scholarly journals Translocation of mycobacillin synthetase in Bacillus subtilis

1985 ◽  
Vol 225 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
N K Mukhopadhyay ◽  
S K Ghosh ◽  
S Majumder ◽  
S K Bose
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Synthetase Activity ◽  
Late Exponential Phase ◽  
Extracellular Release ◽  
Particulate Form ◽  
Membrane Bound

The extracellular release of mycobacillin from Bacillus subtilis first occurred in the medium at the onset of stationary phase and continued at a high rate even after 6 days. Mycobacillin synthetase activity appeared earlier than late-exponential phase in the cytosol of producer cells and was not sedimentable even at 105 000 g. The activity then quickly reached the maximum late in the stationary phase. With further increase in the age of the culture, the activity gradually disappeared from the cytosol, to reappear concomitantly in the membrane in an insoluble particulate form, even in absence of protein synthesis. The membrane-bound synthetase activity was sedimentable at 10 000 g and was fairly active even after 5 days.

Wall turnover deficiency of Bacillus subtilis Nil5 is due to a decrease in teichoic acid

1987 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 566-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljubiša Vitković
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Teichoic Acid ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Standard Strain ◽  
Late Exponential Phase ◽  
Wall Teichoic Acid

Bacillus subtilis Ni15 is deficient in cell wall turnover. This deficiency is removed if the medium contains 0.2 M NaCl, which does not affect growth. The levels of amidase and glucosaminidase, the most likely enzymes involved in turnover, were, in stationary phase Nil5 cells, similar to those in late-exponential phase cells of a standard strain. The Nil5 enzymes were not salt sensitive. However, the Nil5 walls contained 4.7-fold less phosphorus than the walls of the standard strain. Since the phosphorus content of B. subtilis walls reflects the level of teichoic acid, it is proposed that the turnover deficiency of this strain is due to a decrease in wall teichoic acid.

scholarly journals The mannophosphoinositides of Corynebacterium aquaticum

1975 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Hackett ◽  
P J Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Late Stationary Phase ◽  
Late Exponential Phase

Besides the monomannophosphoinositide previously reported in Corynebacterium aquaticum small amounts of other, apparently more glycosylated, mannophosphoinositides have been identified in stationary phase cells. Moreover, by labelling cells with [32P]Pi, phosphatidylinositol was found, comprising about 1.5% of the stationary-phase phospholipids. 2. Pulse-chase experiments performed on cells in the late exponential phase of growth further suggested the sequence phosphatidylinositol leads to monomannophosphoinositide as the first step in the biosynthesis of the mannophosphoinositides. 3. Di-and tri-mannophosphoinositides are apparently the main mannophosphoinositides present during exponential growth. Monomannophosphoinositide predominates only in late stationary phase; in the earlier stationary phase, phosphatidylinositol comprises 50% of the phosphoinositide lipid, and tetramannophosphoinositide constitutes much of the remainder. 4. The metabolism and functions of the mannophosphoinositides are discussed, particularly in relation to changes in their composition throughout the growth cycle.

scholarly journals Decreasing Serine Levels During Growth Transition Triggers Biofilm Formation inBacillus subtilis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Greenwich ◽  
Alicyn Reverdy ◽  
Kevin Gozzi ◽  
Grace Di Cecco ◽  
Tommy Tashjian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Translation Rate ◽  
Biofilm Development ◽  
Ribosome Pausing ◽  
Trna Isoacceptors ◽  
Serine Codons

ABSTRACTBiofilm development inBacillus subtilisis regulated at multiple levels. While a number of known signals that trigger biofilm formation do so through the activation of one or more sensory histidine kinases, it was recently discovered that biofilm activation is also coordinated by sensing intracellular metabolic signals, including serine starvation. Serine starvation causes ribosomes to pause on specific serine codons, leading to a decrease in the translation rate ofsinR, which encodes a master repressor for biofilm matrix genes, and ultimately biofilm induction. How serine levels change in different growth stages, howB. subtilisregulates intracellular serine levels in response to metabolic status, and how serine starvation triggers ribosomes to pause on selective serine codons remain unknown. Here we show that serine levels decrease as cells enter stationary phase and that unlike most other amino acid biosynthesis genes, expression of serine biosynthesis genes decreases upon the transition into stationary phase. Deletion of the gene for a serine deaminase responsible for converting serine to pyruvate led to a delay in biofilm formation, further supporting the idea that serine levels are a critical intracellular signal for biofilm activation. Finally, we show that levels of all five serine tRNA isoacceptors are decreased in stationary phase compared to exponential phase. Interestingly, the three isoacceptors recognizing UCN serine codons are reduced to a much greater extent than the two that recognize AGC and AGU serine codons. Our findings provide evidence for a link between serine homeostasis and biofilm development inB. subtilis.IMPORTANCEInBacillus subtilis, biofilm formation is triggered in response to various environmental and cellular signals. It was previously proposed that serine limitation acts as a proxy for nutrient status and triggers biofilm formation at the onset of biofilm entry through a novel signaling mechanism caused by global ribosome pausing on selective serine codons. In this study, we revealed that serine levels decrease at the biofilm entry due to catabolite control and a shunt mechanism. We also show that levels of five serine tRNA isoacceptors are differentially decreased in stationary phase compared to exponential phase; three isoacceptors recognizing UCN serine codons are reduced much greater than the two recognizing AGC and AGU codons. This indicates a possible mechanism for selective ribosome pausing.

scholarly journals An Autoregulatory Circuit Affecting Peptide Signaling in Bacillus subtilis

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (17) ◽  
pp. 5193-5200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A. Lazazzera ◽  
Iren G. Kurtser ◽  
Ryan S. McQuade ◽  
Alan D. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Sigma Factor ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Peptide Signaling ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Competence And Sporulation Factor

ABSTRACT The competence and sporulation factor (CSF) of Bacillus subtilis is an extracellular pentapeptide produced from the product of phrC. CSF has at least three activities: (i) at low concentrations, it stimulates expression of genes activated by the transcription factor ComA; at higher concentrations, it (ii) inhibits expression of those same genes and (iii) stimulates sporulation. Because the activities of CSF are concentration dependent, we measured the amount of extracellular CSF produced by cells. We found that by mid-exponential phase, CSF accumulated to concentrations (1 to 5 nM) that stimulate ComA-dependent gene expression. Upon entry into stationary phase, CSF reached 50 to 100 nM, concentrations that stimulate sporulation and inhibit ComA-dependent gene expression. Transcription of phrC was found to be controlled by two promoters: P1, which precedes rapC, the gene upstream ofphrC; and P2, which directs transcription ofphrC only. Both RapC and CSF were found to be part of autoregulatory loops that affect transcription from P1, which we show is activated by ComA∼P. RapC negatively regulates its own expression, presumably due to its ability to inhibit accumulation of ComA∼P. CSF positively regulates its own expression, presumably due to its ability to inhibit RapC activity. Transcription from P2, which is controlled by the alternate sigma factor ςH, increased as cells entered stationary phase, contributing to the increase in extracellular CSF at this time. In addition to controlling transcription ofphrC, ςH appears to control expression of at least one other gene required for production of CSF.

scholarly journals Ploidy of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, and three new isolates of Bacillus and Paenibacillus

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Böttinger ◽  
Karolin Zerulla ◽  
Jörg Soppa
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Bacillus Megaterium ◽  
Ploidy Level ◽  
Methanogenic Archaea ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Circular Chromosome ◽  
Additional Group ◽  
Positive Genus

Bacteria were long assumed to be monoploid, maintaining one copy of a circular chromosome. In recent years it became obvious that the majority of species in several phylogenetic groups of prokaryotes are oligoploid or polyploid, e.g. in halophilic and methanogenic archaea, proteobacteria, and cyanobacteria. The present study aimed at investigating the distribution of ploidy in an additional group of prokaryotes, i.e. in the gram-positive genus Bacillus. First, the numbers of origins and termini of the two laboratory strains Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium were quantified using an optimized real time PCR approach. B. subtilis was found to be mero-oligoploid in exponential phase with, on average, 5.9 origins and 1.2 termini. In stationary phase the average numbers of origins per cell was considerably smaller. B. megaterium was found to be polyploid in exponential phase with about 12 copies of the origin and terminus. Again, the ploidy level was down-regulated in stationary phase. To verify that oligo-/polyploidy is not confined to strains with a long history of growth in the laboratory, three strains were newly isolated from soil, which were found to belong to the genera of Bacillus and Paenibacillus. All three strains were found to be oligoploid with a growth-phase dependent down-regulation of the ploidy level in stationary phase. Taken together, these results indicate that oligo-/polyploidy might be more widespread in Bacillus and related genera than assumed until now and that monoploidy is not typical.

Temporal Expression of Staphylococcal Enterotoxin H in Comparison with Accessory Gene Regulator–Dependent and –Independent Enterotoxins

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELŻBIETA LIS ◽  
MAGDALENA PODKOWIK ◽  
JAROSŁAW BYSTROŃ ◽  
TADEUSZ STEFANIAK ◽  
JACEK BANIA
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Expression Profile ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Staphylococcal Enterotoxin ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Temporal Expression ◽  
Accessory Gene ◽  
Late Exponential Phase ◽  
Accessory Gene Regulator ◽  
First Time

Using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the production of staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) H was determined in 22 Staphylococcus aureus isolates bearing the seh gene. Samples of supernatants were taken at four time points corresponding to exponential phase (optical density at 600 nm [OD600] 0.3 to 0.6), late exponential phase (OD600 2 to 4), early stationary phase (OD600 4 to 6), and late stationary phase (OD600 7 to 12). In four isolates, SEH was detectable at a very low level at the first time point. In 18 isolates, the earliest SEH production was detected in the late exponential phase. For all isolates, there was an increase of SEH concentration with time. Western blot analysis revealed that SEH production, similar to SEA, started in the early exponential phase (OD600 ~ 0.5). Isolates with high SEH productivity, as measured by ELISA, demonstrated a higher seh transcription as well. sec transcription was induced in the stationary phase. An induction in the sea transcript was observed during mid- to late exponential phase. Expression profile of seh was similar to that of sea. We showed that the seh expression profile is similar to that of Agr-independent sea and not to that of Agr-dependent sec genes. SEH can be effectively expressed at low bacterial counts, meaning that even in an environment not favorable for S. aureus growth, seh-bearing strains can pose a risk for food safety.

The occurrence of cell-associated enterotoxin B in Staphylococcus aureus

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 1215-1221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard D. Miller ◽  
Daniel Y. C. Fung
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Cytoplasmic Membrane ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Total Cell ◽  
Late Exponential Phase ◽  
Hypertonic Medium ◽  
Osmotic Lysis ◽  
Enterotoxin B

Cell-associated enterotoxin B was detected in lysates of cells of Staphylococcus aureus S-6 and 4916 disrupted by sonication or lysostaphin treatment. As much as 67% of this total cell-associated toxin was surface-bound, located outside the cytoplasmic membrane, and was released during protoplasting of this organism by lysostaphin treatment in hypertonic medium. The remainder of the cell-associated toxin was termed cytoplasmic and was released during osmotic lysis of the protoplasts. Levels of cell-associated toxin as a function of the age of the cells showed a rapid increase in both surface-bound, cytoplasmic, and total cell-associated toxin levels during the period of active toxin synthesis (late exponential phase of growth). These cell-associated toxin levels then reached a peak as the culture entered stationary phase, at a time corresponding to a decrease in the rate of toxin synthesis, and decreased slowly thereafter.

scholarly journals Role of mRNA Stability in Growth Phase Regulation of Gene Expression in the Group A Streptococcus

2006 ◽  
Vol 189 (5) ◽  
pp. 1866-1873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy C. Barnett ◽  
Julia V. Bugrysheva ◽  
June R. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Growth Phase ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Exponential Phase ◽  
Northern Hybridization ◽  
Late Exponential Phase ◽  
Group A ◽  
Phase Regulation ◽  
The Stability

ABSTRACT The impressive disease spectrum of Streptococcus pyogenes (the group A streptococcus [GAS]) is believed to be determined by its ability to modify gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. Virulence gene expression is controlled tightly by several different transcriptional regulators in this organism. In addition, expression of most, if not all, GAS genes is determined by a global mechanism dependent on growth phase. To begin an analysis of growth-phase regulation, we compared the transcriptome 2 h into stationary phase to that in late exponential phase of a serotype M3 GAS strain. We identified the arc transcript as more abundant in stationary phase in addition to the sag and sda transcripts that had been previously identified. We found that in stationary phase, the stability of sagA, sda, and arcT transcripts increased dramatically. We found that polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase [encoded by pnpA]) is rate limiting for decay of sagA and sda transcripts in late exponential phase, since the stability of these mRNAs was greater in a pnpA mutant, while stability of control mRNAs was unaffected by this mutation. Complementation restored the wild-type decay rate. Furthermore, in a pnpA mutant, the sagA mRNA appeared to be full length, as determined by Northern hybridization. It seems likely that mRNAs abundant in stationary phase are insensitive to the normal decay enzyme(s) and instead require PNPase for this process. It is possible that PNPase activity is limited in stationary phase, allowing persistence of these important virulence factor transcripts at this phase of growth.

scholarly journals Regulation of Synthesis of the Bacillus subtilis Transition-Phase, Spore-Associated Antibacterial Protein TasA

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (17) ◽  
pp. 5476-5481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel G. Stöver ◽  
Adam Driks
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Stationary Phase ◽  
Regulatory Gene ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Transition Phase ◽  
Phase Growth ◽  
Late Exponential Phase ◽  
Regulation Of Synthesis

ABSTRACT Previously, we identified a novel component of Bacillus subtilis spores, called TasA, which possesses antibacterial activity. TasA is made early in spore formation, as cells enter stationary phase, and is secreted into the medium as well as deposited into the spore. Here, we show that tasA expression can occur as cells enter stationary phase even under sporulation-repressing conditions, indicating that TasA is a transition-phase protein.tasA and two upstream genes, yqxM andsipW, likely form an operon, transcription of which is under positive control by the transition-phase regulatory genesspo0A and spo0H and negative control by the transition phase regulatory gene abrB. These results are consistent with the suggestion that yqxM, sipW, and tasA constitute a transition phase operon that could play a protective role in a variety of cellular responses to stress during late-exponential-phase and early-stationary-phase growth inB. subtilis.

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