High light induces species specific changes in the membrane lipid composition of Chlorella

Algae have evolved several mechanisms to adjust to changing environmental conditions. To separate from their surroundings, algal cell membranes form a hydrophobic barrier that is critical for life. Thus, it is important to maintain or adjust the physical and biochemical properties of cell membranes which are exposed to environmental factors. Especially glycerolipids of thylakoid membranes, the site of photosynthesis and photoprotection within chloroplasts, are affected by different light conditions. Since little is known about membrane lipid remodeling upon different light treatments, we examined light induced alterations in the glycerolipid composition of the two Chlorella species, C. vulgaris and C. sorokiniana, which differ strongly in their ability to cope with different light intensities. Lipidomic analysis and isotopic labeling experiments revealed differences in the composition of their galactolipid species, although both species likely utilize galactolipid precursors originated from the endoplasmic reticulum. However, in silico research of de novo sequenced genomes and ortholog mapping of proteins putatively involved in lipid metabolism showed largely conserved lipid biosynthesis pathways suggesting species specific lipid remodeling mechanisms, which possibly have an impact on the response to different light conditions.

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In Search of Species-Specific SNPs in a Non-Model Animal (European Bison (Bison bonasus))—Comparison of De Novo and Reference-Based Integrated Pipeline of STACKS Using Genotyping-by-Sequencing (GBS) Data

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani11082226 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 2226

Author(s):

Sazia Kunvar ◽

Sylwia Czarnomska ◽

Cino Pertoldi ◽

Małgorzata Tokarska

Keyword(s):

Reference Genome ◽

De Novo ◽

Bos Taurus ◽

Model Organism ◽

Genotyping By Sequencing ◽

Model Organisms ◽

European Bison ◽

Model Animal ◽

Pcr Duplicates ◽

Species Specific

The European bison is a non-model organism; thus, most of its genetic and genomic analyses have been performed using cattle-specific resources, such as BovineSNP50 BeadChip or Illumina Bovine 800 K HD Bead Chip. The problem with non-specific tools is the potential loss of evolutionary diversified information (ascertainment bias) and species-specific markers. Here, we have used a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) approach for genotyping 256 samples from the European bison population in Bialowieza Forest (Poland) and performed an analysis using two integrated pipelines of the STACKS software: one is de novo (without reference genome) and the other is a reference pipeline (with reference genome). Moreover, we used a reference pipeline with two different genomes, i.e., Bos taurus and European bison. Genotyping by sequencing (GBS) is a useful tool for SNP genotyping in non-model organisms due to its cost effectiveness. Our results support GBS with a reference pipeline without PCR duplicates as a powerful approach for studying the population structure and genotyping data of non-model organisms. We found more polymorphic markers in the reference pipeline in comparison to the de novo pipeline. The decreased number of SNPs from the de novo pipeline could be due to the extremely low level of heterozygosity in European bison. It has been confirmed that all the de novo/Bos taurus and Bos taurus reference pipeline obtained SNPs were unique and not included in 800 K BovineHD BeadChip.

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Lipid Acyl Chain Remodeling in Yeast

Lipid Insights ◽

10.4137/lpi.s31780 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8s1 ◽

pp. LPI.S31780 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mike F. Renne ◽

Xue Bao ◽

Cedric H. De Smet ◽

Anton I. P. M. De Kroon

Keyword(s):

Intracellular Transport ◽

De Novo ◽

Acyl Chain ◽

Model Organism ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Membrane Lipid ◽

Lipid Homeostasis ◽

Synthetic Process ◽

Acyl Chains ◽

Phospholipid Acyl Chain

Membrane lipid homeostasis is maintained by de novo synthesis, intracellular transport, remodeling, and degradation of lipid molecules. Glycerophospholipids, the most abundant structural component of eukaryotic membranes, are subject to acyl chain remodeling, which is defined as the post-synthetic process in which one or both acyl chains are exchanged. Here, we review studies addressing acyl chain remodeling of membrane glycerophospholipids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a model organism that has been successfully used to investigate lipid synthesis and its regulation. Experimental evidence for the occurrence of phospholipid acyl chain exchange in cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine is summarized, including methods and tools that have been used for detecting remodeling. Progress in the identification of the enzymes involved is reported, and putative functions of acyl chain remodeling in yeast are discussed.

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Current view of the yesterday's medicine (review)

International Professional Journal Medicine ◽

10.31082/1728-452x-2020-219-2220-9-10-44-51 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9-10 (219-220) ◽

pp. 44-51

Author(s):

Abay Zhangabylov ◽

◽

Bakytzhan Bimbetov ◽

Nurlan Jainakbayev ◽

Каramyat Zordinova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Liver Diseases ◽

Literature Search ◽

Cell Membranes ◽

De Novo ◽

Genetic System ◽

Evidence Base ◽

Biological Species ◽

Current View ◽

Native Form ◽

Essential Phospholipids

Phospholipids (PL) – lipids that are not involved in accumulation of fatty deposits play a significant role and serve various functions. Firstly, as a component of cell membranes of all cells in the organism. In clinical practice, for the past decades, phospholipids were primarily used as hepaprotective substances, going by the name of “essential phospholipids (EPL)”. Becoming a popular, demanded, well-promoted remedy for the treatment of liver diseases. However, despite the many years of approbation, the existing and sufficientclinicalexperience, discussions regarding their benefits, effectiveness, safety and reliability are still underway and have brought up diametrically opposed views. From complete rejection of EPL as medicinal means, to full recognition of the advertised properties of EPL drugs based on the given manufacturer’s descriptions. For this reason, to clarify the issuing situation, we have conducted a literature search on the object of investigation. Purpose of the study. Search and critical analysis of modern literature sources on the topic of work using the principles of evidence-based medicine. Material and Methods. A critical online review of the literature sources chosen for the research has been carried out in the Web of Science Thompson Reuters, Springer Link and Pubmed databases, as well as in research works and online articles 10 years deep. Inclusion criteria: research papers with a high index of evidence base. Exclusion criteria: literature sources with no evidence, low quality works. Results and Discussion. The articleoutlines the natural role of proteins, lipids and the function of the cytolemma of intracellularorganoids in the restoration of damaged membranes of hepatocytes - de novo. Substantiating the obvious uselessness of using essential phospholipids in the treatment of liver diseases in general, fatty hepatosis in particular. The inability of penetration into liver cells for phospholipids in their native form and their alignment in thehepacyte membrane is indicated, since they belong to different biological species and have a mutually closed genetic system. In the literature search undertaken by us on this issue, the analytical and critical review of scientific literature have also shown that when ingested, essential phospholipids have low bioavailability, as the phospholipids in the chylomicrons do not directly enter the liver, but first the lymphatic system through which they are transported to the adipose tissue of the organism, where they are accumulated and metabolized. With parenteral administration, EPL spreading through the bloodstream can accumulate in other organs, systems, without reaching the liver tissue. For example, the largest amounts of EPL are usually found in the cell membranes of the nervous tissue and the brain. Conclusion. Essential phospholipids in the form of soy lecithin products cannot replace the endogenous phospholipids of the human body - in principle. Keywords: essentialphospholipids, liver cell membranes, hepaprotectors.

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Homeostatic restitution of cell membranes. Nuclear membrane lipid biogenesis and transport of protein from cytosol to intranuclear spaces.

International Journal of Biological Sciences ◽

10.7150/ijbs.2.216 ◽

2006 ◽

pp. 216-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Amalia Slomiany ◽

Maria Grabska ◽

Bronislaw L. Slomiany

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Membrane ◽

Cell Membranes ◽

Membrane Lipid

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Solution structure of sperm lysin yields novel insights into molecular dynamics of rapid protein evolution

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1709061115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (6) ◽

pp. 1310-1315 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Damien B. Wilburn ◽

Lisa M. Tuttle ◽

Rachel E. Klevit ◽

Willie J. Swanson

Keyword(s):

Protein Evolution ◽

Solution Structure ◽

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Purifying Selection ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Targeted Mutagenesis ◽

High Definition ◽

Binding Interface ◽

Accelerated Evolution ◽

Species Specific

Protein evolution is driven by the sum of different physiochemical and genetic processes that usually results in strong purifying selection to maintain biochemical functions. However, proteins that are part of systems under arms race dynamics often evolve at unparalleled rates that can produce atypical biochemical properties. In the marine mollusk abalone, lysin and vitelline envelope receptor for lysin (VERL) are a pair of rapidly coevolving proteins that are essential for species-specific interactions between sperm and egg. Despite extensive biochemical characterization of lysin—including crystal structures of multiple orthologs—it was unclear how sites under positive selection may facilitate recognition of VERL. Using a combination of targeted mutagenesis and multidimensional NMR, we present a high-definition solution structure of sperm lysin from red abalone (Haliotis rufescens). Unapparent from the crystallography data, multiple NMR-based analyses conducted in solution reveal clustering of the N and C termini to form a nexus of 13 positively selected sites that constitute a VERL binding interface. Evolutionary rate was found to be a significant predictor of backbone flexibility, which may be critical for lysin bioactivity and/or accelerated evolution. Flexible, rapidly evolving segments that constitute the VERL binding interface were also the most distorted regions of the crystal structure relative to what was observed in solution. While lysin has been the subject of extensive biochemical and evolutionary analyses for more than 30 years, this study highlights the enhanced insights gained from applying NMR approaches to rapidly evolving proteins.

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Genetic defects in sterol synthesis, absorption, and degradation into bile acids

Oxford Textbook of Endocrinology and Diabetes ◽

10.1093/med/9780199235292.003.1246 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 1673-1676

Author(s):

Stefano Romeo

Keyword(s):

Membrane Permeability ◽

Bile Acids ◽

Steroid Hormones ◽

Cell Membranes ◽

De Novo ◽

Cholesterol Metabolism ◽

The Body ◽

Sterol Synthesis ◽

Genetic Defects ◽

And Function

Cholesterol is the most abundant steroid in animals. Not only is it a vital constituent of cell membranes, where it establishes proper membrane permeability and fluidity, but it is also the immediate metabolic precursor of all known steroid hormones and bile acids. Synthesized de novo in cells or absorbed from the diet, cholesterol circulates in the body in association with lipoproteins and is ultimately degraded into bile acids by the liver. Every perturbation of the numerous enzymes involved in cholesterol metabolism leads to impairment in the development and function of the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, skeletal, and nervous systems.

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Species-Specific Marker Discovery in Tilapia

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-48339-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mochamad Syaifudin ◽

Michaël Bekaert ◽

John B. Taggart ◽

Kerry L. Bartie ◽

Stefanie Wehner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Trees ◽

Restriction Site ◽

De Novo ◽

Snp Markers ◽

Specific Marker ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Species Analysis ◽

Species Specific ◽

Marker Discovery

Abstract Tilapias (family Cichlidae) are of importance in aquaculture and fisheries. Hybridisation and introgression are common within tilapia genera but are difficult to analyse due to limited numbers of species-specific genetic markers. We tested the potential of double digested restriction-site associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing for discovering single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers to distinguish between 10 tilapia species. Analysis of ddRAD data revealed 1,371 shared SNPs in the de novo-based analysis and 1,204 SNPs in the reference-based analysis. Phylogenetic trees based on these two analyses were very similar. A total of 57 species-specific SNP markers were found among the samples analysed of the 10 tilapia species. Another set of 62 species-specific SNP markers was identified from a subset of four species which have often been involved in hybridisation in aquaculture: 13 for Oreochromis niloticus, 23 for O. aureus, 12 for O. mossambicus and 14 for O. u. hornorum. A panel of 24 SNPs was selected to distinguish among these four species and validated using 91 individuals. Larger numbers of SNP markers were found that could distinguish between the pairs of species within this subset. This technique offers potential for the investigation of hybridisation and introgression among tilapia species in aquaculture and in wild populations.

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Lipid synthesis in human erythroid cells: the effect of sickling

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v47.2.189.189 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 189-195 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

TA Lane ◽

SK Ballas ◽

ER Burka

Keyword(s):

Cell Membrane ◽

Neutral Lipid ◽

Sickle Cell Anemia ◽

De Novo ◽

Membrane Lipids ◽

Membrane Damage ◽

Lipid Synthesis ◽

Membrane Lipid ◽

Erythroid Cell ◽

Cell Membrane Damage

Abstract Human reticulocytes are capable of synthesizing membrane lipids from 14C-glycerol de novo. In both sickle and nonsickle reticulocytes the majority of 14C-glycerol was incorporated into phospholipids, primarily phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylcholine. Incorporation into sphingomyelin was minimal. The most abundant neutral lipid synthesized was triglyceride. In the absence of sickling, the rate of lipid synthesis in sickle reticulocytes was similar to that of nonsickle reticulocytes. With the induction of sickling under anoxic conditions sickle reticulocytes showed a prompt increase in the rate of lipid synthesis to an average of 69% above control values, while nonsickle reticulocytes under similar conditions decreased the rate of lipid synthesis. An increase in the rate of membrane lipid synthesis is associated in the mammalian erythroid cell with cell membrane damage. The findings further confirm that lesions of the erythroid cell membrane in sickle cell anemia are secondary to the sickling process itself.

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Deficiency of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 aggravates colitogenic potential of adoptively transferred effector T cells

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.00174.2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 311 (4) ◽

pp. G713-G723 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Beng San Yeoh ◽

Piu Saha ◽

Vishal Singh ◽

Xia Xiao ◽

Yun Ying ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Lipid Bilayers ◽

Cell Membranes ◽

Intestinal Inflammation ◽

De Novo ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Cellular Membrane ◽

Major Fatty Acid ◽

Effector T Cells ◽

Stearoyl Coa Desaturase

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) is a lipogenic enzyme involved in the de novo biosynthesis of oleate (C18:1, n9), a major fatty acid in the phospholipids of lipid bilayers of cell membranes. Accordingly, Scd1KO mice display substantially reduced oleate in cell membranes. An altered SCD1 level was observed during intestinal inflammation; however, its role in modulating inflammatory bowel disease remains elusive. Herein, we investigated the colitogenic capacity of Scd1KO effector T cells by employing the adoptive T-cell transfer colitis model. Splenic effector T cells (CD4+CD25−) from age- and sex-matched wild-type (WT) and Scd1KO mice were isolated by FACS and intraperitoneally administered to Rag1KO mice, which were monitored for the development of colitis. At day 60 postcell transfer, Rag1KO mice that received Scd1KO CD4+CD25− T cells displayed accelerated and exacerbated colitis than mice receiving WT CD4+CD25− T cells. Intriguingly, Scd1KO CD4+CD25− T cells display augmented inflammatory cytokine profile and cellular membrane fluidity with a concomitant increase in proinflammatory saturated fatty acids, which we postulate to potentially underlie their augmented colitogenic potential.

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