Food animals driving zoonoses

Abstract Genetically modified food animals (GMFAs) are needed to address early the cumulative effects of livestock production on the environment and to accommodate future food demands. In 2020 China and the U.S., the world's two largest economies, embarked on regulatory reforms to boost the commercialization of such animals. However, gaining social acceptance of GMFAs for commercialization remains a global challenge. We propose a framework that focuses on social license for commercialization of GMFAs by defining four classes of improvement using precision genetics: 1) animals equivalent to natural variation to obtain the improved effect of cross-breeding (ENV); 2) animals with an inactivated gene that could occur via natural mutation (ENC-); 3) animals harboring a natural genetic sequence isolated from another species (ENC+); and 4) animals with synthetic sequences encoding novel genes (BNE). Our approach can guide regulators and the public to support orderly commercialization of genetically modified food animals.

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Mobile Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1 Detected on an IncI2 Plasmid in Salmonella Typhimurium Sequence Type 19 from a Healthy Pig in South Korea

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9020398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 398

Author(s):

Dong Chan Moon ◽

Su-Jeong Kim ◽

Abraham Fikru Mechesso ◽

Hee Young Kang ◽

Hyun-Ju Song ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

Salmonella Typhimurium ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Sequence Type ◽

Intestinal Epithelial ◽

Colistin Resistance ◽

Salmonella Gallinarum ◽

Additional Resistance ◽

Food Animals

Colistin is considered the last resort for the treatment of multi-drug resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. We studied colistin resistance and the mcr-1 gene carriage in Salmonella isolates recovered from food animals in South Korea between 2010 and 2018. Colistin resistance was found in 277 isolates, predominantly in Salmonella Enteritidis (57.1%) and Salmonella Gallinarum (41.9%). However, the mcr-1 gene was identified in only one colistin-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium (MIC = 16 µg/mL) isolated from a healthy pig. The mcr-1 carrying isolate presented additional resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The strain belonged to sequence type (ST)19 and carried various virulence factor genes that are associated with adhesion and invasion of Salmonella into intestinal epithelial cells, as well as its survival in macrophages. The mcr-1 gene was identified on an IncI2 plasmid and it was also transferred to the E. coli J53 recipient strain. The mcr-1-carrying plasmid (pK18JST013) in this study was closely related to that previously reported in S. Indiana (pCFSA664-3) from chicken in China. This is the first report of mcr-1 carrying S. Typhimurium in South Korea. The finding indicates the importance of regular screening for the presence of the mcr-1 gene in S. Typhimurium in food animals to prevent the spread to humans.

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Prevalence and Characteristics of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae from Freshwater Fish and Pork in Wet Markets of Hong Kong

mSphere ◽

10.1128/msphere.00107-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dulmini Nanayakkara Sapugahawatte ◽

Carmen Li ◽

Chendi Zhu ◽

Priyanga Dharmaratne ◽

Kam Tak Wong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Hong Kong ◽

Freshwater Fish ◽

Whole Genome ◽

Health Care Settings ◽

Black Carp ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Food Animal ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Food Animals

ABSTRACT This study identified and characterized extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) from farmed freshwater fish and pig offal procured from the wet markets across Hong Kong. During March 2018 to January 2019, 730 food animal samples, namely, 213 snakehead fish, 198 black carp, and 339 pig organs, were examined. ESBL-E and CPE were isolated from the homogenized samples plated on selective media and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). All ESBL-E and CPE strains were tested for antimicrobial susceptibilities. ESBL-E and CPE gene groups were detected by multiplex PCR and blaCTX-M-1/-2/-9 group strains were Sanger sequenced for CTX-M types. All CPE isolates were whole-genome sequenced. Isolation of ESBL-E from pig small (52.4%) and large (50%) intestines and tongues (25.1%) was significantly (P < 0.05) more frequent than from snakehead (0.94%) and black carp (0.5%) fish. ESBL-E isolates (n = 171) revealed resistance rates of 16.3%, 29.8%, 35.6%, 53.2%, 55.0%, and 100% to piperacillin-tazobactam, amoxicillin-clavulanate, cefepime, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin, respectively, whereas CPE (n = 28) were resistant to almost all the antibiotics tested except gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and fosfomycin. The predominant ESBL gene groups in fishes and pig offals were blaCTX, where blaCTX-M-55 was the major subtype in the blaCTX-M-1 group (64.4% of isolates in the group). blaCTX-M-14/-17 was the major genotype in the blaCTX-M-9 group (32.2%). All CPE strains possessed blaNDM genes. High rates of ESBL-E and CPE were identified in food animals from wet markets of Hong Kong, which may serve as a potential reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant genes and increase the challenges in tackling antimicrobial resistance beyond health care settings. IMPORTANCE Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) are of global health importance, yet there is a paucity of surveillance studies on food animals in Hong Kong. Here, we report a high prevalence of ESBL-E (ranging from 0.5% to 52.4%) and CPE (0% to 9.9%) from various food animal samples procured from wet markets across Hong Kong. All CPE strains were characterized by whole-genome sequencing and possessed NDM-1 and -5 genes and other resistance determinants. Given the increased resistance profile of these strains, this study highlights the emerging threat of ESBL-E and CPE disseminated in farmed animals. Furthermore, our data enriched our understanding of antibiotic resistance reservoirs from a One Health perspective that can widely spread across various niches, beyond health care settings.

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Antimicrobial Use, Residues, Resistance and Governance in the Food and Agriculture Sectors, Tanzania

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10040454 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 454

Author(s):

Robinson H. Mdegela ◽

Elibariki R. Mwakapeje ◽

Bachana Rubegwa ◽

Daniel T. Gebeyehu ◽

Solange Niyigena ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Crop Production ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Food And Agriculture ◽

Food Of Animal Origin ◽

Food Animals

All infections are potentially curable as long as the etiological agents are susceptible to antimicrobials. The increased rate at which antimicrobials are becoming ineffective is a global health risk of increasing concern that threatens withdrawal of beneficial antimicrobials for disease control. The increased demand for food of animal origin, in particular eggs, meat and milk has led to intensification and commercial production systems where excessive use and misuse of antimicrobials may prevail. Antimicrobials, handled and used by farmers and animal attendants with no formal education, may be predisposed to incorrect dosages, misuse, incorrect applications and non-adherence to withdrawal periods. This study was conducted to assess the regulatory roles and governance of antimicrobials, establish the pattern and extent of their use, evaluate the antimicrobial residues and resistance in the food animals and crop agriculture value chains, and relate these findings to existing strategies in place for combating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Tanzania. A multimethod approach (desk review, field study and interviews) was used. Relevant establishments were also visited. High levels of resistance to penicillin G, chloramphenicol, streptomycin and oxytetracycline have been reported, especially for Actinobacter pyogenes, Staphylococcus hyicus, Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus aureus from dairy cattle with mastitis and in humans. Similar trends were found in poultry where eggs and meat are contaminated with Escherichia coli strains resistant to amoxicillin + clavulanate, sulphamethoxazole and neomycin. An increasing trend of emerging multidrug resistant E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella was also found in food animals. An increase in methicillin resistant Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in the livestock sector in Tanzania have been reported. The pathogens isolated in animals were resistant to ampicillin, augmentin, gentamicin, co-trimoxazole, tetracycline, amoxicillin, streptomycin, nalidixic acid, azithromycin, chloramphenicol, tylosin, erythromycin, cefuroxime, norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. An increased usage of antimicrobials for prophylaxis, and therapeutics against pathogens and for growth promotion in livestock, aquaculture and crop production were observed. A One Health strategic approach is advocated to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food and agriculture sectors in Tanzania. Practical recommendations include (a) legislation review and implementation; (b) antimicrobial use (AMU), AMR and antimicrobial residue (AR) awareness and advocacy among stakeholders along the value chain; (c) strengthening of surveillance and monitoring programs for AMU, AMR and AR; (d) enhanced development and use of rapid and innovative diagnostic tests and the promotion of biosecurity principles; and (e) good husbandry practices. The utilization of this information to improve public health policies and reduce the burden of AMR will be beneficial.

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Optimization of Veterinary Antimicrobial Treatment in Companion and Food Animals

10.3390/books978-3-0365-2129-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Treatment ◽

Food Animals

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SACRED CONCEPTS CONCERNING COWS IN KAZAKH FOLKLORE

Keruen ◽

10.53871/2078-8134.2020.2-07 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 67 (2) ◽

Author(s):

N. Nabiolla ◽

Keyword(s):

Special Property ◽

Blue Color ◽

The Earth ◽

Cargo Transport ◽

The World ◽

Ancient Times ◽

Food Animals ◽

Nomadic Life

From ancient times our people, who grazed four food animals, believed that they had an owner. The owners of the four food animals were considered to be their "ancestors" or "peers". That is why he gave them a mythical character. He leaned on his holy ancestors and asked them to help him. He wished them well and wished them well. He thought that only then he could have cattle. That is why various rituals and ceremonies have come to everyone. Currently in the country spread a lot of myths, indicating that the cow was the cow skorlupok animal. Special attention was paid to cattle, including bull. Even the purpose of the human earth that applies to spelled. He was known in myths as the blue bull, sometimes the blue bull, which was known in folklore with special vividness. This is mostly associated with myths about the injury of the earth. In the mythology of the peoples of the world say that the earth put on, fish, elephant (for the concept of the ancient Indians), snake Cotes, the myth, widespread among the peoples of Turkic origin, including among Kazakh people put on the surface of the blue ox, and sometimes on a blue bull to pick it up. He draws attention to the myths of the bull or bull and one case depends on the blue bull. In General, the blue color has a special property, for example, "blue Bor", "blue bull", etc. "Blue" is formed from mythical concepts: " blue sky","bull of the blue God". In this regard, it should be noted that in nomadic life, it became the first cargo transport.

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