Typhoid Fever.—Treatment

Due to the high prevalence of typhoid fever and the periodic nature of Salmonella infections despite the various antimicrobial agents used to treat these infections, the need to open up new strategies for antimicrobial susceptibility rather than the MIC alone arises. This study determines the time-kill curves using four different antimicrobial agents: Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, Cloxacillin, and Ofloxacin at different concentrations of 1x, 2x, and 4x of their respective MICs. The finding of this study reveals that at 1x MIC, all the antimicrobial agents used, except for Gentamicin, show non-bactericidal activity against the isolates after eight hours of exposure. This study suggests that analyzing the time-kill curves in typhoid fever treatment will help determine the appropriate dose to treat the infection.

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Typhoid Fever Treatment.

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.1896.02430590040008 ◽

1896 ◽

Vol XXVI (7) ◽

pp. 338

Author(s):

F. Grover

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Fever Treatment

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Re-emergence of susceptibility to conventionally used drugs among strains of Salmonella Typhi in central west India

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.1310 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (03) ◽

pp. 227-230 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yashwant Kumar ◽

Anshu Sharma ◽

Kavaratty Raju Mani

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Health Authorities ◽

West Part ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Fever Treatment ◽

Global Health Problem ◽

Increased Susceptibility

Introduction: Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is a global health problem causing high morbidity and mortality, especially in endemic areas such as India. The problem is exacerbated as the causative agent, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), rapidly develops resistance to drugs used in treatment. However, non-responsiveness of S. Typhi to quinolones has been reported simultaneously with the re-emergence of susceptibility to chloramphenicol. The present study investigates the re-emergence of sensitivity to conventionally used drugs among strains of S. Typhi in the central west part of India. Methodology: We evaluated 128 S. Typhi isolates received at the National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre for chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim susceptibility using standard methods. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were also evaluated. Results: The proportion of S. Typhi isolates showing susceptibility to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim was 95.3%, 94.5%, and 94.5%, respectively. These findings may help the health authorities in reconsidering the addition of these antimicrobial drugs into the treatment regime of typhoid fever and therefore may help combat the problem of increasing resistance to quinolones and cephalosporins. Conclusion: The changing trends of S. Typhi resistance patterns necessitate reconsideration of conventionally used drugs in typhoid fever treatment in India. In the present study, S. Typhi strains exhibited increased susceptibility toward chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim, therefore suggesting the possibility of their use for treatment of typhoid fever.

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RESOURCES REQUIRED IN CLINICAL PATHWAY FOR TYPHOID FEVER TREATMENT AT KALIWATES GENERAL HOSPITAL IN 2017

Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia ◽

10.20473/jaki.v7i2.2019.155-161 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 155

Author(s):

Pratiti Swesti Komala Dewi ◽

Christyana Sandra ◽

Eri Witcahyo

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Performance Appraisal ◽

General Hospital ◽

Clinical Pathway ◽

Clinical Pathways ◽

Healthcare Services ◽

Job Description ◽

Fever Treatment ◽

Method Factors ◽

Service Standards

Background: A clinical pathway is a concept of an integrated service which describes the stages of healthcare services from the admission until the return of patients based on the medical service standards and evidence-based nursing care with measurable results. Kaliwates General Hospital is an accredited hospital with a clinical pathway. Typhoid case was the highest disease in 2017 at Kaliwates General Hospital.Aims: This study aims to describe the resources at Kaliwates General Hospital in the implementation of clinical pathways, especially typhoid fever treatment.Method: This study was a descriptive and qualitative study. Nine respondents were selected using purposive sampling, including one internist and the quality team at Kaliwates General Hospital. The variables studied include human resource factors, budget factors, method factors, and time factors.Results: The results suggested that the human resources at Kaliwates General Hospital had high commitment, motivation, and moderate knowledge in the implementation of clinical pathways. All equipment and documents were considered adequate. The communication among the implementers was good, but compliance and training for staffs were considered less prominent. The task division of each staff was fairly distributed even though the pharmacy unit perceived that the division was quite unfair.Conclusion: The implementation of the clinical pathway for typhoid fever treatment at Kaliwates General Hospital runs quite well. The hospital must identify and plan staff training regularly, prepare the job description appropriately, and perform performance appraisal based on the job description that has been developed.Keywords: clinical pathway, typhoid fever, resource.

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Socio-environmental Factors Influencing Preferences for Typhoid Fever Treatment Among Secondary School Students in Ikenne, South-West, Nigeria

10.52589/ijphp-6isgjrwv ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 31-42

Author(s):

Edejoro O.O. ◽

Babasola O.O.

Keyword(s):

Environmental Factors ◽

Data Collection ◽

Typhoid Fever ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Care Seeking ◽

Health Seeking ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Healthcare Seeking ◽

Fever Treatment

Typhoid fever was estimated to produce 17.8 million cases each year among low-and-middle-income countries of the world. This study aimed to identify the socio-environmental factors that influence care-seeking preferences for typhoid fever treatment among students of Secondary Schools. The study adopted a cross-sectional design guided by behavioural theories that employed quantitative methods of data collection. A multistage sampling technique was used to select five (5) schools from five wards in the study area. A total of 422 students were recruited for this study but only 417 questionnaires were correctly and completely analysed. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection and the data was analysed using, descriptive statistics, chart, mean, standard deviation and inferential statistics of correlation, and multiple regression. The respondents’ ages ranged from 10-19 years with a mean of 15.3 ± 1.7 years. Results demonstrated that the socio-environmental factors that influence the respondents’ health-seeking behaviour for typhoid treatment were the decision of parents on the type of treatment they can receive as well as the cost of the treatment The study further revealed that of the respondents who have had typhoid fever in their lifetime, less than half sought treatment in hospitals. This study recommends that good healthcare-seeking behaviour health promotion programmes should be targeted at parents since they are stakeholders in the healthcare-seeking decision-making of adolescents.

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Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of blood culture-positive typhoid fever over half a decade in adults attending a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India

International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology ◽

10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20194796 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 2523

Author(s):

Mohammed Rafiuddin Rashed ◽

Ashish Yadav ◽

Ramakrishna Pai Jakribettu

Keyword(s):

Blood Culture ◽

Typhoid Fever ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Health Concern ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Acid Sensitivity ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Fever Treatment

Background: Typhoid fever is a public health concern in developing countries. Developed countries have also been influenced due to tourism. The drugs used for treating typhoid fever can and have been rendered unusable due to resistance. Monitoring and updating the Salmonella antibiogram is needed to prevent therapeutic failures. This study confirms to the same goal.Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively in a tertiary care hospital in North Kerala with data collected from 2013 to 2017. Years were categorized into four quarters to analyze seasonality. Positive blood culture samples of adults, identified to be Salmonella typhi or paratyphi were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity.Results: 37 Salmonella isolates were included. July-September quarter was found to have maximum incidence of typhoid fever followed by April-June quarter. All isolates were 100% sensitive to ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Sensitivity lacked for nalidixic acid (48.65%), ciprofloxacin (48.65%) and levofloxacin (70.27%). Sensitivity to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole was 86.49% and 91.89%. Azithromycin efficacy was good overall (94.59%) with resistant isolates emerging in final year of this study.Conclusions: Monsoon is most conducive for typhoid fever occurrence followed by summer. This study confirms utility of ceftriaxone and futility of quinolones and fluoroquinolones in typhoid fever treatment. Azithromycin has started showing emergence of resistance. Ampicillin and cotrimoxazole cannot be relied upon due to variability in sensitivity patterns. Chloramphenicol showed full efficacy throughout the study period which is encouraging. Amoxicillin-clavulinic acid, surprisingly was 100% effective throughout study period. However, no contemporary data is available for comparison.

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