scholarly journals Half a million excess deaths in the Iraq war: Terms and conditions may apply

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 205316801773264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Spagat ◽  
Stijn van Weezel
Keyword(s):  
Iraq War ◽  
Sampling Design ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Excess Death ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Excess Deaths

Hagopian et al. (2013) published a headline-grabbing estimate for the Iraq war of half a million excess deaths, i.e. deaths that would not have happened without the war. We reanalyse the data from the University Collaborative Iraq Mortality Study and refute their dramatic claim. The Hagopian et al. (2013) estimate has four main defects: i) most importantly, it conflates non-violent deaths with violent ones; ii) it fails to account for the stratified sampling design of the UCIMS; iii) it fully includes all reported deaths regardless of death certificate backing, even when respondents say they have a death certificate but cannot produce one when prompted; iv) it adds approximately 100,000 speculative deaths not supported by data. Thus, we reject the 500,000 estimate. Indeed, we find that the UCIMS data cannot even support a claim that the number of non-violent excess deaths in the Iraq war has been greater than zero. We recommend future research to follow our methodological lead in two main directions; supplement traditional excess death estimates with excess death estimates for non-violent deaths alone, and use differences-in-differences estimates to uncover the relationship between violence and non-violent death rates.

Hypertension, Cerebrovascular Disease and Stomach Cancer: Is the Salt Hypothesis True?

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (s7) ◽  
pp. 369s-371s ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Whelton ◽  
Peter Goldblatt
Keyword(s):  
Stomach Cancer ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Special Relationship ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Disease Associations ◽  
Strong Positive Association ◽  
Diagnostic Concordance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unique Relationship

1. Analysis of age-adjusted death rates from 21 countries over a 20-year period identified the presence of a strong positive association between recorded mortality from stroke, hypertension and stomach cancer. However, the slopes of regression lines for secular trends analyses varied considerably from country to country, suggesting an inconsistency in the pattern of the relationship. 2. A death certificate study of diagnostic concordance correctly identified previously known disease associations but failed to recognise any special relationship between stroke and stomach cancer or hypertension and stomach cancer. 3. Our results fail to confirm the presence of a unique relationship between stroke and stomach cancer. On the basis of these observations, the hypothesis that exposure to salt increases an individual's risk of developing both stroke and stomach cancer seems unlikely.

scholarly journals Machiavellian Personality Tendencies and Interpersonal Difficulties in University Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-34
Author(s):  
Aqsa Khaliq ◽  
Umaiza Bashir ◽  
Zahid Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Family System ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Interpersonal Difficulties ◽  
University Life ◽  
The University ◽  
Age Range ◽  
The Relationship

Interpersonal relationships are a very important part of the university life of a person. To explore the relationship between interpersonal difficulties and personality traits, a sample of 300 students in the age range of 18-28 years (M=22.04) was taken from different government and private universities. To measure the Machiavellian Personality Tendencies among students an indigenous tool was developed rooted inthe Pakistani culture. Interpersonal Difficulties Scale (Saleem, Ihsan, & Mahmood, 2014) was used. It was revealed that students with high Machiavellian Personality Tendencies have more interpersonal difficulties and Machiavellian Personality Tendencies, gender, family system and birth order are significant predictors of interpersonal difficulties in university students. These results are discussed in the Pakistani cultural context and their implications are stated for future research and therapeutic work.

Shakespeare, Globalization, and the Digital Revolution

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Stanley Wells ◽  
Anne Sophie Haahr Refskou
Keyword(s):  
Professor Emeritus ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Digital Revolution ◽  
New Challenges ◽  
Critical Responses ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The University ◽  
Lecture Tour ◽  
The Relationship

In an interview given during a lecture tour in Scandinavia organized by the universities of Copenhagen, Bergen, and Aarhus in October and November, 2012, Stanley Wells talks about his own career in Shakespeare studies and discusses past and present major changes and issues within the field, including his own Oxford Complete Works of 1986, co-edited with Gary Taylor et al., revision and collaboration theories, global Shakespeare, and new challenges for Shakespearean scholars. He shares thoughts on his own current and future research projects, which include a new monograph on Shakespearean actors through time, and he also comments on the relationship between academic scholars and theatre practitioners, and ways in which to understand the ever-shifting concept of a Shakespearean play in relation to performance, reading, and personal and critical responses. Following a long career of many publications and editions, Stanley Wells is now Professor Emeritus of the University of Birmingham, and Honorary President of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. Anne Sophie Haahr Refskou is a Doctoral Fellow in English and Dramaturgy at Aarhus University, Denmark. She works with Shakespearean acting and dramaturgy, focusing on the relationship between text and performance, particularly in relation to the actor's body and physical expressions.

scholarly journals The Grammatical Forms Connection between Writing and Speaking from EFL Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. p11
Author(s):  
Mohammad Naser ◽  
Mohd Nazri Latiff Azmi ◽  
Kamariah Yunus ◽  
Hadir Alderaan
Keyword(s):  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Undergraduate Level ◽  
Proficiency Assessment ◽  
Comparable Accuracy ◽  
Similar Accuracy ◽  
Proficiency Scores ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

The goal of this research is to examine whether Saudi undergraduates who use certain grammatical forms in their writing are able to reproduce the same forms with similar accuracy in their speaking. The sample of the study comprised 180 EFL undergraduates’ (male/female) at the undergraduate level from the Institute of languages at the University of Tabuk. The researchers used varied research instruments including Holistic Proficiency Scores and grammatical Use and Accuracy. The data was analyzed using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, and SPSS. The findings of the research showed that there is a strong relationship between writing and speaking at varied proficiency levels (intermediate and advanced) but the beginners level revealed a noticeable difference in terms of writing and speaking proficiencies’ development in which some of these learners indicated better improvement in writing compared to speaking and vice versa. In relevance to the explicit existence of grammatical items and their use by beginner learners; they were shown to use a considerable number of these grammatical items in their writing, but revealed comparable accuracy in both writing and speaking. This study recommended that further future research should include a similar longitudinal study looking at how the relationship between speaking and writing may change over time for each individual learner, a finding that is merely hypothesized in the present study. Also, the present study investigates this problem through holistic proficiency assessment and grammatical use and accuracy.

scholarly journals ADOLESCENTS’ ATTITUDES ON GRANDPARENT INVOLVEMENT IN CHILD CARE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S457-S457
Author(s):  
Katherine E del Rosario ◽  
Raphael Ferrer
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Maternal Grandmother ◽  
Maternal Grandfather ◽  
Paternal Grandfather ◽  
Paternal Grandmother ◽  
Perceived Involvement ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This descriptive associative study focused on the attitudes of selected adolescents toward the involvement of grandparents (maternal grandmother, maternal grandfather, paternal grandmother, paternal grandfather) in childcare. Specifically, it aimed at determining the rate of closeness of these adolescents toward their own grandparents; their attitudes toward the involvement of their grandparents; and the relationship between the students’ closeness with their grandparents and their attitudes toward grandparents’ involvement. A survey was administered to 185 adolescents aged 16 to 22 from the University of the Philippines. Results showed that most of the respondents (43.38%) are either very close or close to their grandparents, especially their maternal grandmother (n = 126). The attitudes of the respondents toward grandparents’ involvement were measured by looking at their rate of agreeableness on 17 statements. Results showed that most of the respondents either agree or neither agree nor disagree (M = 2.60) on grandparents’ involvement. The correlation analysis showed a moderate to high positive linear association between MGM closeness and MGM involvement (r=.72); MGF closeness and MGF involvement (r=.74); PGM closeness and PGM involvement (r=.63); and PGF closeness and PGF involvement. This implies that perceived closeness increases with perceived involvement. The findings of this study emphasized on the role grandparents play in the lives of adolescent grandchildren. Some implications of this study with regards to future research in this field are described.

Injury Patterns for Homicide Followed by Suicide by the Relationship Between Victims and Offenders

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Reckdenwald ◽  
Shannon Simone
Keyword(s):  
Reporting System ◽  
Relationship Status ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Violent Death ◽  
Injury Patterns ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
Offender Characteristics ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

The connection between the victim–offender relationship and injury patterns has been established in the lethal violence literature; however, this association has not been explored in the study of homicide followed by the perpetrator’s suicide. Using data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), we address this research gap by examining violence inflicted on 1,718 homicide–suicide victims that occurred between 2003 and 2013. Results show some support for variation in injury across intimacy and relationship status while considering victim and offender characteristics; however, results were not as predicted. Avenues for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Unexplained mortality during the US COVID-19 pandemic: retrospective analysis of death certificate data and critical assessment of excess death calculations

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. e050361
Author(s):  
Kathleen A Fairman ◽  
Kellie J Goodlet ◽  
James D Rucker ◽  
Roy S Zawadzki
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Death Certificate ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Excess Death ◽  
Death Certificate Data ◽  
Policy Information ◽  
Sectional Analysis ◽  
Excess Deaths

ObjectivesCause-of-death discrepancies are common in respiratory illness-related mortality. A standard epidemiological metric, excess all-cause death, is unaffected by these discrepancies but provides no actionable policy information when increased all-cause mortality is unexplained by reported specific causes. To assess the contribution of unexplained mortality to the excess death metric, we parsed excess deaths in the COVID-19 pandemic into changes in explained versus unexplained (unreported or unspecified) causes.DesignRetrospective repeated cross-sectional analysis, US death certificate data for six influenza seasons beginning October 2014, comparing population-adjusted historical benchmarks from the previous two, three and five seasons with 2019–2020.Setting48 of 50 states with complete data.Participants16.3 million deaths in 312 weeks, reported in categories—all causes, top eight natural causes and respiratory causes including COVID-19.Outcome measuresChange in population-adjusted counts of deaths from seasonal benchmarks to 2019–2020, from all causes (ie, total excess deaths) and from explained versus unexplained causes, reported for the season overall and for time periods defined a priori: pandemic awareness (19 January through 28 March); initial pandemic peak (29 March through 30 May) and pandemic post-peak (31 May through 26 September).ResultsDepending on seasonal benchmark, 287 957–306 267 excess deaths occurred through September 2020: 179 903 (58.7%–62.5%) attributed to COVID-19; 44 022–49 311 (15.2%–16.1%) to other reported causes; 64 032–77 054 (22.2%–25.2%) unexplained (unspecified or unreported cause). Unexplained deaths constituted 65.2%–72.5% of excess deaths from 19 January to 28 March and 14.1%–16.1% from 29 March through 30 May.ConclusionsUnexplained mortality contributed substantially to US pandemic period excess deaths. Onset of unexplained mortality in February 2020 coincided with previously reported increases in psychotropic use, suggesting possible psychiatric or injurious causes. Because underlying causes of unexplained deaths may vary by group or region, results suggest excess death calculations provide limited actionable information, supporting previous calls for improved cause-of-death data to support evidence-based policy.

scholarly journals Excess deaths associated with covid-19 pandemic in 2020: age and sex disaggregated time series analysis in 29 high income countries

BMJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. n1137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazrul Islam ◽  
Vladimir M Shkolnikov ◽  
Rolando J Acosta ◽  
Ilya Klimkin ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
High Income ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Excess Death ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Excess Deaths

Abstract Objective To estimate the direct and indirect effects of the covid-19 pandemic on mortality in 2020 in 29 high income countries with reliable and complete age and sex disaggregated mortality data. Design Time series study of high income countries. Setting Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, England and Wales, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Scotland, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and United States. Participants Mortality data from the Short-term Mortality Fluctuations data series of the Human Mortality Database for 2016-20, harmonised and disaggregated by age and sex. Interventions Covid-19 pandemic and associated policy measures. Main outcome measures Weekly excess deaths (observed deaths versus expected deaths predicted by model) in 2020, by sex and age (0-14, 15-64, 65-74, 75-84, and ≥85 years), estimated using an over-dispersed Poisson regression model that accounts for temporal trends and seasonal variability in mortality. Results An estimated 979 000 (95% confidence interval 954 000 to 1 001 000) excess deaths occurred in 2020 in the 29 high income countries analysed. All countries had excess deaths in 2020, except New Zealand, Norway, and Denmark. The five countries with the highest absolute number of excess deaths were the US (458 000, 454 000 to 461 000), Italy (89 100, 87 500 to 90 700), England and Wales (85 400, 83 900 to 86 800), Spain (84 100, 82 800 to 85 300), and Poland (60 100, 58 800 to 61 300). New Zealand had lower overall mortality than expected (−2500, −2900 to −2100). In many countries, the estimated number of excess deaths substantially exceeded the number of reported deaths from covid-19. The highest excess death rates (per 100 000) in men were in Lithuania (285, 259 to 311), Poland (191, 184 to 197), Spain (179, 174 to 184), Hungary (174, 161 to 188), and Italy (168, 163 to 173); the highest rates in women were in Lithuania (210, 185 to 234), Spain (180, 175 to 185), Hungary (169, 156 to 182), Slovenia (158, 132 to 184), and Belgium (151, 141 to 162). Little evidence was found of subsequent compensatory reductions following excess mortality. Conclusion Approximately one million excess deaths occurred in 2020 in these 29 high income countries. Age standardised excess death rates were higher in men than women in almost all countries. Excess deaths substantially exceeded reported deaths from covid-19 in many countries, indicating that determining the full impact of the pandemic on mortality requires assessment of excess deaths. Many countries had lower deaths than expected in children <15 years. Sex inequality in mortality widened further in most countries in 2020.

scholarly journals The Development of Social Capital Through International Students’ Involvement in Campus Organizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1274-1292
Author(s):  
Chris R Glass ◽  
Peggy Gesing
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
International Students ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Leadership Programs ◽  
Campus Organizations ◽  
Capital Development ◽  
The University ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines campus organization involvement as a mechanism for social capital development. Researchers used analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine variations in network size, strength, and composition for international students involved in different types of campus organizations. The researchers also examined the relationship of campus organization involvement to international students’ sense of attachment to the university. Students who participated in major-based organizations or leadership programs had larger, less dense, more diverse networks that lead to social networks which are particularly advantageous to social mobility. Students who participated in campus organizations related to their own cultural heritage had networks built of friends from all cultures, creating a greater sense of belonging and attachment to the university. Implications of social capital for practice and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Vocabulary Size and Depth of Knowledge: A Study of Bahraini EFL Learners

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Adel W. Alqallaf ◽  
Madani O. Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Word Association ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Vocabulary Size ◽  
Efl Learners ◽  
University Of Bahrain ◽  
The University ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the size and depth of vocabulary knowledge and its relationship to the general language proficiency of EFL learners. The study sample included 120 students from the University of Bahrain. The sample was randomly selected from the student population and split into two groups in terms of their level of English: intermediate and advanced. The study aims to answer four questions: (1) What is the effect of general language proficiency on the sizes of the receptive and productive vocabularies of learners of English at the University of Bahrain? (2) How does general language proficiency affect the depth of vocabulary knowledge of learners of English at the University of Bahrain? (3) What is the relationship between receptive and productive vocabularies and the depth of vocabulary knowledge? and (4) What is the relationship between vocabulary size and the nature of lexical networking? All the students in the sample completed three vocabulary tasks. The first two tasks were Meara and Jones&rsquo;s Eurocentres Vocabulary Size Test (1990) and Meara and Fitzpatrick&rsquo;s Lex30 word association task (2000), which were used to measure the sizes of receptive and productive vocabularies. The third task was Gyllstad&rsquo;s COLLEX test (2007), which was used to investigate the depth of vocabulary knowledge. A quasi-experimental approach was adopted using a quantitative approach to analyze the data. The data of the study were analyzed by comparing the results of the two groups in relation to the three tasks using SPSS 16.0. The findings of the study have revealed that general language proficiency has a positive effect on learners&rsquo; receptive vocabulary size, a moderate effect on learners&rsquo; productive vocabulary size, and a very low effect on the depth of vocabulary knowledge. In addition, no relationship was shown between the size of vocabulary and the nature of lexical networking. With reference to these results, pedagogical and future research recommendations are made.

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