Metabolic Effects of the Use of Protein-Sparing Infusions in Postoperative Patients

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 507-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Foster ◽  
K. G. M. M. Alberti ◽  
C. Binder ◽  
Leslie Hinks ◽  
S. Karran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Insulin Infusion ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Saline Infusion ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Protein Sparing

1. The mechanism of the purported protein-sparing effects of different postoperative intravenous regimens still remains controversial. We have therefore measured circulating concentrations of metabolites and hormones in blood and urine nitrogen excretion in patients receiving (a) sodium chloride solution (saline), (b) 1.5 g of glucose day−1 kg−1 body weight, (c) 1.5 g of glucose day−1 kg−1 with insulin (0.56 unit day−1 kg−1) or (d) mixed amino acids (1.5 g day−1 kg−1) after abdominal operation. 2. Compared with results for saline-treated patients, glucose infusion resulted in raised glucose and insulin concentrations and lowered ketone body and non-esterified fatty acid concentrations but did not influence protein catabolism. 3. Addition of insulin lowered blood glucose by approximately 1 mmol/l. Total nitrogen excretion during glucose/insulin infusion was significantly less than during saline infusion. 4. Infusion of amino acids, compared with saline infusion, resulted in raised blood glucose, alanine, serum insulin and plasma glucagon concentrations but lower concentrations of plasma non-esterified fatty acids and blood ketone bodies. Insulin concentrations, however, were similar in both amino acid- and glucose-treated groups. 5. Amino acid infusion increased urea and total nitrogen excretion but net nitrogen loss was only 1.9 mmol of nitrogen day−1 kg−1 compared with 12.7 mmol day−1 kg−1 in the saline-treated group and 11.0 mmol day−1 kg−1 in the glucose-treated group. 6. Glucose (and insulin) infusion appeared to inhibit gluconeogenesis, and amino acids to enhance it. The nitrogen-sparing effect of amino acids appears largely related to their mass and is apparently unrelated to changes in ketone bodies and insulin.

Excretion of Taurine during Healing of Experimental Wounds

1960 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin B Williamson ◽  
John M Passmann
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
High Protein Diet ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Free Diet

Abstract A comparison of the excretion of amino acids by normal and wounded rats on a high protein and protein-free diet was made. The nontaurine amino acid nitrogen excretion was found to be the same the control and wounded animals, although the rats on the high protein diet excreted considerably more amino acid nitrogen than did those on the protein-free diet. The wounded animals on the high protein diet had the same total nitrogen output but excreted significantly larger amounts of taurine than did the nonwounded controls. The wounded animals given the protein-free diet excreted the same amount of taurine but produced more total nitrogen than did the control rats. On the basis of the total nitrogen-taurine excretion ratios, data indicate that cystine is conserved by the wounded as compared to the normal animals.

scholarly journals Effect of co-ingestion of amino acids with rice on glycaemic and insulinaemic response

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (11) ◽  
pp. 1845-1851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yean Yean Soong ◽  
Joseph Lim ◽  
Lijuan Sun ◽  
Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glycaemic Index ◽  
Amino Acid Mixture ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Acid Mixture ◽  
White Rice ◽  
Amino Acid Mixtures

AbstractConsumption of high glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic response (GR) food such as white rice has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have reported the ability of individual amino acids to reduce GR of carbohydrate-rich foods. Because of the bitter flavour of amino acids, they have rarely been used to reduce GR. We now report the use of a palatable, preformed amino acid mixture in the form of essence of chicken. In all, sixteen healthy male Chinese were served 68 or 136 ml amino acid mixture together with rice, or 15 or 30 min before consumption of white rice. Postprandial blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured at fasting and every 15 min after consumption of the meal until 60 min after the consumption of the white rice. Subsequent blood samples were taken at 30-min intervals until 210 min. The co-ingestion of 68 ml of amino acid mixture with white rice produced the best results in reducing the peak blood glucose and GR of white rice without increasing the insulinaemic response. It is postulated that amino acid mixtures prime β-cell insulin secretion and peripheral tissue uptake of glucose. The use of ready-to-drink amino acid mixtures may be a useful strategy for lowering the high-GI rice diets consumed in Asia.

scholarly journals Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolisable energy value in grains for broilers

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. PERTTILÄ ◽  
J. VALAJA ◽  
T. JALAVA
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Feed Protein ◽  
Digestible Amino Acids

Using ileal digestible amino acids in feed optimising will intensify feed protein utilizing and decrease nitrogen excretion to the environment. The study determined the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) coefficients of amino acids in barley, wheat, oats, triticale, maize, and dehulled oats in the diets of 180 Ross broiler chickens (aged 24–35 days). The birds were fed semi-purified diets that contained grain as the sole protein source and chromium-mordanted straw as an indigestible marker. The AID coefficients of the nutrients were assessed using the slaughter technique, and the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) was determined using total excreta collection. The ileal digestibility of the dry matter and organic matter were the highest in maize. The AME of maize was higher than that of other cereals. The ileal digestibility of crude protein was higher in wheat than that in barley, oats and dehulled oats. The AME of wheat was similar to that of barley and oats but lower than that of triticale and dehulled oats. The amino acid AID was highest in wheat (0.86) and triticale (0.85) and lowest in oats (0.79) and barley 0.77). The average amino acid AID was 0.81 in dehulled oats. The threonine AID was the same in all tested ingredients. The lysine, methionine, and cystine AID coefficients were 0.81, 0.79, and 0.71 respectively for barley; 0.86, 0.84, and 0.38 respectively for oats; 0.87, 0.86, and 0.53 respectively for dehulled oats; 0.84, 0.90, and 0.66 respectively for maize; 0.89, 0.88, and 0.77 respectively for triticale; and 0.87, 0.85, and 0.71 respectively for wheat. Results indicated that AME –values of domestic grains (barley, oats and wheat) are in the same level. Especially, low AME value of wheat needs further investigation.;

Amino acids and some other nitrogenous compounds in Calanus finmarchicus

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
E. D. S. Corner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Calanus Finmarchicus ◽  
Acid Fraction ◽  
Particulate Nitrogen

Amino acids, both free and combined as protein, and some other nitrogenous constituents of Calanus finmarchicus have been examined. Seventy-six per cent of the total nitrogen in C. finmarchicus was present in protein amino acids, 14% in the free amino acid fraction, 6% in trimethylamine oxide, and 1·5% in betaine. These findings are discussed in relation to previous work on nitrogenous constituents of Calanus.The free amino acid fraction of Calanus is compared with that of higher Crustacea and it is suggested that this fraction may be important in the adaptation of the animal to dilute sea water.Amino acid nitrogen made up 40% of the total nitrogen of particulate material from Clyde sea water. This finding is compared with other recent analyses of the phytoplanktonic nitrogen and total particulate nitrogen of inshore waters.

scholarly journals Effect of Amino Acid Infusion on Central Thermoregulatory Control in Humans

2004 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 634-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasufumi Nakajima ◽  
Akira Takamata ◽  
Takashi Matsukawa ◽  
Daniel I. Sessler ◽  
Yoshihiro Kitamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Core Temperature ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Saline Infusion ◽  
Acid Infusion ◽  
Set Point ◽  
Surface Warming ◽  
Amino Acid Infusion

Background Administration of protein or amino acids enhances thermogenesis, presumably by stimulating oxidative metabolism. However, hyperthermia results even when thermoregulatory responses are intact, suggesting that amino acids also alter central thermoregulatory control. Therefore, the authors tested the hypothesis that amino acid infusion increases the thermoregulatory set point. Methods Nine male volunteers each participated on 4 study days in randomized order: (1) intravenous amino acids infused at 4 kJ x kg(-1) x h(-1) for 2.5 h combined with skin-surface warming, (2) amino acid infusion combined with cutaneous cooling, (3) saline infusion combined with skin-surface warming, and (4) saline infusion combined with cutaneous cooling. Results Amino acid infusion increased resting core temperature by 0.3 +/- 0.1 degrees C (mean +/- SD) and oxygen consumption by 18 +/- 12%. Furthermore, amino acid infusion increased the calculated core temperature threshold (triggering core temperature at a designated mean skin temperature of 34 degrees C) for active cutaneous vasodilation by 0.3 +/- 0.3 degrees C, for sweating by 0.2 +/- 0.2 degrees C, for thermoregulatory vasoconstriction by 0.3 +/- 0.3 degrees C, and for thermogenesis by 0.4 +/- 0.5 degrees C. Amino acid infusion did not alter the incremental response intensity (i.e., gain) of thermoregulatory defenses. Conclusions Amino acid infusion increased the metabolic rate and the resting core temperature. However, amino acids also produced a synchronous increase in all major autonomic thermoregulatory defense thresholds; the increase in core temperature was identical to the set point increase, even in a cold environment with amble potential to dissipate heat. In subjects with intact thermoregulatory defenses, amino acid-induced hyperthermia seems to result from an increased set point rather than increased metabolic rate per se.

scholarly journals Multimodal cardio protective strategy in cardiac surgery (The PROCCARD trial): Study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Chiari ◽  
Michel Durand ◽  
Olivier Desebbe ◽  
Marc-Olivier Fischer ◽  
Diane Lena-Quintard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Bypass ◽  
Insulin Infusion ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Protective Strategies ◽  
Glucose Management

Abstract Background Myocardial damage in patients undergoing cardiac surgery increases both morbidity and mortality. Different protective strategies dealing either with preconditioning or postconditioning or assessing a single aspect of cardioprotection showed conflicting results. We tested the hypothesis that a multimodal approach would improve cardioprotection and limit myocardial damage following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods This study is a pragmatic multicenter (six French institutions), prospective, randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial. The randomization is stratified by centers. 210 patients scheduled for aortic valve surgery with or without coronary artery bypass grafting will be assigned to a control or a treated group (105 patients in each group). In the control group, patients receive total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and liberal intraoperative blood glucose management (initiation of insulin infusion when blood glucose, measured every 60 min, is greater than 180 mg/dl), as a standard of care. The treated group receives a bundle of care combining five techniques of cardioprotection: (1) Remote ischemic preconditioning applied before aortic cross-clamping; (2) Maintenance of anesthesia with sevoflurane; (3) Tight intraoperative blood glucose management (initiation of insulin infusion when blood glucose, measured every 30 min, is greater than 140 mg/dl); (4) Moderate respiratory acidosis (pH: 7.30) at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass; and (5) A gentle reperfusion protocol following aortic unclamping. The primary outcome is the myocardial damage measured by postoperative 72-h area under the curve of high-sensitive cardiac troponin I. Discussion The ProCCard study will be the first multicenter randomized controlled trial aiming to assess the role of a bundle of care combining several cardio protective strategies to reduce myocardial damage in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

scholarly journals Studies on the nitrogen compounds of the faeces of dairy cows fed urea as the sole or partial source of nitrogen

1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 506-513
Author(s):  
Terttu Ettala ◽  
Matti Kreula
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Diaminopimelic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Compounds ◽  
Soluble Nitrogen

The nitrogen compounds of the faeces of dairy cows on purified, protein-free feed with urea and small amounts of ammonium salts as the sole source of nitrogen (0-feed). on low-protein feed in which part of the protein was replaced with urea (ULP-feed) and on normal protein-containing feed (NorP-feed) were studied. The total nitrogen contents of the dry matter of the faeces were 2.5 ± 0.7 % on 0-feed, 2.4 ± 0.4 % on ULP-feed and 2.3 ± 0.6 % on NorP-feed. The proportion of urea- and ammonium nitrogen of the total nitrogen was 3.2 ± 2.4, 4.5 ± 2.4 and 3.7 ± 1.8 % respectively, and the proportion of nitrogen soluble in 70 % ethanol 10.9 ± 5.7, 9.9 ± 2.4 and 10.4 ± 3.8 % of the total nitrogen; the proportion of nitrogen in the free amino acid fraction was 4.1 ±2.9 on 0-feed, 1.6 ± 1.4 (P < 0.05) on ULP-feed and 3.2 ± 2.9 % on NorP-feed. The nitrogen insoluble in 70 % ethanol as a proportion of the total nitrogen was 82.3 ± 7.2 on 0-feed, 85.4 ± 5.0 on ULP-feed and 82.3 ± 7.2 % on NorP-feed. Of the total nitrogen of this insoluble fraction, the following proportions were released as amino acids by acid hydrolysis: 62.15 ± 8.5 % on 0-feed, 61.6 ± 10.7 % on ULP-feed and 59.0 ± 13.9% on NorP-feed. (α, Ɛ-diaminopimelic acid was 1.7 ± 0.6, 0.7 ± 0.2 (P < 0.05) and 1.2 ± 0,4 mol % respectively of the total amino acids of the hydrolyzate. The soluble nitrogen fraction was separated into free amino acid and »peptide» fractions, and the amino acid composition of both was determined, the latter after acid hydrolysis

Blood Glucose and Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations in Infants of Diabetic Mothers

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-82
Author(s):  
Gyula Soltész ◽  
Károly Schultz ◽  
Julius Mestyán ◽  
Imre Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Birth Asphyxia ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Infants Of Diabetic Mothers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Diabetic Mothers

Postnatal blood glucose and individual plasma free amino acid levels were measured in 14 newborn infants of diabetic mothers. All infants had a significantly lower blood glucose concentration than normal controls but no significant correlation was observed between the blood glucose values and any of the amino acids determined. As regards the quantitative and qualitative changes of the plasma aminogram, the total concentration of amino acids and the level of a few individual amino acids (glycine, alanine, taurine, and valine) were significantly elevated in full-term babies. However, no significant difference was found in the total plasma concentration of amino acids between premature infants of diabetic mothers and premature control infants, but the plasma alanine level was higher in the former. It is of interest that total plasma amino acid, alanine, and glycine levels were elevated in the asphyxiated babies. This suggests that the postnatal hyperaminoacidemia observed in infants of diabetic mothers was due to birth asphyxia rather than to impaired gluconeogenesis. The possible role of a defective gluconeogenesis in the etiology of postnatal hypoglycemia in infants of diabetic mothers is not supported by these data.

Amino acid uptake by the fetal ovine hindlimb under normal and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic states

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (1) ◽  
pp. E72-E78 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. B. Wilkening ◽  
D. W. Boyle ◽  
C. Teng ◽  
G. Meschia ◽  
F. C. Battaglia
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Amino Acid Uptake ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Arterial Concentration ◽  
Significant Uptake ◽  
Fetal Organs ◽  
Fetal Uptake

As part of an effort to establish the contribution of different fetal organs to fetal amino acid metabolism, we measured in nine sheep fetuses the uptake of 27 amino acids by the hindlimb under normal conditions and conditions by euglycemic hyperinsulinemia. The fetal hindlimb is representative of nonvisceral tissues, which in the mature fetus account for approximately 70% of fetal weight and 30% of fetal O2 consumption. In the normal condition, there was a significant uptake of 21 amino acids for a net total nitrogen uptake of 132 +/- 21 mg N.day-1 x 100 g-1. The amino acids taken up by the fetal limb included alanine and glutamine. In addition, the fetal limb had significant glutamate and serine uptakes. Because glutamate flows from fetus to placenta and there is no fetal uptake of maternal serine, this indicates production and interorgan transport of these amino acids within the fetus. Insulin infusion significantly decreased the arterial concentration of every amino acid with the exception of cystathionine and significantly increased limb blood flow and glucose uptake. It significantly increased the limb uptake of alanine, asparagine, glycine, isoleucine, methionine, and tyrosine, decreased the uptake of aspartate, and produced no significant change in the net total nitrogen uptake, which remained similar to control (137 +/- 16 mg N.day-1 x 100 g-1).

scholarly journals On the Nutrition and Metabolism of Zooplankton II. The relationship between the marine copepod Calanus helgolandicus and particulate material in Plymouth sea water, in terms of amino acid composition

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
E. D. S. Corner
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Skeletonema Costatum ◽  
Particulate Material ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen ◽  
Calanus Helgolandicus

The amino acid composition of adult female Calanus helgolandicus Claus and particulate material at station L4 has been analysed from March to December. The average concentration of amino acid nitrogen in Calanus was 7·7% of the dry body weight and accounted for 83% of the total nitrogen. The average level of amino acid nitrogen in the particulate material was 11·9 μg/1. and accounted for 54% of the total nitrogen.The relative quantities of amino acids in Calanus remained remarkably constant throughout the year. The relative quantities of amino acids in particulate material were more variable.The rate of respiration of Calanus measured at 8°C varied from 31 μl. O2/mg. dry body weight/day in winter (December–February) to 79 μl. O2/mg dry body weight/day in summer (April–August).Starving winter Calanus lost 1·8% and starving summer Calanus 2·1% of their dry body weight as amino acids each day. In order to replenish its daily losses of amino acids winter Calanus must sustain a filtering rate of about 30 ml./animal/day: the corresponding value in summer is greater than 50 ml./animal/day.The amino acid composition of Skeletonema costatum is so close to that of the particulate material in the sea, that, as far as amino acids are concerned, Calanus would gain no nutritional advantage by selecting the diatom in preference to the amino acid containing fraction of particulate material as a whole.

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