Atmospheric effects of air pollution during dry and wet periods in São Paulo

Air pollutants reach high concentrations in developing countries, such as Brazil. The state of São Paulo is the economic and demographic center of Brazil and presents high levels of urbanization,...

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Relationship between preterm birth and air pollution in Santos, Sao Paulo, Brazil

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.111 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

M E L Brandao ◽

B A L F Braga ◽

M L C Martins ◽

P L A A Pereira

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Preterm Birth ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

First Trimester ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Relative Air Humidity ◽

The Impact ◽

Fourth Quartile

Abstract Santos is a seaboard Brazilian city recognized by its port activity where the road and rail infrastructure along with the large transportation operation, displays an important factor to contribute with all kinds of toxic and air pollutants. Recent studies have suggested associations between air pollution and various birth outcomes. Pollutant gases such as NOx, O3 and particulate matter PM2,5, PM10 have been cited as factors involved in such outcomes. The present study aims to assess the relationship between atmospheric pollutants and perinatal outcomes in the city of Santos from Jan. 2012 to Dec. 2015. Cross-sectional study that analyzed 10.319 singleton births in an area set with 2 km radius of the monitoring stations. Birth weight and information on mother and pregnancy were obtained at the Brazilian “Born Alive National Information System”. Daily records of air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, NO2 and O3), temperature and relative air humidity, for the study period, were obtained from São Paulo State Environmental Agency (CETESB). Associations between preterm birth and air pollutants mean levels at each gestational trimester were investigated using multiple logistic regression model controlled by the variables: infant sex, type of delivery, maternal education. prenatal care, and number of previous live births, temperature and relative air humidity. NO2 e PM2,5 was not associated with preterm birth. O3 was significantly associated in the first trimester in the fourth quartile (OR = 1,47 CI 95% 1,05; 2,07). PM10 was significantly associated in the first trimester for the fourth quartile (OR = 1,28 CI 95% 1,00; 1,64), second trimester for the second quartile (OR = 1,37 CI 95% 1,07; 1,77). Conclusions the results shows evidence that maternal exposure to air pollution especially during the first trimester of pregnancy may contribute to preterm birth. Further actions are needed towards controlling air pollution are strongly recommended for promoting early-life health. Key messages This is the first research of this kind that was made in Santos. It brings important evidence of the impact in the life of the population, especially those whose is not even born yet. It can be used as a resource to guide public policies in health, especially the guidelines that dictate the concentration of air pollutants and air quality.

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Socioeconomic inequalities and exposure to traffic-related air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00168412 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 119-125 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mateus Habermann ◽

Míriam Souza ◽

Rogério Prado ◽

Nelson Gouveia

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Epidemiological Studies ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Health Concern ◽

Traffic Density ◽

São Paulo ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

Air pollution is a leading public health concern. In addition, poor populations have been reported as showing increased exposure to such pollution. The current study thus aimed to evaluate the socioeconomic status of the population exposed to vehicle-related air pollution in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The study used data from the 2010 Census on head-of-household’s mean monthly income and the percentage of households connected to the sewage system. Exposure to air pollutants was estimated according to traffic density in the census tract plus a 200m surrounding buffer. The relationship between exposure and socioeconomic variables was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Exposure increased with increasing socioeconomic status (p < 0.001). The population with the highest socioeconomic status lives in the most polluted areas of the city. However, place of residence alone is not capable of measuring exposure. The study suggests that future epidemiological studies include other indicators of vulnerability.

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Anomalous scales of Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. (Bromeliaceae) exposed in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas, SP, Brazil as air pollution markers

Hoehnea ◽

10.1590/2236-8906-18/rad/2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 749-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Patrícia Giampaoli ◽

Natalie do Valle Capelli ◽

Armando Reis Tavares ◽

Francine Faia Fernandes ◽

Marisa Domingos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Initial Evaluation ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

São Paulo ◽

Paulo State ◽

Tillandsia Usneoides ◽

São Paulo State

Tillandsia usneoides is an epiphytic bromeliad that has been used as a universal bioindicator. The species accumulates metals and presents foliar scale variations when exposed to air pollutants. This study aimed to use the variations in foliar scales as microscopic markers of pollutant effects in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas (MRC), São Paulo State, Brazil. T. usneoides plants were exposed for 12 weeks during dry and wet seasons, totaling four exposures, at five sites in the MRC. Samples were selected before each exposure for initial evaluation of the plants (T0). Leaf fragments were fixed in glutaraldehyde and total scale density and anomalous scale percentage were evaluated. Plants exposed in the MRC showed anomalies and changes in number of subperipheral cells of leaf scales. When compared to T0, T. usneoides presented higher total scale density and anomalous scale percentage at disturbed sites, thus the species can be used as a pollution bioindicator for MRC.

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The effects of air pollution on cardiovascular diseases: lag structures

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0034-89102006000500018 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 677-683 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Lourdes Conceição Martins ◽

Luiz A A Pereira ◽

Chin A Lin ◽

Ubiratan P Santos ◽

Gildeoni Prioli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Hospital Admissions ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Southeastern Brazil ◽

Female Group ◽

São Paulo ◽

Distributed Lag ◽

Gender Groups

OBJECTIVE: To assess the lag structure between air pollution exposure and elderly cardiovascular diseases hospital admissions, by gender. METHODS: Health data of people aged 64 years or older was stratified by gender in São Paulo city, Southeastern Brazil, from 1996 to 2001. Daily levels of air pollutants (CO, PM10, O3, NO2, and SO2) , minimum temperature, and relative humidity were also analyzed. It were fitted generalized additive Poisson regressions and used constrained distributed lag models adjusted for long time trend, weekdays, weather and holidays to assess the lagged effects of air pollutants on hospital admissions up to 20 days after exposure. RESULTS: Interquartile range increases in PM10 (26.21 mug/m³) and SO2 (10.73 mug/m³) were associated with 3.17% (95% CI: 2.09-4.25) increase in congestive heart failure and 0.89% (95% CI: 0.18-1.61) increase in total cardiovascular diseases at lag 0, respectively. Effects were higher among female group for most of the analyzed outcomes. Effects of air pollutants for different outcomes and gender groups were predominately acute and some "harvesting" were found. CONLUSIONS: The results show that cardiovascular diseases in São Paulo are strongly affected by air pollution.

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Application of machine learning algorithms to PM2.5 concentration analysis in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (Online) ◽

10.5327/z21769478782 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 152-165

Author(s):

Angela Rosa Locateli Godoy ◽

Ana Estela Antunes da Silva ◽

Mirelle Candida Bueno ◽

Simone Andréa Pozza ◽

Guilherme Palermo Coelho

Keyword(s):

Data Mining ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Meteorological Factors ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The State ◽

São Paulo ◽

The Relationship ◽

Pm2.5 Concentration

Air quality monitoring data are useful in different areas of research and have varied applications, especially with a focus on the relationship between air pollution, respiratory problems, and other health hazards. The main atmospheric pollutants are: ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter (PM). PM is one of the main objects of study when one intends to protect people from exposure to pollutants. This study contributes to the analysis of PM2.5 in 21 stations in the state of São Paulo monitored by the Environmental Company of São Paulo State (CETESB). It employs cluster analysis, a prominent data mining method for detecting patterns and discovering similarities which is important for assessing air pollution, especially in a geographically vast area such as that of the state of São Paulo, which does not follow a single pattern. Another data mining technique (association rules) supports the analysis of the relationship between pollutants and meteorological variables, as it allows identifying changes between elements that occur together, in a wide variety of data. Our objectives include determining stations with similar behaviors and exploring the temporal variety of the pollutant as it relates to the dominant meteorological factors in the periods of high concentration. The clustering algorithm automatically separates stations according to their monthly averages of PM2.5 concentration between 2017 and 2019. The clusters of stations that showed the highest pollution rates essentially included urban centers with emissions by industries and vehicles, while those with the lowest rates were located further inland. A cyclical behavior in pollutant variation was also observed in the three years under study and for both clusters. For the months with the highest concentration of PM2.5, association rule learning was applied to connect air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed with PM2.5 and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations. The obtained results are useful to analyze the temporal and geolocation profiles of pollution by particulate matter, since they identify the behavior of the meteorological factors that predominate in periods of greater concentration.

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Effects of air pollution exposure on children lung function in three urban areas of São Paulo State

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

A L F Braga ◽

B B B Oliveira ◽

A Senigalia ◽

P R S Pestana ◽

L A A Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Lung Function ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Panel Study ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The State ◽

Bronchial Obstruction ◽

Main Concern ◽

São Paulo

Abstract Deleterious effects of air pollution on human health have been observed, including increases in respiratory symptoms and decreases in lung function. Few studies in Brazil have investigated this association in asthmatic children and there is no study in those regions. The aim of this study was evaluating the influence of air pollution on lung function in children. Methods Panel study with longitudinal assessment for 12 months of exposure to air pollutants and their effects on lung function in children living in Santos, Cubatão and Presidente Prudente. Data were obtained from monthly spirometry and information on air quality through Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo. Models of equations for generalized estimates were adopted to analyze the effects of the exposure to air pollution on respiratory function, controlled for temperature and humidity. Results The concentration of PM10 did not exceed the values established as standard for the state of São Paulo (120μg/m3) during the study. In spirometry, the main parameter for characterization of bronchial obstruction is FEV1/CVF. In Santos, it was observed that the increase of 13.35 μg/m3 of PM10 led to a significant reduction of FEV1/CVF on the day and seven days after exposure, with greatest effect in lag 5 (-21.45% (95% CI: -7.34; -35.56) in asthmatics. In Presidente Prudente it was found a significant reduction of FEV1/CVF on the day and on the seven days after exposure to PM10 (-78.22% (95% CI: 55.68-100.75)). In Cubatão, it was observed a significant reduction of FEV1/CVF on the day, the first, third, fourth and seventh day after exposure of PM10, (lag 4 -54.75% (95% CI: -22.09; -87.41)). In the non-asthmatics group no significant reductions were observed in any of the locations. Conclusions Although the pollution levels remained within the air quality standards for the State of São Paulo, children with asthma presented significant reductions in lung function after exposure to the pollutants. Key messages Susceptible groups must be the main concern on air pollution adverse health effects studies. Efforts to reduce air pollution in Brazil can not be abandoned, once it remains affecting public health.

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The effect of air pollutants on birth weight in medium-sized towns in the state of São Paulo

Revista Paulista de Pediatria ◽

10.1590/s0103-05822014000400005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 306-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Veridiana de Paula Santos ◽

Andréa Paula Peneluppi de Medeiros ◽

Thaiza Agostini Córdoba de Lima ◽

Luiz Fernando Costa Nascimento

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Air Pollutants ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Maternal Exposure ◽

The State ◽

Air Pollutant ◽

São Paulo ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Unified Health System

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of air pollution on birth weight in a medium-sized town in the State of São Paulo, Southeast Brazil.METHODS: Cross-sectional study using data from live births of mothers residing in São José dos Campos from 2005 to 2009. Data was obtained from the Department of Information and Computing of the Brazilian Unified Health System. Air pollutant data (PM10, SO2, and O3) and daily averages of their concentrations were obtained from the Environmental Sanitation & Technology Company. Statistical analysis was performed by linear and logistic regressions using the Excel and STATA v.7 software programs.RESULTS: Maternal exposure to air pollutants was not associated with low birth weight, with the exception of exposure to SO2 within the last month of pregnancy (OR=1.25; 95% CI=1.00-1.56). Maternal exposure to PM10 and SO2 during the last month of pregnancy led to lower weight at birth (0.28g and 3.15g, respectively) for each 1mg/m3 increase in the concentration of these pollutants, but without statistical significance.CONCLUSIONS: This study failed to identify a statistically significant association between the levels of air pollutants and birth weight, with the exception of exposure to SO2 within the last month of pregnancy.

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Air quality assessment in Southeast Brazil during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: report of increased air pollution

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/0102-311x00242320 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 37 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Bruno Kabke Bainy ◽

Ilma Aparecida Paschoal ◽

Ana Maria Heuminski de Avila ◽

Henrique Oliveira dos Santos

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The State ◽

Weather Data ◽

São Paulo ◽

Air Quality Assessment ◽

Possible Cause

On March 24, 2020, a partial lockdown was decreed in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, as a measure to hinder the spread of COVID-19, which consisted in prohibiting crowding and advising people to stay home, except for urgent or extremely necessary matters. Based on studies performed in other countries, this study aims to assess the impacts of the lockdown on the air quality of five cities in the state of São Paulo. Our study was conducted by using particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide as air quality indicators, and by correlating the contaminants concentrations with weather data. The results showed an increase in these contaminants in all cities within the first weeks after the lockdown compared with the weeks before the decree and with the same period in previous years. This result is inconsistent with the literature. Therefore, a secondary goal was set to investigate the possible cause (or causes) of such deterioration in air quality, which led to the increased number of wildfires. The anomalous dry weather favored the burning of vegetation in agricultural rural areas and in small, vegetated areas near the municipalities, and limited pollution scavenging by rainfall, both of which contributed to higher pollution concentration. We hypothesize the possible effects of worse air quality on the aggravation of COVID-19, but further research is necessary to obtain a complete assessment.

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How to Suceed in Convincing Municipalities to build Astronomy Centres: the experience of Campinas Region

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100115076 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 162 ◽

pp. 191-196

Author(s):

A.L.K. Bretones ◽

P.S. Bretones

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The State ◽

São Paulo ◽

The Creation ◽

The City

The objective of this work is to make known the astronomical activities in the region of Campinas, the process of developing municipal cooperation and the general conclusions that reflect this process.This research has been done by means of interviews with people related to the creation of astronomical centers in the region of the city of Campinas that is located in the state of São Paulo in Brasil (Fig. 1 and 2).The conditions studied are related with this region but many ideas could be used in developing countries or others.

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