CHAPTER 19. The Removal Effect of Volatile Halocarbon Compounds in Drinking Water Using Household Water Purifier

Abstract Turbidity reduction by coagulation-flocculation in drinking water reduces microbes and organic matter, increasing effectiveness of downstream treatment. Chitosan is a promising household water coagulant, but needs parameters for use. This study tested the effects of chitosan dose, molecular weight (MW), degree of deacetylation (DD), and functional groups on bentonite and kaolinite turbidity reduction in model household drinking water. Higher MW or DD produced greater reductions. Highest reductions were at doses 1 and 3 mg/L by MW >50,000 or >70% DD (residual turbidity <5 NTU). Higher doses did not necessarily continually increase reduction. For functional groups, 3 mg/L produced the highest reductions by lactate, acetate, and HCl, and lower reductions of kaolinite than bentonite. Doses where the point of zero charge was observed clustered around 3 mg/L. Chitosan reduced clay turbidity in water; effectiveness was influenced by dose, clay type, MW, DD, and functional groups. Reduction did not necessarily increase with MW. Bentonite had a broader effective dose range and higher reduction at the optimal dose than kaolinite. Chitosans with and without functional groups performed similarly. The best of the studied doses was 3 mg/L. Chitosans are promising for turbidity reduction in low-resource settings if combined with sedimentation and/or filtration. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

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Drinking water quality and solar disinfection: Effectiveness in peri-urban households in Nepal

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2005.036 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 239-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Rochelle C. Rainey ◽

Anna K. Harding

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Fecal Coliform ◽

Fecal Contamination ◽

Water Storage ◽

Capital City ◽

Source Water ◽

Solar Disinfection ◽

Urban Households ◽

Household Water ◽

Storage Containers

The study examined pH, turbidity and fecal contamination of drinking water from household water storage containers, wells and taps, and the Godawari River, and tested the effectiveness of solar disinfection (SODIS) in reducing levels of fecal contamination from household containers. The research was conducted in 40 households in a village 6 km outside the capital city of Kathmandu, Nepal. Three rounds of data were collected: a baseline in March 2002 followed by training in solar disinfection, and follow-ups in June and July 2002. Untreated drinking water was found to have levels of contamination ranging from 0 to too numerous to count fecal coliform CFU 100 ml−1. Source water was significantly more contaminated than water from the household storage containers. Wells were less contaminated than taps. SODIS reduced the level of contamination under household conditions. Turbidity from taps was above 30 NTU in the rainy season, above the maximum for effective solar disinfection. SODIS was routinely adopted by only 10% of the participating households during the study.

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Microbiological Contamination of Drinking Water in a Commercial Household Water Filter System

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal ◽

10.1097/00006454-199612000-00026 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 15 (12) ◽

pp. 1142

Author(s):

&NA;

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Microbiological Contamination ◽

Water Filter ◽

Filter System ◽

Household Water

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Safe drinking water: effect of granular activated carbon bed characteristics on iron removal from water

Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin ◽

10.3329/cerb.v18i1.26214 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Md Golam Rasul ◽

Imtiaz Ahmed ◽

Md Iqbal Hossain

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Activated Carbon ◽

Chemical Engineering ◽

Fixed Bed ◽

Granular Activated Carbon ◽

Water Effect ◽

Engineering Research ◽

Household Water ◽

The Individual ◽

Water Filters

<p>Tuning the characteristics of granular activated carbon bed (GAC-bed) in household water-filters would be a technique to maintain iron at the required-level in drinking water. In the present study the individual effects of the depth of GAC-bed and the size and porosity of GAC particles on the iron removing capacity are investigated experimentally. A spectrophotometer is used to measure iron-content in water. It is observed that iron removing capacity increases monotonically with the increase in bed-depth regardless of the size of GAC particles. It is also observed that the iron removing capacity decreases drastically with the increase in the size of GAC particles for any fixed bed-depth. Finally the porosity of GAC particles is found to affect the iron removing capacity. The higher the GAC porosity the higher is the iron removing capacity over the considered porosity-range. It is believed that the observations of present study would be useful in adjusting GAC-bed characteristics at the time of designing household water-filters to maintain iron at the required-level.</p><p>Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 18(2015) 1-5</p>

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Gastroenteritis associated with accidental contamination of drinking water with partially treated water

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268806007497 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 135 (5) ◽

pp. 818-826 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

T. M. A. FERNANDES ◽

C. SCHOUT ◽

A. M. De RODA HUSMAN ◽

A. EILANDER ◽

H. VENNEMA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Human Error ◽

Control Area ◽

Adjacent Area ◽

Housing Estate ◽

Gastroenteritis Outbreak ◽

Grey Water ◽

Exposed Area ◽

Household Water ◽

Contaminated Drinking Water

SUMMARYDue to human error, drinking water supplied to a new housing estate in The Netherlands was contaminated with grey water. The cohort of 921 accidentally exposed households (area A) had a higher attack rate for diarrhoea (54·1%) than a non-exposed cohort of 1529 households from an adjacent area (B) (24%) (RR 2·3, 95% CI 1·9–2·7). Household water score showed a dose-response with illness, in both areas A and B. For each 1000 inhabitants, 19·8 cases in area A, 7·0 cases in control area B (RRAB2·2, 95% CI 1·3–3·8) and 3·3 cases in a more distant control area C (RRAC4·6, 95% CI 2·7–8·0) were diagnosed with gastroenteritis by their general practitioner. A gastroenteritis outbreak associated with consumption of contaminated drinking water was observed in the exposed area. The use of grey water was banned in 2003, with the exception of rainwater use for flushing toilets. The risk of rainwater use is currently being investigated.

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Efficacy of a ceramic siphon household water filter for removal of pathogenic microorganisms: lifespan volume test

Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development ◽

10.2166/washdev.2011.037 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 102-111 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Amanda R. Kaufman ◽

Lisa M. Casanova ◽

Mark D. Sobsey

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Feed Water ◽

Virus Removal ◽

Water Filter ◽

E Coli ◽

Bacteriophage Ms2 ◽

Point Of Use ◽

Household Water ◽

Contaminated Drinking Water ◽

Pass Through

Treatment of drinking water at the point of use (POU) has demonstrated health benefits for people who have access only to microbially contaminated drinking water. In this work, the ceramic siphon POU water filter was evaluated for its ability to reduce indicator microorganisms in test waters. During batch challenge tests, the filter reduced Escherichia coli in filtered water by 7 log10 (99.999987%) and bacteriophage MS2 by 0.12 log10 (24.0%). Next, a novel continuous flow dosing system allowing sewage-amended feed water to constantly pass through the filters allowed for determination of changes in microbial reductions over time and total volume of water filtered. E. coli B, MS2 and fluorescent microspheres (as a surrogate for Cryptosporidium oocysts) were seeded into test water and dosed to filters at 10, 25 and 50% of the filter's volume lifespan. Microbial removal efficacy decreased as the volume of water filtered increased and test filters did not achieve their volume lifespan before physically failing. The ceramic siphon household water filter is effective in reducing E. coli and surrogates for Cryptosporidium in water, but filter modifications may be needed to achieve acceptable levels of virus removal and to reach the target 7,000 L volume lifespan of the filter.

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After the flood: an evaluation of in-home drinking water treatment with combined flocculent-disinfectant following Tropical Storm Jeanne — Gonaives, Haiti, 2004

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2007.032 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 367-374 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Romulo E. Colindres ◽

Seema Jain ◽

Anna Bowen ◽

Eric Mintz ◽

Polyana Domond

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Treatment ◽

Drinking Water Treatment ◽

Water Sources ◽

Tropical Storm ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Residual Chlorine ◽

Household Water ◽

Untreated Water ◽

Local Leaders

Tropical Storm Jeanne struck Haiti in September 2004, causing widespread flooding which contaminated water sources, displaced thousands of families and killed approximately 2,800 people. Local leaders distributed PūR®, a flocculent-disinfectant product for household water treatment, to affected populations. We evaluated knowledge, attitudes, practices, and drinking water quality among a sample of PūR® recipients. We interviewed representatives of 100 households in three rural communities who received PūR® and PūR®-related education. Water sources were tested for fecal contamination and turbidity; stored household water was tested for residual chlorine. All households relied on untreated water sources (springs [66%], wells [15%], community taps [13%], and rivers [6%]). After distribution, PūR® was the most common in-home treatment method (58%) followed by chlorination (30%), plant-based flocculation (6%), boiling (5%), and filtration (1%). Seventy-eight percent of respondents correctly answered five questions about how to use PūR®; 81% reported PūR® easy to use; and 97% reported that PūR®-treated water appears, tastes, and smells better than untreated water. Although water sources tested appeared clear, fecal coliform bacteria were detected in all sources (range 1 – >200 cfu/100 ml). Chlorine was present in 10 (45%) of 22 stored drinking water samples in households using PūR®. PūR® was well-accepted and properly used in remote communities where local leaders helped with distribution and education. This highly effective water purification method can help protect disaster-affected communities from waterborne disease.

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