scholarly journals Immune checkpoint molecule expression is altered in the skin and peripheral blood in vasculitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chie Miyabe ◽  
Yupeng Dong ◽  
Takaharu Ikeda ◽  
Kazuo Takahashi ◽  
Yoshishige Miyabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Systemic Vasculitis ◽  
Cutaneous Vasculitis ◽  
T Cell Infiltration ◽  
Checkpoint Molecule

AbstractDysfunction of immunoinhibitory signals and persistent T cell activation reportedly play important roles in the development of vasculitis. The skin is one of the most accessible organs, and it is suitable for the characterization of immune cell signatures. However, the inhibitory checkpoint molecules in the skin and their relevance to vasculitis have not been studied. Here, we investigated the profile of immune checkpoint molecules in the skin and peripheral blood of patients with vasculitis and healthy donors. We found that some of the inhibitory checkpoint molecules, including programmed cell death 1 receptor (PD-1), were elevated in T-cells in the blood of patients with systemic and cutaneous vasculitis. In addition, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was elevated in the skin of patients with cutaneous vasculitis. Histologically, PD-L1 was highly expressed in the vessels in the skin along with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell infiltration in patients with cutaneous vasculitis. Notably, plasma soluble PD-L1 levels were increased, and these correlated with C-reactive protein in patients with systemic vasculitis. Our findings suggest that inhibitory checkpoint molecules might be differentially modulated in the skin and peripheral blood of patients with vasculitis, and that the alteration of the PD-L1/PD-1 axis may be associated with the regulation of T-cell activation in vasculitis.

scholarly journals Improved Immunotherapy Efficacy by Vascular Modulation

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5207
Author(s):  
Emma L. Newport ◽  
Ana Rita Pedrosa ◽  
Alexandra Njegic ◽  
Kairbaan M. Hodivala-Dilke ◽  
José M. Muñoz-Félix
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Cell Therapies ◽  
T Cell Infiltration ◽  
Tumour Oxygenation

Several strategies have been developed to modulate the tumour vasculature for cancer therapy including anti-angiogenesis and vascular normalisation. Vasculature modulation results in changes to the tumour microenvironment including oxygenation and immune cell infiltration, therefore lending itself to combination with cancer therapy. The development of immunotherapies has led to significant improvements in cancer treatment. Particularly promising are immune checkpoint blockade and CAR T cell therapies, which use antibodies against negative regulators of T cell activation and T cells reprogrammed to better target tumour antigens, respectively. However, while immunotherapy is successful in some patients, including those with advanced or metastatic cancers, only a subset of patients respond. Therefore, better predictors of patient response and methods to overcome resistance warrant investigation. Poor, or periphery-limited, T cell infiltration in the tumour is associated with poor responses to immunotherapy. Given that (1) lymphocyte recruitment requires leucocyte–endothelial cell adhesion and (2) the vasculature controls tumour oxygenation and plays a pivotal role in T cell infiltration and activation, vessel targeting strategies including anti-angiogenesis and vascular normalisation in combination with immunotherapy are providing possible new strategies to enhance therapy. Here, we review the progress of vessel modulation in enhancing immunotherapy efficacy.

scholarly journals Molecular and cellular features of CTLA-4 blockade for relapsed myeloid malignancies after transplantation

Blood ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Livius Penter ◽  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Alexandra Savell ◽  
Teddy Huang ◽  
Nicoletta Cieri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
T Cell Infiltration ◽  
Graft Versus Leukemia ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
Cellular Pathways

Relapsed myeloid disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) remains largely incurable. We previously demonstrated the potent activity of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in this clinical setting with ipilimumab or nivolumab. To define the molecular and cellular pathways by which CTLA-4 blockade with ipilimumab can reinvigorate an effective graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) response, we integrated transcriptomic analysis of leukemic biopsies with immunophenotypic profiling of matched peripheral blood samples collected from patients treated with ipilimumab following HSCT on the ETCTN 9204 trial. Response to ipilimumab was associated with transcriptomic evidence of increased local CD8+ T cell infiltration and activation. Systemically, ipilimumab decreased naïve and increased memory T cell populations and increased expression of markers of T cell activation and co-stimulation such as PD-1, HLA-DR and ICOS, irrespective of response. However, responding patients were characterized by higher turnover of T cell receptor sequences in peripheral blood and showed increased expression of proinflammatory chemokines in plasma that was further amplified by ipilimumab. Altogether, these data highlight the compositional T cell shifts and inflammatory pathways induced by ipilimumab both locally and systemically that associate with successful GvL outcomes.

scholarly journals CRIg, a tissue-resident macrophage specific immune checkpoint molecule, promotes immunological tolerance in NOD mice, via a dual role in effector and regulatory T cells

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Yuan ◽  
Bi-Huei Yang ◽  
Yi Dong ◽  
Asami Yamamura ◽  
Wenxian Fu
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Immunological Tolerance ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Genetic Ablation ◽  
Checkpoint Molecule

How tissue-resident macrophages (TRM) impact adaptive immune responses remains poorly understood. We report novel mechanisms by which TRMs regulate T cell activities at tissue sites. These mechanisms are mediated by the complement receptor of immunoglobulin family (CRIg). Using animal models for autoimmune type 1 diabetes (T1D), we found that CRIg+ TRMs formed a protective barrier surrounding pancreatic islets. Genetic ablation of CRIg exacerbated islet inflammation and local T cell activation. CRIg exhibited a dual function of attenuating early T cell activation and promoting the differentiation of Foxp3+ regulatory (Treg) cells. More importantly, CRIg stabilized the expression of Foxp3 in Treg cells, by enhancing their responsiveness to interleukin-2. The expression of CRIg in TRMs was postnatally regulated by gut microbial signals and metabolites. Thus, environmental cues instruct TRMs to express CRIg, which functions as an immune checkpoint molecule to regulate adaptive immunity and promote immune tolerance.

CTLA4 and CD47 combinational therapy to extend survival in melanoma.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e21025-e21025
Author(s):  
Anthony L. Schwartz ◽  
Pulak Nath ◽  
Elizabeth Lessey-Morillon ◽  
Lisa Ridnour ◽  
Michael Allgaeuer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Granzyme B ◽  
Suppressor Cells ◽  
Cell Infiltration

e21025 Background: Irradiation (IR) combined with chemotherapy is the post-surgical standard of care treatment for melanoma, but metastasis still results in high mortality rates. Immune checkpoint inhibitors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA4) have proven effective for immunotherapy of melanoma. CTLA-4 is up-regulated post-T cell activation and blockade enhances tumor responses in immunocompetent rodents and humans. Trials suggest that combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors are more efficacious than single agents, but tumors remain resistant. We are investigating CD47 blockade for the treatment of cancer. CD47 is frequently elevated in cancers and serves as an inhibitory receptor for thrombospondin-1 on immune cells in the tumor stroma. CD47 blockade on CD8 T or tumor cells significantly enhances immune-targeted tumor cell killing post-IR compared to IR alone. Here we explore the potential for antisense CD47 and anti-CTLA4 therapy alone or in combination with IR using a syngeneic mouse melanoma model. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were inoculated with 1x106B16F10 melanoma cells in the hind limb and treated with 10 Gy IR combined with CTLA4 blocking antibody, CD47 translational blocking morpholino, or the combination of CTLA4/CD47 therapies. Granzyme B along with CD4/CD8 T cell infiltration were examined in tumors. Histology was evaluated for CD3 and necrosis. Results: The combination of CD47/CTLA4 with IR significantly increased survival by 25% compared to IR/CTLA4 alone at 50 days. Granzyme B expression was significantly increased in IR mice with CTLA4/CD47 combination, which correlated with infiltration of CD8+ T cells and a concomitant decrease in Gr1+CD11b suppressor cells compared to controls. In non-IR tumors, histology revealed minimal necrosis, while all IR groups showed increased necrosis. Tumor IR in combination with CTLA4 or CD47 increased immune cell infiltration. However, the combination of IR with CTLA4/CD47 showed widespread necrosis. All groups treated with the CD47 exhibited focal hemorrhage, which was more extensive when combined with CTLA4. Conclusions: Results herein suggest IR combined CTLA4/CD47 checkpoint blockade provides a survival benefit by activating a beneficial adaptive immune response.

scholarly journals Poliovirus receptor (PVR)-like protein cosignaling network: new opportunities for cancer immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Baokang Wu ◽  
Chongli Zhong ◽  
Qi Lang ◽  
Zhiyun Liang ◽  
Yizhou Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poliovirus Receptor

AbstractImmune checkpoint molecules, also known as cosignaling molecules, are pivotal cell-surface molecules that control immune cell responses by either promoting (costimulatory molecules) or inhibiting (coinhibitory molecules) a signal. These molecules have been studied for many years. The application of immune checkpoint drugs in the clinic provides hope for cancer patients. Recently, the poliovirus receptor (PVR)-like protein cosignaling network, which involves several immune checkpoint receptors, i.e., DNAM-1 (DNAX accessory molecule-1, CD226), TIGIT (T-cell immunoglobulin (Ig) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)), CD96 (T cell activation, increased late expression (TACLILE)), and CD112R (PVRIG), which interact with their ligands CD155 (PVR/Necl-5), CD112 (PVRL2/nectin-2), CD111 (PVRL1/nectin-1), CD113 (PVRL3/nectin-3), and Nectin4, was discovered. As important components of the immune system, natural killer (NK) and T cells play a vital role in eliminating and killing foreign pathogens and abnormal cells in the body. Recently, increasing evidence has suggested that this novel cosignaling network axis costimulates and coinhibits NK and T cell activation to eliminate cancer cells after engaging with ligands, and this activity may be effectively targeted for cancer immunotherapy. In this article, we review recent advances in research on this novel cosignaling network. We also briefly outline the structure of this cosignaling network, the signaling cascades and mechanisms involved after receptors engage with ligands, and how this novel cosignaling network costimulates and coinhibits NK cell and T cell activation for cancer immunotherapy. Additionally, this review comprehensively summarizes the application of this new network in preclinical trials and clinical trials. This review provides a new immunotherapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.

A multiplex immunofluorescence assay to assess immune checkpoint inhibitor-targeted CD8 activation and tumor colocalization in FFPE tissues.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2629-2629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Navas ◽  
Kristin Fino ◽  
King Leung Fung ◽  
Facundo Cutuli ◽  
Robert J. Kinders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Cd8 Cells ◽  
Tumor Tissues

2629 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors promote antitumor immune responses by enhancing T-cell activity. Measuring the pharmacodynamic effects of these drugs is challenging, as it requires assessing both immune cell and cancer cell populations. To evaluate T cell activation in tumor tissue from patient biopsies, we developed a robust multiplexed immunofluorescence assay. Methods: Our assay uses novel oligo-conjugated antibodies (Ultivue) for simultaneous quantitation of TCR activation (phospho-CD3zeta), immune checkpoint signaling via PD-1 (p-SHP1/p-SHP2), and the net stimulation/inhibition resulting from the integration of these two pathways in CD8 cells (p-ZAP70), while also providing the proximity of CD8 cells to tumor tissues, identified by β-catenin. The method was clinically validated using custom tissue microarrays (TMA) containing tumor biopsies of 3 different histologies (CRC, NSCLC, and breast). Results: From a total of 192 tumor core biopsies, 20/64 NSCLC, 9/64 CRC, and 3/65 breast TMA cores were found to have a significant number of CD8+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) at baseline ( > 50 cells in the examined section). In 18 of the 20 NSCLC cores, ≥50% of CD8 cells both inside and outside of the tumor were activated (CD3z-pY142+). In 6/9 CRC cores, ≥50% of CD8+ cells inside tumor tissues were activated, and in 4/9 CRC cores, ≥50% of CD8+ cells in stroma were activated. In 2/3 breast tumor cores, 90% of CD8+ cells inside tumor tissues were activated; in the remaining core, 90% of CD8+ cells in stroma were activated. Interestingly, all 192 cores had minimal to no expression of activated Zap70 (pY493) in CD8+ cells. Conclusions: Depending on tumor histology, baseline biopsy samples may contain variable numbers of activated CD8+ TILs (CD3z-pY142+), which may reside inside or outside of tumor regions and express very low levels of Zap70-pY493. Anti-PD-1 therapy is predicted to enhance T-cell cytotoxic activity, as demonstrated by an increased number of TILs and elevated Zap70-pY493 expression. This assay is being used for pharmacodynamic evaluations in ongoing immunotherapy clinical trials. Funded by NCI Contract No HHSN261200800001E.

Siglec-5 is an inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule for human T cells

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Vuchkovska ◽  
David Glanville ◽  
Gina Scurti ◽  
Paula White ◽  
Michael I Nishimura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Antigen Receptor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Activated T Cells ◽  
Human T Cells ◽  
Checkpoint Molecule

Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectins (Siglecs) are a family of immunoglobulin-type lectins that mediate protein-carbohydrate interactions via sialic acids attached to glycoproteins or glycolipids. Most of the CD33-related Siglecs (CD33rSiglecs), a major subfamily of rapidly evolving Siglecs, contain a cytoplasmic signaling domain consisting of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM) and mediate suppressive signals for lymphoid and myeloid cells. While most CD33rSiglecs are expressed by innate immune cells, such as monocytes and neutrophils, to date, the expression of Siglecs in human T cells has not been well appreciated. In this study, we found that Siglec-5, a member of the CD33rSiglecs, is expressed by most activated T cells upon antigen receptor stimulation. Functionally, Siglec-5 suppresses T cell activation. In support of these findings, we found that Siglec-5 overexpression abrogates antigen receptor induced activation of Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and Activator protein 1 (AP-1). Furthermore, we show that GBS β-protein, a known bacterial ligand of Siglec-5, reduces the production of cytokines and cytolytic molecules by activated primary T cells in a Siglec-5 dependent manner. Our data also show that some cancer cell lines express a putative Siglec-5 ligand(s), and that the presence of soluble Siglec-5 enhances tumor-cell specific T cell activation, suggesting that some tumor cells inhibit T cell activation via Siglec-5. Together, our data demonstrate that Siglec-5 is a previously unrecognized inhibitory T cell immune checkpoint molecule and suggests that blockade of Siglec-5 could serve as a new strategy to enhance anti-tumor T cell functions.

scholarly journals Spatially Resolved and Quantitative Analysis of the Immunological Landscape in Human Meningiomas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacky Yeung ◽  
Vesal Yaghoobi ◽  
Thazin N Aung ◽  
Matthew D Vesely ◽  
Tianxiang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Who Grade ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
T Cell Infiltration ◽  
Human Meningiomas ◽  
T Cell Phenotypes

Abstract The immunological status of human meningiomas is not well understood, hindering the development of rational immunotherapeutic strategies. We measured the levels of PD-L1, PD-L2, and immune cell subsets using multiplex quantitative immunofluorescence in a tissue microarray composed of 73 human meningiomas (56 WHO Grade 1, 13 WHO Grade 2, and 4 WHO Grade 3). We analyzed tumor-infiltrating immune cell populations, T-cell activation/dysfunction, and macrophage phenotypes. PD-L1 and PD-L2 were detected in 5.8% and 68.7% of cases, respectively. There was a higher PD-L1 expression in CD68+ macrophages compared with tumor cells (p < 0.001). There was a weak positive correlation between PD-L1 expression and CD3+ T-cell infiltration. The level of CD3+ cells and T-cell activation/proliferation in human meningiomas were highly variable with an increased CD4-to-CD8 ratio in higher grade tumors (p < 0.05). There was a stronger correlation between GZMB/Ki67 with PD-L2 than PD-L1. We found that 15.23%, 6.66%, and 5.49% of macrophages were CD163+, CD68+, and CD163+CD68+, respectively. In cases where there is high CD3+ T-cell infiltration, 23.5% and 76.5% had dormant and activated T-cell phenotypes, respectively. We conclude that human meningiomas are either PD-L1low TILlow or PD-L1low TILhigh tumors and harbor variable TIL infiltration and phenotypes.

Altered immune cell profiles and impaired CD4 T cell activation in single and multi‐food allergic adolescents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie R. Neeland ◽  
Sandra Andorf ◽  
Thanh D. Dang ◽  
Vicki L. McWilliam ◽  
Kirsten P. Perrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cd4 T Cell
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