Hypertension, Cerebrovascular Disease and Stomach Cancer: Is the Salt Hypothesis True?

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (s7) ◽  
pp. 369s-371s ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Whelton ◽  
Peter Goldblatt
Keyword(s):  
Stomach Cancer ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Disease Associations ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Diagnostic Concordance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unique Relationship

1. Analysis of age-adjusted death rates from 21 countries over a 20-year period identified the presence of a strong positive association between recorded mortality from stroke, hypertension and stomach cancer. However, the slopes of regression lines for secular trends analyses varied considerably from country to country, suggesting an inconsistency in the pattern of the relationship. 2. A death certificate study of diagnostic concordance correctly identified previously known disease associations but failed to recognise any special relationship between stroke and stomach cancer or hypertension and stomach cancer. 3. Our results fail to confirm the presence of a unique relationship between stroke and stomach cancer. On the basis of these observations, the hypothesis that exposure to salt increases an individual's risk of developing both stroke and stomach cancer seems unlikely.

scholarly journals Impact of Political Connections on Corporate Environmental Performance：From a Green Development Perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liming Zhang ◽  
Fei Ye ◽  
Li Yang ◽  
Guichuan Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Green Technology ◽  
Political Connections ◽  
Corporate Environmental Performance ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Green Development ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
The Relationship

Employing a sample consisting of Chinese A-share listed companies, this study carries out an empirical research to investigate the influence path of political connections on enterprise environmental performance. The results show a strong positive association between political connections and corporate environmental performance, and green technology innovation plays the mediating role between them. In addition, public participation negatively moderates the relationship between political connections and corporate environmental performance. When the level of public participation is higher, the relationship between political connections and corporate environmental performance becomes weaker.

scholarly journals Systemic inflammation and suicide risk: cohort study of 419 527 Korean men and women

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 572-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
G David Batty ◽  
Keum Ji Jung ◽  
Sunmi Lee ◽  
Joung Hwan Back ◽  
Sun Ha Jee
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Suicide Mortality ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Induced Mood ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Mortality Surveillance

BackgroundData from only one study have been used to examine the relationship between systemic inflammation and later suicide risk, and a strong positive association was apparent. More research is needed, particularly looking at gender, not least because women are seemingly more vulnerable to inflammation-induced mood changes than men.MethodsThe Korean Cancer Prevention Study had a cohort of over 1 million individuals aged 30–95 years at baseline examination between 1992 and 1995, when white blood cell count, our marker of systemic inflammation, was assessed.ResultsA mean of 16.6 years of mortality surveillance gave rise to 1010 deaths from suicide in 106 643 men, and 1019 deaths from suicide in 312 884 women. There was little evidence of an association between our inflammation marker and suicide mortality in men after multiple adjustments. In women, however, those in the second inflammation quartile and higher experienced around 30% increase risk of death (HR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.11–1.64).ConclusionsHigher levels of systemic inflammation were moderately related to an elevated risk of suicide death in women but not in men.

Initial Conditions and State Political Competition

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Berkowitz ◽  
Karen B. Clay
Keyword(s):  
Legal System ◽  
Political Competition ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The Political ◽  
Competition State ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Rivers And Lakes ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter investigates the relationship between five initial conditions in states—temperature, precipitation, distance to oceans, distance to rivers and lakes, and colonial legal system—and long-run levels of state political competition. State political competition is measured by examining the division of seats in the legislature between the political parties, although a number of other measures of state political competition are also examined. This chapter sketches some relationships between initial conditions and state political competition. It emphasizes the importance of state political competition, because it is thought to lead to better economic and social outcomes. In fact, there is a strong positive association between the extent of political competition and outcomes.

scholarly journals Half a million excess deaths in the Iraq war: Terms and conditions may apply

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 205316801773264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Spagat ◽  
Stijn van Weezel
Keyword(s):  
Iraq War ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Excess Death ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Excess Deaths

Hagopian et al. (2013) published a headline-grabbing estimate for the Iraq war of half a million excess deaths, i.e. deaths that would not have happened without the war. We reanalyse the data from the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study and refute their dramatic claim. The Hagopian et al. (2013) estimate has four main defects: i) most importantly, it conflates non-violent deaths with violent ones; ii) it fails to account for the stratified sampling design of the UCIMS; iii) it fully includes all reported deaths regardless of death certificate backing, even when respondents say they have a death certificate but cannot produce one when prompted; iv) it adds approximately 100,000 speculative deaths not supported by data. Thus, we reject the 500,000 estimate. Indeed, we find that the UCIMS data cannot even support a claim that the number of non-violent excess deaths in the Iraq war has been greater than zero. We recommend future research to follow our methodological lead in two main directions; supplement traditional excess death estimates with excess death estimates for non-violent deaths alone, and use differences-in-differences estimates to uncover the relationship between violence and non-violent death rates.

scholarly journals Virus Prevalence and Genetic Diversity Across a Wild Bumblebee Community

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Pascall ◽  
Matthew C. Tinsley ◽  
Bethany L. Clark ◽  
Darren J. Obbard ◽  
Lena Wilfert
Keyword(s):  
Positive Association ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Key Population ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Acute Bee Paralysis Virus ◽  
Paralysis Virus

Viruses are key population regulators, but we have limited knowledge of the diversity and ecology of viruses. This is even the case in wild host populations that provide ecosystem services, where small fitness effects may have major ecological impacts in aggregate. One such group of hosts are the bumblebees, which have a major role in the pollination of food crops and have suffered population declines and range contractions in recent decades. In this study, we investigate the diversity of four recently discovered bumblebee viruses (Mayfield virus 1, Mayfield virus 2, River Liunaeg virus, and Loch Morlich virus), and two previously known viruses that infect both wild bumblebees and managed honeybees (Acute bee paralysis virus and Slow bee paralysis virus) from isolates in Scotland. We investigate the ecological and environmental factors that determine viral presence and absence. We show that the recently discovered bumblebee viruses were more genetically diverse than the viruses shared with honeybees. Coinfection is potentially important in shaping prevalence: we found a strong positive association between River Liunaeg virus and Loch Morlich virus presence after controlling for host species, location and other relevant ecological variables. We tested for a relationship between environmental variables (temperature, UV radiation, wind speed, and prevalence), but as we had few sampling sites, and thus low power for site-level analyses, we could not conclude anything regarding these variables. We also describe the relationship between the bumblebee communities at our sampling sites. This study represents a first step in the description of predictors of bumblebee infection in the wild.

Prescription drug co-payments and cost-related medication underuse

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
TODD H. WAGNER ◽  
MICHELE HEISLER ◽  
JOHN D. PIETTE
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Chronic Condition ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Pharmaceutical Spending ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effectiveness Data

AbstractCo-payments have been linked to the slowing growth in pharmaceutical spending over the last five years. However, patients with health problems frequently have difficulty affording their pharmacotherapy and fail to take their medication as prescribed. We examine the relationship between co-payment amounts and four types of cost-related underuse: taking fewer doses, postponing taking a medication, failing to fill a prescription at all, and taking medication less frequently than prescribed. We conducted a nationwide survey of US adults age 50 and over who take medication for a chronic condition. Participants provided information on 17 chronic conditions, medication they take for those conditions, and whether they underused any medication due to cost. We analyzed those who reported paying co-payments for their prescriptions (n = 2,869). Analysis involved multivariate logistic regression, with adjustments for survey weights and clustering. Our data show a strong positive association between co-payments and cost-related medication underuse. Although people differ in how they underuse medications, these behaviours are strongly associated with co-payment amount. Realigning the co-payments with cost-effectiveness data, also known as value-based insurance design, warrants further investigation.

scholarly journals Support for Economic Inequality and Tax Evasion

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8025
Author(s):  
William E. Shafer ◽  
Zhihong Wang ◽  
Tien-Shih Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Tax Evasion ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Business And Society ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
Corporate Managers ◽  
Ethical Decisions ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Relationship

The primary focus of this paper is on the relationship between taxpayers’ ideological support for economic inequality and the likelihood they will commit tax evasion. We also propose that Machiavellianism will mediate the relationship between support for inequality and tax evasion. The results, based on a survey of experienced taxpayers, partially support our expectations. Ideological support for economic inequality had a significant positive association with Machiavellianism, which in turn had a strong positive association with tax evasion intentions. Machiavellianism fully mediated the relationship between support for inequality and tax evasion. This is the first study to investigate the potential influence of support for economic inequality on taxpayers’ evasion decisions. In light of the findings, we suggest that support for the persistence of economic inequality and related ideological beliefs may pose fundamental threats to governments’ ability to sustain just and fair socioeconomic systems. We also argue that such ideologies are likely to be associated with the ethical decisions of corporate managers, business owners and professionals across a variety of decision contexts, but their influence has largely been ignored in the business and society and sustainability literature.

scholarly journals The impact of mental vulnerability on the relationship between cardiovascular disease and depression

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Terese Sara Høj Jørgensen ◽  
Marie Kim Wium-Andersen ◽  
Martin Balslev Jørgensen ◽  
Merete Osler
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Random Samples ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazard Models ◽  
Additive Hazard Model ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background. The mechanisms linking cardiovascular disease (CVD) and depression are still not established. We investigated the impact of mental vulnerability on the relationship between CVD and depression. Methods. A total of 19,856 individuals from five cohorts of random samples of the background population in Copenhagen were followed from baseline (1983–2011) until 2017 in Danish registries. Additive hazard and Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyze the effects of confounding by mental vulnerability as well as interactions between mental vulnerability and CVD on the risk of depression. Results. During follow-up, 15.3% developed CVD, while 18.1% experienced depression. A strong positive association between CVD and depression (hazard ratio: 3.60 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 3.30; 3.92]) corresponding to 35.4 (95% CI: 31.7; 39.1) additional cases per 1,000 person-years was only slightly attenuated after adjustment for mental vulnerability in addition to other confounders. Synergistic interaction between CVD and mental vulnerability was identified in the additive hazard model. Due to interaction between CVD and mental vulnerability, CVD was associated with 50.9 more cases of depression per 1,000 person-years among individuals with high mental vulnerability compared with individuals with low mental vulnerability. Conclusions. Mental vulnerability did not explain the strong relationship between CVD and depression. CVD was associated with additional cases of depression among individuals with higher mental vulnerability indicating that this group holds the greatest potential for intervention, for example, in rehabilitation settings.

scholarly journals Choice, Purchase Decision and Post-Purchase Dissonance: The Social Media Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3(I)) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Kobby Mensah ◽  
Justice Boateng Dankwah ◽  
Gilbert Mensah ◽  
Judith Aku Masope-Crabbe
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Choice Overload ◽  
Social Media Tools ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Post Purchase ◽  
The Relationship

Social media tools have emerged as an imperative source of information for customers. However, the relationship between information volume on social media and consumer choice quality remains blurred in literature. The study sought to examine the relationship between choice overload on social media and product choice quality, and how choice quality influences post-purchase dissonance. The study employed a positivist research paradigm and an explanatory design to examine the relationship between the various constructs. Using a purposive sampling method, Responses from 249 respondents were quantitatively analyzed.  Structural equation modeling (SEM) was utilized. The outcome revealed a direct significant effect of choice overload on poor choice quality and a strong positive association between choice quality and post-purchase dissonance using social media tools. The distinctiveness of the study adds to the existing literature by extending the current understanding of post-purchase dissonance and consumer behavior in general.

Assessing the Impact of Suicide Exclusion Periods on Life Insurance

Crisis ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Yip ◽  
David Pitt ◽  
Yan Wang ◽  
Xueyuan Wu ◽  
Ray Watson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Insurance ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Insurance Policy ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Insurance Policies ◽  
Suicidal Death ◽  
Insured Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insurance Data ◽  
The Relationship

Background: We study the impact of suicide-exclusion periods, common in life insurance policies in Australia, on suicide and accidental death rates for life-insured individuals. If a life-insured individual dies by suicide during the period of suicide exclusion, commonly 13 months, the sum insured is not paid. Aims: We examine whether a suicide-exclusion period affects the timing of suicides. We also analyze whether accidental deaths are more prevalent during the suicide-exclusion period as life-insured individuals disguise their death by suicide. We assess the relationship between the insured sum and suicidal death rates. Methods: Crude and age-standardized rates of suicide, accidental death, and overall death, split by duration since the insured first bought their insurance policy, were computed. Results: There were significantly fewer suicides and no significant spike in the number of accidental deaths in the exclusion period for Australian life insurance data. More suicides, however, were detected for the first 2 years after the exclusion period. Higher insured sums are associated with higher rates of suicide. Conclusions: Adverse selection in Australian life insurance is exacerbated by including a suicide-exclusion period. Extension of the suicide-exclusion period to 3 years may prevent some “insurance-induced” suicides – a rationale for this conclusion is given.

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