scholarly journals Invitro Analysis of Time-Kill Curves of Some Antimicrobial Agents Against Salmonella Typhi

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
Aliyu A.S. ◽  
Ahmed I. ◽  
Abdulmalik I. ◽  
Shamsiyya M.S. ◽  
Usman Y.S. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
New Strategies

Due to the high prevalence of typhoid fever and the periodic nature of Salmonella infections despite the various antimicrobial agents used to treat these infections, the need to open up new strategies for antimicrobial susceptibility rather than the MIC alone arises. This study determines the time-kill curves using four different antimicrobial agents: Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, Cloxacillin, and Ofloxacin at different concentrations of 1x, 2x, and 4x of their respective MICs. The finding of this study reveals that at 1x MIC, all the antimicrobial agents used, except for Gentamicin, show non-bactericidal activity against the isolates after eight hours of exposure. This study suggests that analyzing the time-kill curves in typhoid fever treatment will help determine the appropriate dose to treat the infection.

scholarly journals The comparison of cultures, widal agglutination test and polymerase chain reaction as a diagnostic tool in typhoid fever

Open Medicine ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 470-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilker Devrim ◽  
Koray Ergünay ◽  
Ates Kara ◽  
Hasan Tezer ◽  
Inci Yiğitkanl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Group I ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractTyphoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi, paratyphi A and B, is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in many developing countries. A rapid and sensitive method for the detection of S. typhi is essential for early diagnosis of typhoid fever and effective therapy. In this study 45 febrile patients who were suspected to have enteric fever were enrolled, and the results of blood cultures, widal agglutination tests and Polymerase Chain Reaction in these cases were evaluated. Group I consisted of 11 patients with diseases other than salmonella infections, group II represented 6 patients with positive cultures, and group III represented 28 patients with negative blood cultures negative but who were clinically suspected cases that had a medical history of using variable antimicrobial agents. Two positive PCR results were present; one of them was in culture positive group (16,6%) and the other was in culture negative group (3,5%). In our study widal agglutination tests and cultures were found not to be helpful in differential dignosis. Although PCR based detection of S. typhi is reported to be a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of enteric fever, in our study the benefit of this method in the diagnosis of especially patients who were treated with antimicrobial therapy was not clearly determined. Other methods to increase sensitiviy and specificity to levels such as those of real time PCR should be developed and large-scaled studies should be done in endemic and non-epidemic regions.

scholarly journals Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) and some selected conventional antibiotics on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-264
Author(s):  
OL Okunye ◽  
PA Idowu ◽  
TT Kolade
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Conventional Antibiotics ◽  
Nauclea Latifolia

Background: Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) is a valuable medicinal plant used in folkloric medicine in the treatment of Typhoid fever. The public health significance of Salmonella typhi, the aetiologic agent in typhoid fever lies in the increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial potentials of the crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia on clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi compared with some conventional antibiotics. Methods: Antibiogram was carried out on 25 biochemically confirmed clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi using disc diffusion method of Kirby Bauer. Nauclea latifolia leaves extracted with ethyl acetate and methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus were screened for secondary metabolites. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the extracts were determined by agar dilution method on the isolates. Results: The antibiogram of Samonella typhi showed the following resistance patterns: Augmentin® (24.0%), amoxicillin (44.0%), chloramphenicol (32.0%), gentamicin (20.0%), cloxacillin (96.0%), ciprofloxacin (8.0%), erythromycin (60.0%), tetracycline (32.0%) and cotrimoxazole (60.0%). The extracts showed good antibacterial activity on the clinical isolates including those resistant to antibiotics. The MIC of methanol extract ranged from1.56mg/ml to 6.25mg/ml and 3.13mg/ml to 25.0 mg/ml for ethyl acetate extract with exception of isolates 11, 12, 19 and 20 with high MIC values as 50mg/ml.  The methanol and ethyl acetate extracts gave a yield of 11.7% and 3.5% respectively. Bioactive secondary metabolites were detected from the extracts. Conclusion: The crude extracts of the leaves of Nauclea latifolia contained antimicrobial agents that were active on Salmonella typhi which could be used alone and in supportive with conventional antibiotics for therapeutic management of typhoid fever.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Salmonella typhi isolated from blood culture in a referral hospital

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bulbul Hasan ◽  
Sabera Gul Nahar ◽  
Laila Akter ◽  
Ahmed Abu Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Widal Test ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

The present study has been carried out in an attempt to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns with special reference to susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi to ciprofloxacin isolated from blood culture. The study is also designed to find out the MIC of Ciprofloxacin by E- test. Blood samples were taken for culture sensitivity, Widal test and ICT from 100 clinically suspected cases of typhoid fever in 1st week of illness who attended at out patient department of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH).The study was done in Microbiology Department of Rajshahi Medical College and Shishu Hospital, Dhaka. Diagnosis of patients was based on history of fever, blood culture, Widal test and ICT. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of isolates from blood culture was recorded. Further more, the minimum inhibitory concentration of Ciprofloxacin was determined by E-test for the isolates resistance to Ciprofloxacin. Out of 100 suspected cases of typhoid fever, blood culture positive for S. Typhi were 16 (16%). Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of 16 isolates of S. Typhi showed that no isolate was resistant to Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime, only 03(18.75%) were resistant to Ciprofloxacin and Azithromycin whereas 10(62.5%) were MDR showing resistance to Ampicillin, Co-trimoxazole and Chloramphenicol which are first-line antityphoidal drugs. On the other hand, all (100%) the isolates were resistant to Nalidixic acid. The study revealed that Ceftriaxone and Ceftazidime are the most effective drugs in the treatment of typhoid fever. Moreover, E-test has been found to be helpful to determine appropriate therapeutic dose of Ciprofloxacin especially in case of drug resistance and pediatric population.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmm.v5i1.15816 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2011; 05 (01): 16-20

scholarly journals Salmonella – still a threat? Epidemiological analysis of infecion

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Kinga Ruszel ◽  
Robert Dubel ◽  
Wiktoria Chodun ◽  
Barbara Nieradko-Iwanicka
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Food Borne ◽  
Lost Productivity ◽  
Food Borne Illness ◽  
Contaminated Food ◽  
Infected Cells

Salmonella infection causes morbidity and mortality throughout the world with the host immune response varying depending on whether the infection is acute and limited, or systemic and chronic. Global Salmonella infection, especially in developing countries, is a health and economic burden. These pathogen are responsible for millions of cases of food-borne illness each year, with substantial costs measured in hospitalizations and lost productivity. The growing number of bacteria resistant to the antibiotics commonly used to treat infections with this bacterium increases the use of alternative treatments. The species Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are the most commonly used probiotics to treat infectious diseases, including antibiotic diarrhea and traveler's diarrhea.It is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and facultative anaerobic bacterium. However, they have the ability to survive inside infected cells. These bacteria cause various clinical forms of disease. The most dangerous sticks of typhoid fever (Salmonella typhi) and paradurium (Salmonella paratyphi) multiply only in the human body and cause a very serious infectious disease - typhoid fever. In turn, non-malignant salmonella, Salmonella bongori and countless serological varieties of Salmonella enterica colonize the digestive tract of many animal species and are pathogenic to humans, causing gastroenteritis, i.e. acute salmonellosis, sometimes classified as food poisoning. All Salmonella infections begin with ingestion with contaminated food or water.

scholarly journals Re-emergence of susceptibility to conventionally used drugs among strains of Salmonella Typhi in central west India

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashwant Kumar ◽  
Anshu Sharma ◽  
Kavaratty Raju Mani
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
West Part ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Global Health Problem ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Introduction: Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is a global health problem causing high morbidity and mortality, especially in endemic areas such as India. The problem is exacerbated as the causative agent, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), rapidly develops resistance to drugs used in treatment. However, non-responsiveness of S. Typhi to quinolones has been reported simultaneously with the re-emergence of susceptibility to chloramphenicol. The present study investigates the re-emergence of sensitivity to conventionally used drugs among strains of S. Typhi in the central west part of India. Methodology: We evaluated 128 S. Typhi isolates received at the National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre for chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim susceptibility using standard methods. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were also evaluated. Results: The proportion of S. Typhi isolates showing susceptibility to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim was 95.3%, 94.5%, and 94.5%, respectively. These findings may help the health authorities in reconsidering the addition of these antimicrobial drugs into the treatment regime of typhoid fever and therefore may help combat the problem of increasing resistance to quinolones and cephalosporins. Conclusion: The changing trends of S. Typhi resistance patterns necessitate reconsideration of conventionally used drugs in typhoid fever treatment in India. In the present study, S. Typhi strains exhibited increased susceptibility toward chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim, therefore suggesting the possibility of their use for treatment of typhoid fever. 

scholarly journals The Bactericidal and Antibiofilm Activity of Stem Bark of Jatropha multifida L. Against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-55
Author(s):  
Annisa Fitria
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Antibiofilm Activity ◽  
Biofilm Production ◽  
Bioactive Substance ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
Jatropha Multifida

Chronical wound often caused by bacteria which has antibiotic resistance characteristic and presence of biofilm formation. This study aims to evaluate the bactericidal and antibiofilm activity of stem bark of Jatropha multifida L. against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus), as alternative antimicrobial agents. Examination of bactericidal activity of the extract was performed by time-kill assay to determine the speed of the extract to eradicate bacteria. The inhibitory activity of extract toward biofilm production was quantified using spectrophotometric method. The extract showed bactericidal activity which can be achieved at 8 hours and 12 hours against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA in MBC value of 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL. The extract exhibited antibiofilm activity which indicates by its IC50 value of 0.3 mg/mL and 0.76 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA. These experiments have shown the potential of the extract of  Jatropha multifida L. stem bark as a bioactive substance in a topical agent for chronical skin infection.  

scholarly journals An Update on Isolation of Extensively Drug Resistant (XDR) Salmonella enterica from Blood Cultures in a Tertiary Care Centre

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Sadia Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Second Line ◽  
Extensively Drug Resistant

Introduction: Typhoid fever is a public health issue, burdening many regions of the world with poor socioeconomic background. Management of this disease faces the major hurdle of antimicrobial resistance. The present study reveals current pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility among Salmonella enterica (Salmonella typhi & Salmonella paratyphi A) blood culture isolates from typhoid fever cases. Regular data collection about Salmonella infections and their response to antimicrobial agents, coupled with a long term commitment to providing adequate health information systems, is the key to effective planning and policy formation against typhoid fever. Aims & Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence of ceftriaxone resistant Salmonella enterica isolates from blood cultures in Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex for updating nosocomial antimicrobial resistance data. Place and duration of study: This research study was conducted at Shaikh Zayed Medical Complex, Lahore from March 2018 to May 2019. Material & Methods: Blood cultures positive for Salmonella enterica were analyzed, taking into consideration the gender & age of patients with typhoid fever. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out through disc diffusion method. The recommended antimicrobial agents for S. typhi (Salmonella typhi) & S. paratyphi A (Salmonella Parathyphi A) (as per CLSI, USA 2018/2019 guidelines; described later), were tested and analyzed during this study with the main focus on 3rd generation cephalosporin resistance pattern. Among second line treatment options, meropenem and azithromycin were selected for study. Results: Out of 899 isolates of Salmonella enterica (from 13964 samples for blood culture), 849 (94.4%) were S. typhi and 50 (5.6%) were S. paratyphi A. Of these, 57.1% isolates were from males, 42.9% from females, 81.7% from children (age less than 12 years) and 18.3% were from adults (age more than 12 years). A continuously rising resistance percentage was observed for 3rd generation cephalosporins over the span of fifteen months. It was 43.4% for ceftriaxone (CRO). No case of meropenem and azithromycin resistance was observed during study period. Conclusion: Demographic information was provided by this study regarding high level of resistance among Salmonella enterica isolates particularly S. typhi .The first line antibiotic drugs were a complete failure in ongoing outbreak of typhoid fever. The novel results of this study are the high resistance percentages for 3rd generation cehalosporins, whether oral or parenteral. This result is worrisome as it will leave us with no option but to resort to second line drugs. However, an increasing trend of blood culturing was observed in this research. Extensively drug resistant (XDR) Salmonella infection has definitely highlighted the importance of blood culture and its use as a more preferred diagnostic tool. Key words: Typhoid fever, Extensively drug resistant (XDR) Salmonella enterica, (S. typhi & S. paratyphi A), Antimicrobial Resistance, CRO (Ceftriaxone) resistance.

scholarly journals Contribution of Dug-Out Wells to Salmonella Dissemination in Kwaebibirem District of Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 124
Author(s):  
P.K. Feglo ◽  
M. P. Dakorah
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
The People ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Different Water Sources

Typhoid fever is rare in the developed world, but in Kwaebibirem District of Ghana, Salmonella infections are very common. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers in addition to gastroenteritis are frequently reported. The reservoir, prevailing Salmonella species and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are not known, but in Ghana treatment of these infections are mostly empirical. 464 samples (270 stool and 194 blood) were collected from patients and 188 water samples were collected from different water sources in Kwaebibirem District and cultured for Salmonella at St. Dominic Hospital, Akwatia. Salmonella prevalence of 11.6% (54/464) among patients and 2.7% (5/188) from dug-out wells were obtained. Total viable bacterial count in the water samples averaged 2.56 x103 -1.2 x 1013per milliliter. Five (5) out of 51 (9.8%) dug-out wells yielded Salmonellae upon culture. Typhoidal Salmonellae [11% (6/54)] and 68.6% (38/54) non-typhoidal Salmonellae were isolated from patients. The most affected age group ranged 6-15years with prevalence of 42.6% (23/54). The most frequent isolated was Salmonella Typhi 20% (11/54) followed by Salmonella Enterica, 29.6% (16/54). The Salmonella isolates were all susceptible to the cephalosporins (cefoxitin, cefotaxime, cefepime) the carbapenems (imipenem and meropenem) the quinolones (norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin) and the aminoglycoside (amikacin). Their resistant proportions to other drugs were ampicillin (69.5%), piperacillin (69.5%) and co-trimoxazole (76.3%). Salmonella infections were common in Kwaebibirem District, and home owned dug-out wells posed risk of Salmonella transmission to the people.

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