozoon helle</em>m was detected in three patients. Microsporidia was significantly higher in patients with diarrhea than those without diarrhea (P = 0.001). CD4 T cells blood count was significantly lower (&lt;200 cells/μl blood) in HIV+ patients with Microsporidia (P = 0.001). Also, there was significant difference between contact with animals with positive results of HIV+ and cancer patients (P&lt; 0.005). This study confirmed that PCR technique was more sensitive than trichrome staining for diagnosis. Moreover, intestinal microsporidiosis caused diarrhea in HIV+ and cancer patients. This influenced treatment. Therefore, early diagnosis of microsporidiosis is effective on treatment strategies.

Framing Effect in Decision Making in Wildland Fire Safety Officers

1996 ◽  
Vol 40 (16) ◽  
pp. 830-834
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Glusker ◽  
Nicki Jo Chadwick ◽  
Curt C. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Wildland Fire ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
Risk Seeking ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
In Fire ◽  
Main Effects

Two studies were conducted to investigate factors influencing decision making in fire safety officers. In Experiment 1, 59 fire safety officers and trainees, and 24 undergraduate students read decision scenarios. For each scenario, participants were required to chose one of two possible outcomes, a sure thing or a gamble. All scenarios were framed both positively, in terms of gains, and negatively, in terms of losses. It was hypothesized that safety officers and trainees would be more risk aversive in their decision making than other populations. It was also hypothesized that participants would be risk aversive in the positive frame and risk seeking in the negative frame. The results showed no significant difference between groups. However, there was a significant main effect for frame. Further analysis revealed a significant Frame x Scenario interaction. Varying resources and probabilities in the scenarios made conclusions regarding this interaction impossible. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine if resource, probability, probability of gain, and value influence risk seeking/aversion. 114 fire safety officers responded to scenarios as in Experiment 1. Scenarios and possible outcomes were created using a factorial combination of resource, probability, probability of gain, value, and frame. Probability and probability of gain served as between subjects variables. It was hypothesized that there would be differences in risk seeking/aversion within resource, probability of gain, value, and frame. The results showed a statistically significant effect for resource, probability, probability of gain and value. All main effects were qualified by significant interactions which are discussed. The findings indicate that for fire safety officers the framing effect is a function resource, probability, probability of gain and value.

Anagram Solution Time and Effects of Distraction, Sex Differences, and Anxiety

1982 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Papsdorf ◽  
David P. Himle ◽  
Barbara S. McCann ◽  
Bruce A. Thyer
Keyword(s):  
Test Anxiety ◽  
Improve Performance ◽  
Anagram Solution ◽  
Anagram Task ◽  
Post Hoc Analysis ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Single Solution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

A single-solution anagram task was administered to high and low test-anxious 32 male and 32 female undergraduates under conditions of high and low external distraction. No significant main effects were found linking solution times to either test-anxiety level or the presence or absence of distracting stimuli. Following a planned post hoc analysis which assigned the anagrams into ‘hard’ or ‘easy’ categories, a significant main effect for level of test anxiety was found for the ‘hard’ anagrams, indicating that test anxiety debilitates performance only when the criterion task is especially difficult. Difficulty of anagrams also significantly interacted with subjects' sex, test anxiety, and distraction. The results are discussed in terms of the hypotheses that distracting stimuli may produce increases in arousal during difficult tasks and that these increments may either compromise or improve performance, depending upon the level of test anxiety which is viewed as a determinant of the initial arousal level of the subject.

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