Coarsening behavior of bulk nanobubbles in water

AbstractIn recent years, minuscule gas bubbles called bulk nanobubbles (BNBs) have drawn increasing attention due to their unique properties and broad applicability in various technological fields, such as biomedical engineering, water treatment, and nanomaterials. However, questions remain regarding the stability and behavior of BNBs. In the present work, BNBs were generated in water using a gas–liquid mixing method. NB analysis was performed using a nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) method to investigate the coarsening behavior of BNBs in water over time. The diameters of the BNBs increased, and their cubic radii increased linearly (r3 ~ t) over time. While the concentration of BNBs decreased, the total volume of BNBs remained the same. The size distribution of the BNBs broadened, and the concentration of larger BNBs increased over time. These results indicate that relatively small BNBs disappeared due to dissolution and larger BNBs grew through mass transfer between BNBs instead of coalescence. In other words, BNBs underwent Ostwald ripening: gas molecules from smaller BNBs diffused through the continuous phase to be absorbed into larger BNBs.

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Coarsening Behavior of Bulk Nanobubbles in Water

10.21203/rs.3.rs-620470/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jeong Il Lee ◽

Han Sol Huh ◽

Joong Yull Park ◽

Jung-Geun Han ◽

Jong-Min Kim

Keyword(s):

Continuous Phase ◽

Particle Analysis ◽

Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis ◽

Coarsening Behavior ◽

Mixing Method ◽

Gas Molecules ◽

The Stability ◽

And Behavior ◽

Over Time ◽

Oswald Ripening

Abstract In recent years, extremely small gas bubbles called bulk nanobubbles (BNBs) have drawn great attention due to their impressive effects and their wide applicability in a variety of technological fields, including biomedical engineering, water treatment, and nanomaterials. However, unsolved questions remain regarding the stability and behavior of BNBs. In the present work, BNBs were generated in water using a gas-liquid mixing method. To investigate the coarsening behavior of BNBs in water over time, particle analysis was performed using a nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) method. Over time, the BNB diameter continuously increased (from 88.50 nm to 201.00 nm), and its cubic radius increased linearly (r3 ~ t). While the concentration of BNBs decreased (from 3.47 ×108 particles/mL to 0.61 ×108 particles/mL), the total volume of BNBs remained the same. Moreover, the size distribution broadened over time, and the concentration of larger BNBs gradually increased over time. These results indicate that relatively small BNBs disappear and larger BNBs grow through mass transfer between BNBs instead of dissolution of the gas and coalescence. In other words, BNBs underwent Oswald ripening; that is, gas molecules detached from smaller BNBs, diffused into the continuous phase, and then were absorbed into larger BNBs.

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The Stability of Daily Situation Experiences

10.31237/osf.io/ghpze ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Katherine M. Finnigan

Keyword(s):

Longitudinal Study ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Individual Difference ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Daily Life ◽

Rank Order ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

The Stability ◽

And Behavior ◽

Over Time

How stable are people’s day-to-day lives? It is now well-established that personality traits and behavior are quite stable over time (Roberts & DelVecchio, 2000). Several theories of personality suggest that the stability of one’s environment contributes to the stability of personality. However, little is known about the extent to which features of people’s daily environments are stable. In this secondary analysis, I examined the rank-order stability of individual differences in features of daily situations in a 2-year longitudinal study of daily life (N = 387). I analyzed three waves of two-week Experience Sampling Method (ESM) assessments of daily situation experiences, personality states, and behavior. ESM open responses were also coded for the DIAMONDS characteristics in the first two waves of ESM assessment. Personality states were found to be stable from year-to-year (M Stability = .63). Situated experiences (e.g., familiarity) were found to be about as stable as personality states. Activities (e.g., at home) and the eight DIAMONDS characteristics were found to be less stable than personality and situated experiences, but still showed moderate stability. These findings suggest that situation experience may be a viable individual difference and that the stability of environments may contribute to the stability of behavior, and vice versa.

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On the Robustness of Solution Strategy Classifications

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000012 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 31 (2) ◽

pp. 68-73 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

María José Contreras ◽

Víctor J. Rubio ◽

Daniel Peña ◽

José Santacreu

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Study Strategies ◽

Solution Strategy ◽

Specific Test ◽

Spatial Tasks ◽

The Stability ◽

Strategy Changes ◽

Over Time

Individual differences in performance when solving spatial tasks can be partly explained by differences in the strategies used. Two main difficulties arise when studying such strategies: the identification of the strategy itself and the stability of the strategy over time. In the present study strategies were separated into three categories: segmented (analytic), holistic-feedback dependent, and holistic-planned, according to the procedure described by Peña, Contreras, Shih, and Santacreu (2008) . A group of individuals were evaluated twice on a 1-year test-retest basis. During the 1-year interval between tests, the participants were not able to prepare for the specific test used in this study or similar ones. It was found that 60% of the individuals kept the same strategy throughout the tests. When strategy changes did occur, they were usually due to a better strategy. These results prove the robustness of using strategy-based procedures for studying individual differences in spatial tasks.

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On the Stability of Evaluative Conditioning Effects

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000150 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (6) ◽

pp. 380-389 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Sabine Förderer ◽

Christian Unkelbach

Keyword(s):

Evaluative Conditioning ◽

Indirect Measures ◽

The Stability ◽

Over Time

Evaluative conditioning (EC) refers to valence changes in neutral stimuli (CSs) through repeated pairing with liked or disliked stimuli (USs). The present study examined the stability of EC effects in the course of 1 week. We investigated how this stability depends on memory for US valence and US identity. We also investigated whether CSs evaluations occurring immediately after conditioning (i.e., evaluative consolidation) are necessary for stable EC effects. Participants showed stable EC effects on direct and indirect measures, independent of evaluations immediately after conditioning. EC effects depended on memory for US valence but not for US identity. And although memory decreased significantly over time, EC effects remained stable. These data suggest that evaluative consolidation is not necessary, and that conditioned preferences and attitudes might persist even when people do not remember the concrete source anymore.

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The stability of cultural goal configurations in individuals over time and their impact on subjective well-being

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e619482011-035 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

John H. Shaver

Keyword(s):

Well Being ◽

Subjective Well Being ◽

The Stability ◽

Over Time

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Raza, ciencia, sociedad

INTERdisciplina ◽

10.22201/ceiich.24485705e.2014.4.47204 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Peter Wade

Keyword(s):

Cultural Discourse ◽

Human Biology ◽

Science And Society ◽

Race Science ◽

And Behavior ◽

Over Time

Resumen | En este trabajo quiero presentar una cronología convencional del concepto raza que marca un movimiento en el cual raza cambia de ser una idea basada en la cultura y el medio ambiente, a ser algo biológico, inflexible y determinante, para luego volver a ser una noción que habla de la cultura.Resumo cómo la idea de raza ha cambiado a través del tiempo, mirando necesariamente el rol que ha desempeñado la ciencia, y enfocando los diferentes discursos de índole natural-cultural sobre los cuerpos, el medio ambiente y el comportamiento, en los cuales las dimensiones culturales y naturales siempre coexisten.“La naturaleza” no puede ser entendida solamente como “la biología” y ni la naturaleza ni la biología necesariamente implican sólo el determinismo, la fijeza y la inmutabilidad Estar abiertos a la coexistencia de la cultura y la naturaleza y a la mutabilidad de la naturaleza nos permite ver mejor el ámbito de acción del pensamiento racial.Race, Science and Society Abstract | In this article I present and critique a standard chronology of race as, first, a concept rooted in culture and environment, and later in human biology and determinism, and finally back to culture alone.I will outline changing understandings of race over time, with some attention to the role of science, broadly understood, and on the continuing but changing character of race as a natural-cultural discourse about organic bodies, environments and behavior, in which both cultural and natural dimensions always co-exist.“Nature” is not to be understood simply as “biology,” and neither nature nor biology necessarily imply the fixity and determination that they are often assumed nowadays to involve.Being open to the co-existence of culture and nature and the mutability of the latter allows us to better comprehend the whole range of action of racial thinking.

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Mixing Oil-Based Microencapsulation of Garlic Essential Oil: Impact of Incorporating Three Commercial Vegetable Oils on the Stability of Emulsions

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10071637 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1637

Author(s):

Yunjiao Zhao ◽

Rui Liu ◽

Cuiping Qi ◽

Wen Li ◽

Mohamed Rifky ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Vegetable Oils ◽

Encapsulation Efficiency ◽

Ostwald Ripening ◽

Corn Oil ◽

Whey Protein Concentrate ◽

Diallyl Disulfide ◽

Active Components ◽

The Stability ◽

Garlic Essential Oil

The active components in garlic essential oil are easily degradable, which limits its application in the food industry. Vegetable oils (VOs) were used to improve the stability of garlic essential oil (GEO) emulsion. The volatile compounds of GEO and its mixtures with vegetable oils (VOs), including corn oil (CO), soybean oil (SO), and olive oil (OO) indicated that GEO-VO mixtures had a higher percentage of Diallyl disulfide and Diallyl trisulfide than pure GEO. Adding an appropriate amount of VOs promoted the GEO emulsion (whey protein concentrate and inulin as the wall materials) stability in order of CO > SO > OO. Evaluation of the encapsulation efficiency, controlled release, and antimicrobial activity of GEO-VO microcapsules showed that the GEO was successfully entrapped and slowly released with active antibacterial activities on both E. coli and S. aureus. Collectively, these results implied that VOs, especially for 20% CO, improved the stability of GEO emulsions and the encapsulation efficiency of GEO microcapsules. The mechanism might be related to (1) the regulating effect of density difference between oil and water phases on prevention to gravitational separation, (2) the promotion to the compatibility of GEO and VOs to inhibit the phase separation caused by Ostwald ripening.

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Steady-state $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ above MLSS: evidence that critical speed better represents maximal metabolic steady state in well-trained runners

European Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1007/s00421-021-04780-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rebekah J. Nixon ◽

Sascha H. Kranen ◽

Anni Vanhatalo ◽

Andrew M. Jones

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Critical Speed ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Practical Interest ◽

Blood Lactate Concentration ◽

Distance Runners ◽

Severe Intensity ◽

The Stability ◽

Trained Runners ◽

Over Time

AbstractThe metabolic boundary separating the heavy-intensity and severe-intensity exercise domains is of scientific and practical interest but there is controversy concerning whether the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) or critical power (synonymous with critical speed, CS) better represents this boundary. We measured the running speeds at MLSS and CS and investigated their ability to discriminate speeds at which $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 was stable over time from speeds at which a steady-state $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 could not be established. Ten well-trained male distance runners completed 9–12 constant-speed treadmill tests, including 3–5 runs of up to 30-min duration for the assessment of MLSS and at least 4 runs performed to the limit of tolerance for assessment of CS. The running speeds at CS and MLSS were significantly different (16.4 ± 1.3 vs. 15.2 ± 0.9 km/h, respectively; P < 0.001). Blood lactate concentration was higher and increased with time at a speed 0.5 km/h higher than MLSS compared to MLSS (P < 0.01); however, pulmonary $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 did not change significantly between 10 and 30 min at either MLSS or MLSS + 0.5 km/h. In contrast, $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 increased significantly over time and reached $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\,\,\max }$$ V ˙ O 2 max at end-exercise at a speed ~ 0.4 km/h above CS (P < 0.05) but remained stable at a speed ~ 0.5 km/h below CS. The stability of $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 at a speed exceeding MLSS suggests that MLSS underestimates the maximal metabolic steady state. These results indicate that CS more closely represents the maximal metabolic steady state when the latter is appropriately defined according to the ability to stabilise pulmonary $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 .

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Effect of Photoinitiator on Precursory Stability and Curing Depth of Thiol-Ene Clickable Gelatin

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13111877 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 1877

Author(s):

Kai-Hung Yang ◽

Gabriella Lindberg ◽

Bram Soliman ◽

Khoon Lim ◽

Tim Woodfield ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Visible Light ◽

Rheological Properties ◽

Swelling Ratio ◽

Sodium Persulfate ◽

Photo Polymerization ◽

Gelation Kinetics ◽

The Stability ◽

Over Time

Recent advances highlight the potential of photopolymerizable allylated gelatin (GelAGE) as a versatile hydrogel with highly tailorable properties. It is, however, unknown how different photoinitiating system affects the stability, gelation kinetics and curing depth of GelAGE. In this study, sol fraction, mass swelling ratio, mechanical properties, rheological properties, and curing depth were evaluated as a function of time with three photo-initiating systems: Irgacure 2959 (Ig2959; 320–500 nm), lithium phenyl-2,4,6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP; 320–500 nm), and ruthenium/sodium persulfate (Ru/SPS; 400–500 nm). Results demonstrated that GelAGE precursory solutions mixed with either Ig2959 or LAP remained stable over time while the Ru/SPS system enabled the onset of controllable redox polymerization without irradiation during pre-incubation. Photo-polymerization using the Ru/SPS system was significantly faster (<5 s) compared to both Ig2959 (70 s) and LAP (50 s). Plus, The Ru/SPS system was capable of polymerizing a thick construct (8.88 ± 0.94 mm), while Ig2959 (1.62 ± 0.49 mm) initiated hydrogels displayed poor penetration depth with LAP (7.38 ± 2.13 mm) in between. These results thus support the use of the visible light based Ru/SPS photo-initiator for constructs requiring rapid gelation and a good curing depth while Ig2959 or LAP can be applied for photo-polymerization of GelAGE materials requiring long-term incubation prior to application if UV is not a concern.

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PENERAPAN TIPOLOGI PASAR, ARSITEKTUR DAN PERILAKU GENERASI Z PADA PERANCANGAN PASAR MASA DEPAN DI GONDANGDIA

Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa) ◽

10.24912/stupa.v3i1.10788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 995

Author(s):

Irwin Irwin ◽

Doddy Yuono

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Emerging Market ◽

Design Strategy ◽

Public Spaces ◽

Future Market ◽

Generation Z ◽

Equal Space ◽

And Behavior ◽

Changes Over Time ◽

Over Time

The pandemic caused by the corona virus has changed the lifestyle of humans, both directly and indirectly, especially generation Z in Jakarta. The way humans meet their primary needs also changes over time. Many of generation Z decide to shop online to meet their individual needs. Generation Z defines balance as one of the things that is seen in living life, including meeting their needs and interacting with others. The Future Market in Gondangdia exists as a forum that provides space for buying and selling transactions to be more interactive, creative, flexible, and in accordance with health protocols. Through dis-programming, combining creative buying and selling programs and public space as one unit in a design is one of the methods used in designing architectural programs. The combination of the two programs creates an equal space with alternate uses depending on time. The emerging market typology method and its relation to Z generation architecture and behavior become a design strategy in designing. This provides an innovative and interactive buying and selling space according to the needs of generation Z. Keywords: Buy and sell spaces; Public spaces; Future markets; Generation Z; Buy and sell; Dis-programming AbstrakPandemi yang disebabkan oleh virus korona telah mengubah gaya hidup manusia, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, khususnya generasi Z di Jakarta. Cara manusia dalam memenuhi kebutuhan primernya pun berubah seiring berjalannya waktu. Banyak dari generasi Z memutuskan untuk berbelanja online untuk memenuhi kebutuhannya masing-masing. Generasi Z mendefinisikan keseimbangan sebagai salah satu hal yang dilihat dalam menjalani kehiduoan termasuk dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya dan berinteraksi dengan sesamanya. Melalui dis-programming memadukan program jual beli kreatif dan ruang publik sebagai satu kesatuan di dalam sebuah desain merupakan salah satu metodw yang digunakan dalam perancangan program arsitektur. Perpaduan kedua program tersebut menciptakan sebuah ruang yang sama dengan penggunaanya bergantian tergantung oleh waktu. Metode tipologi pasar yang berkembang dan kaitannya dengan arsitektur dan perilaku generasi Z menjadi strategi desain dalam merancang. Hal ini memberikan ruang jual beli yang inovatif dan interaktif sesuai dengan kebutuhan generasi Z.

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