scholarly journals Re-emergence of susceptibility to conventionally used drugs among strains of Salmonella Typhi in central west India

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 227-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashwant Kumar ◽  
Anshu Sharma ◽  
Kavaratty Raju Mani
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
West Part ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Global Health Problem ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Introduction: Typhoid fever (enteric fever) is a global health problem causing high morbidity and mortality, especially in endemic areas such as India. The problem is exacerbated as the causative agent, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), rapidly develops resistance to drugs used in treatment. However, non-responsiveness of S. Typhi to quinolones has been reported simultaneously with the re-emergence of susceptibility to chloramphenicol. The present study investigates the re-emergence of sensitivity to conventionally used drugs among strains of S. Typhi in the central west part of India. Methodology: We evaluated 128 S. Typhi isolates received at the National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre for chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim susceptibility using standard methods. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were also evaluated. Results: The proportion of S. Typhi isolates showing susceptibility to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and trimethoprim was 95.3%, 94.5%, and 94.5%, respectively. These findings may help the health authorities in reconsidering the addition of these antimicrobial drugs into the treatment regime of typhoid fever and therefore may help combat the problem of increasing resistance to quinolones and cephalosporins. Conclusion: The changing trends of S. Typhi resistance patterns necessitate reconsideration of conventionally used drugs in typhoid fever treatment in India. In the present study, S. Typhi strains exhibited increased susceptibility toward chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim, therefore suggesting the possibility of their use for treatment of typhoid fever. 

scholarly journals Invitro Analysis of Time-Kill Curves of Some Antimicrobial Agents Against Salmonella Typhi

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 108-118
Author(s):  
Aliyu A.S. ◽  
Ahmed I. ◽  
Abdulmalik I. ◽  
Shamsiyya M.S. ◽  
Usman Y.S. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Bactericidal Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Fever Treatment ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
New Strategies

Due to the high prevalence of typhoid fever and the periodic nature of Salmonella infections despite the various antimicrobial agents used to treat these infections, the need to open up new strategies for antimicrobial susceptibility rather than the MIC alone arises. This study determines the time-kill curves using four different antimicrobial agents: Gentamicin, Ceftriaxone, Cloxacillin, and Ofloxacin at different concentrations of 1x, 2x, and 4x of their respective MICs. The finding of this study reveals that at 1x MIC, all the antimicrobial agents used, except for Gentamicin, show non-bactericidal activity against the isolates after eight hours of exposure. This study suggests that analyzing the time-kill curves in typhoid fever treatment will help determine the appropriate dose to treat the infection.

scholarly journals Outbreak of domestically acquired typhoid fever in Leipzig, Germany, June 2004

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Muehlen ◽  
C Frank ◽  
W Rabsch ◽  
A Fruth ◽  
M Suckau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Positive Serology ◽  
Probable Case ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Unexplained Fever ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Site

In June 2004, three confirmed cases of typhoid fever were reported to the health authorities in Leipzig, Germany. The patients had been admitted to hospital with unexplained fever and otherwise mild symptoms. All were members of the same pony club, none had been abroad. A retrospective cohort study among pony club members was performed to identify the source of infection. A suspected case was defined as unexplained fever >=38.5°C over three or more days since 1 May 2004. Additional positive serology defined a probable case and Salmonella Typhi isolation from blood or stool cultures a confirmed case. All hospitals, paediatricians and general practitioners in Leipzig and surroundings were contacted to identify additional cases. In total, six cases were identified, all among pony club members: four confirmed, including the three originally reported cases, one probable and one suspected. The only exposure common to all cases during the probable time of infection was consumption of sandwiches with herb dressing from a snack bar on 25 or 26 May (May 25: RR=5.7; 95% CI 0.9-37.9; both days: RR=, P=0.007). Foods and workers from the snack bar tested negative. However, one worker, not previously registered with the health authorities, was identified during a site visit. It cannot be excluded that further unregistered individuals worked at the snack bar between May and June 2004. Despite intense case-finding activities, no further cases were identified among the population. The most likely vehicle in this outbreak was sandwiches with herb dressing, though the source of contamination remains unknown. Even without history of travel to endemic countries, physicians should consider typhoid fever when managing patients with unexplained fever.

scholarly journals Moringa Oleifera Leaf Extract and its Promising Synergistic Antimicrobial Effect with Typhoid Fever Vaccine in Immunized Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzochukwu Gospel Ukachukwu ◽  
Daniel Okwaje ◽  
Damian Chukwu Odimegwu
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Colony Forming Units

Abstract Typhoid fever, a systemic infection caused by Salmonella typhi has maintained a high morbidity and mortality profile around the globe especially in developing countries. Though currently licensed vaccines are efficacious in prevention of the infection, their potency is ephemeral; hence, they require a boost by employing adjuvants that are safe and instrumental in achieving a better prolonged protective immune defense outfit. In this work, Moringa oleifera ethyl acetate leaf extract was evaluated for its possible adjuvant property to a heat-killed ST vaccine. Mice were vaccinated with typhoid vaccine and subsequently, daily weight of mice was measured. Also, post-vaccination microbial colony counts were enumerated after challenging the mice with Salmonella typhi cells. From the blood culture results, MO extract demonstrated an excellent synergistic antimicrobial effect as the mice group administered our formulated vaccine-MO extract combination had the lowest microbial load (12.25 ± 4.86) colony forming units following microbial challenge, when compared to the mice groups administered the vaccine alone (37.25 ± 4.5) and the MO extract alone (31.25 ± 9.43). Furthermore, assessment of the mice body weight of treated groups showed a growth pattern that did not deviate significantly from those of the control group. In conclusion, MO extract demonstrated a promising synergistic antimicrobial effect on coadministration with the typhoid fever vaccine against S. typhi and did not lead to adverse side effects in mice.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Typhi Isolated from Stool Culture

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Atiqur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Stool Culture ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Drug Resistance Pattern ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Background: Resistance of S. typhi to a number of antibiotics has become a serious public health problem. Drug resistant S. typhi has been reported as early as 1972 in Mexico and been observed in other countries like Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Korea, Peru and India. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in Ibn Sina Microbiology laboratory, Sylhet during the period from May 2012 to September 2013 to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of Salmonella typhi (Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi) isolated by stool culture from clinically suspected typhoid fever patients. Stool samples were collected in clean widemouthed plastic container from 249 patients, who attended Ibn Sina Hospital, irrespective of age. The specimens were cultured on Salmonella-Shigella agar (SSA), MacConkey agar (MAC) and Xylose-Lysine-Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar media. Laboratory isolation and identification of Salmonella typhi (S.typhi) were done using standard morphological and biochemical methods. Isolates identified as S typhi were differentiated from other Salmonella species using Triple Sugar Iron (TSI) agar. Antimicrobial resistance of each isolate was determined by the Modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar using commercially available discs following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The panel of antimicrobials included were amikacin (30?g), azithromycin (15?g), cefixime (5?g), ceftriaxone (30?g), ciprofloxacin (5?g), chloramphenicol (30?), co-trimoxazole (1.25/23.75?g), imipenem (10?g), levofloxacin (5?g) and tetracycline (30?g). Result: Out of 249 stool specimens investigated, only 35(14.06%) isolates of S.typhi were recovered. Among 35 positive samples 19(54.29%) were adult and 16(46.71%) were children. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the resistance rates of S.typhi were 97.14% for cotrimoxazole, 95.29% for azithromycin, 91.43% for cefixime, 85.71% for tetracycline, 77.14% for ciprofloxacin and 68.57 % for ceftriaxone, respectively. Increased sensitivity was reported for imipenem (88.57%), amikacin (77.14%), chloramphenicol (65.71%) and levofloxacin (42.86%). Conclusion: Of the 35 isolates of S. typhi, none was susceptible to all of the antibiotics. We therefore face the imminent prospect of encountering untreatable typhoid fever in the near future due to multi-drug resistance pattern of isolates observed in this study. Further studies with large number of specimens are highly recommended to validate the present study and to monitor microbial trends and antimicrobial resistance patterns in other parts of Bangladesh. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v14i1.22876 Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.14 (1); Jan 2015; Page 26-30

scholarly journals Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of blood culture-positive typhoid fever over half a decade in adults attending a tertiary care teaching hospital in South India

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2523
Author(s):  
Mohammed Rafiuddin Rashed ◽  
Ashish Yadav ◽  
Ramakrishna Pai Jakribettu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Acid Sensitivity ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Fever Treatment

Background: Typhoid fever is a public health concern in developing countries. Developed countries have also been influenced due to tourism. The drugs used for treating typhoid fever can and have been rendered unusable due to resistance. Monitoring and updating the Salmonella antibiogram is needed to prevent therapeutic failures. This study confirms to the same goal.Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively in a tertiary care hospital in North Kerala with data collected from 2013 to 2017. Years were categorized into four quarters to analyze seasonality. Positive blood culture samples of adults, identified to be Salmonella typhi or paratyphi were subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity.Results: 37 Salmonella isolates were included. July-September quarter was found to have maximum incidence of typhoid fever followed by April-June quarter. All isolates were 100% sensitive to ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Sensitivity lacked for nalidixic acid (48.65%), ciprofloxacin (48.65%) and levofloxacin (70.27%). Sensitivity to ampicillin and cotrimoxazole was 86.49% and 91.89%. Azithromycin efficacy was good overall (94.59%) with resistant isolates emerging in final year of this study.Conclusions: Monsoon is most conducive for typhoid fever occurrence followed by summer. This study confirms utility of ceftriaxone and futility of quinolones and fluoroquinolones in typhoid fever treatment. Azithromycin has started showing emergence of resistance. Ampicillin and cotrimoxazole cannot be relied upon due to variability in sensitivity patterns. Chloramphenicol showed full efficacy throughout the study period which is encouraging. Amoxicillin-clavulinic acid, surprisingly was 100% effective throughout study period. However, no contemporary data is available for comparison.

Typhoid Fever.—Treatment

1877 ◽  
Vol 3 (60supp) ◽  
pp. 957-957
Author(s):  
Alfred L. Loomis
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Fever Treatment

scholarly journals Determination of the frequency of carbapenemase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Dhaka city, Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nawshad Hayder ◽  
Zahidul Hasan ◽  
Sadia Afrin ◽  
Rashed Noor
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract Infection ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Global Health Problem

Resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae against carbapenem, imparted by the presence of carbapenemase, is an emerging global health problem with high morbidity and mortality. Thus, the present study attempted to detect the frequency of carbapenemase producing K. pneumoniae in Dhaka city of Bangladesh and thereby determine the health risk associated with their presence. A total of 647 K. pneumoniae isolates were detected from 2800 patients with urinary tract infection, bacterimia, wound infections and respiratory diseases. Thirty one carbapenem resistant isolates were found to harbor K. pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) through modified Hodge test. The KPC positive isolates were then subjected to the study of antibiogram and showed resistance against all the ß-lactam antibiotics along with carbapenems, while they were sensitive against colistin. Additionally, 287 isolates were found to be extended-spectrum ?-lactamases (ESBLs) positive apart from the KPC positive ones. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sjm.v2i1.15210 Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.2(1) 2012: 28-30

scholarly journals Stool shedding of Salmonella Typhi in children with blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
M. Srinivasan ◽  
S. Giri ◽  
S. Kulandaipalayam Natarajan ◽  
N. Kumar ◽  
V.R. Mohan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi
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