Is alveolar carbon monoxide an unreliable index of carboxyhaemoglobin changes during smoking in man?

1988 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Guyatt ◽  
Andrew J. T. Kirkham ◽  
Derek C. Mariner ◽  
Gordon Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Transient Change ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Co Gas

1. We measured alveolar carbon monoxide (CO) after a 20 s breath-holding period and carboxyhaemoglobin both before and after smoking a cigarette on 500 occasions (101 individuals). The two measurements were closely correlated but there was a marked difference in the change or ‘boost’ after smoking one cigarette. The mean relative boosts ([post value—pre value]/[pre + post]/2) for alveolar CO and carboxyhaemoglobin were 7.7% and 20.3%, while negative boosts (fall rather than the expected rise) were seen in 103 of 500 and three of 500 occasions respectively. In 140 studies a third alveolar CO reading taken 5 min later was slightly larger, but the difference was insignificant. 2. In seven subjects where the carboxyhaemoglobin level was raised by breathing a 2% CO gas mixture, the alveolar CO and carboxyhaemglobin boosts were similar (71.7% and 75.2% respectively), and they fell sharply subsequently rather than increasing further as occurred after smoking. 3. We conclude that alveolar CO measurements give a useful estimate of carboxyhaemoglobin level if the subject has not smoked for at least half an hour but that measurements of alveolar CO boost are useless since the act of smoking interferes with alveolar sampling. We postulate that cigarette smoking induces a transient change in pulmonary gas exchange.

scholarly journals Influence of Apical Patency and Cleaning of the Apical Foramen on Periapical Extrusion in Retreatment

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marili Doro Andrade Deonizio ◽  
Gilson Blitzkow Sydney ◽  
Antonio Batista ◽  
Roberto Pontarolo ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Bittencourt Guimarães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Material Removal ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Filtration System ◽  
Root Canal Retreatment ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Removal Technique

This study evaluated the influence of apical patency, root filling removal technique and cleaning of the apical foramen, concerning the amount of debris extruded during root canal retreatment. Forty mandibular incisors were randomly assigned to 4 groups - GIM (n=10), GIIM (n=10), GIPT (n=10) and GIIPT (n=10), which were named according to leaving (I) or not (II) apical patency during canal preparation and filling removal technique (manual - M or ProTaper system - PT). After filling material removal, each specimen of each group had the apical foramen cleaned by sizes 15, 20 and 25 instruments, generating 12 subgroups: GIM15, GIM20, GIM25, GIIM15, GIIM20, GIIM25, GIPT15, GIPT20, GIPT25, GIIPT15, GIIPT20 and GIIPT25. Extruded filling debris was collected by a Milipore filtration system, an HV-durapore, 0.45 µm pore filter with a 25 mm diameter. The filters were weighed before and after the collection on an analytical scale (10–5 g), and the difference was calculated. The mean weight of extruded filling debris was analyzed statistically by Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman ANOVA tests (α=0.05). The mean values found in the groups (in mg) were: GIM (0.95±0.94), GIIM (0.47±0.62), GIPT (0.30±0.31) and GIIPT (0.32±0.44). There was no statistically significant difference among any of the groups or subgroups (p>0.05). ProTaper provided the smallest amount of extruded filling material, regardless of presence or absence of apical patency, followed by manual technique, without and with apical patency. Additional amounts of debris were collected during cleaning of the apical foramen, regardless of the instrument, presence/absence of patency or root filling removal technique.

Errors in Estimating the Orientation of Dot Patterns

Perception ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Lánský ◽  
Naum Yakimoff ◽  
T Radil ◽  
L Mitrani
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Frontoparallel Plane ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The error in estimating the orientation of a dot pattern was measured as the difference between the orientation of the least-squared-distances line (LS-line) of the pattern and the orientation of a line adjusted by the subject to match the perceived orientation of the pattern. Analysis of the mean errors (averaged over ten subjects) obtained for one hundred patterns confirmed that the orientation of the LS-line represents the orientation of elongated dot-patterns. It is shown that estimated orientation was systematically biased towards the nearest 45° oblique meridian. This bias points to the importance of the ±45° directions as natural norms for left- and right-side tilt in the frontoparallel plane.

scholarly journals Efficacy of providing free nicotine replacement chewing gum to induce quit attempts in tobacco users- A prospective observational study

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-270
Author(s):  
Rohini Sharma ◽  
Umashankar G K ◽  
Shuhaib Rahman ◽  
Somanath Patil
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Chewing Gum ◽  
Nicotine Replacement ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Quit Attempt ◽  
Quit Attempts ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

To assess the effectiveness of providing free NRT to tobacco users in increasing quit attempts and to assess the perception of adherence, side effects and safety issues related to the usage in increasing quit attempt. A observational study was conducted to motivate tobacco users to have a quit attempt with a nicotine replacement sample among patients visiting out-patient department of a dental college. Baseline evaluation (demographic), Modified Fagerstrom test for Nicotine Dependence (MFTND) to assess nicotine addiction level, “breath analyzer” for the quantitative detection of levels of carbon monoxide were assessed. A free NRT sample was given. Telephonic follow up was done at an interval of 2 weeks, 1 month to assess the reduction in the mean MFTND score and to assess the perception of using NRT sample. All data was entered and analysed in SPSS for Windows version 22. Among the 40 subjects 80% were in the age group of 30-50 years and were males. The levels of carbon monoxide using breath analyser showed 80% of the subjects as heavy and chain smokers. Out of 40 subjects, 29 (72.5%) subjects were having high dependence calculated using MFTND which reduced to 2(5%) after using nicotine chewing gum. The mean and standard deviation of pre MFTND was 7.97±2.35 and for post MFTND it was 5.57±2.14 and the difference was highly significant (p< 0.005).: The results of this study confirm the efficacy of providing free nicotine replacement sample a novel strategy in motivating tobacco users to induce quit attempt.

scholarly journals Pengembangan bahan ajar berbasis muatan lokal pada mata kuliah Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-126
Author(s):  
Emil El Faisal ◽  
Sulkipani Sulkipani
Keyword(s):  
Student Achievement ◽  
Civic Education ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Local Content ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
History Department

This research aimed at (1) developing teaching materials based on local content for Civic Education in University; and (2) describing the potential impact of local content on student consciousness on local culture. It was a developmental research. The subject were student registered in Civic Education Course (Mata Kuliah PKn) at History Department. Pilot project was validated through one to one, small group, and field evaluation. The analyzed result indicates that the developed instrument was valid and has potential impact. Supported data shows that the mean score prior to implementation was 6.86 and after implementation was 7.73. In other words, there was an increasing student achievement before and after its implementation. Accordingly, we suggest that this developed material could be implemented widely.

scholarly journals Comparison of National Board of Chiropractic Examiners part I examination scores between tutors and tutees at a chiropractic college

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amilliah W. Kenya ◽  
John F. Hart ◽  
Charles K. Vuyiya
Keyword(s):  
Grade Point Average ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Board Examination ◽  
National Board ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Tutor Group

Objective: This study compared National Board of Chiropractic Examiners part I test scores between students who did and did not serve as tutors on the subject matter. Methods: Students who had a prior grade point average of 3.45 or above on a 4.0 scale just before taking part I of the board exams were eligible to participate. A 2-sample t-test was used to ascertain the difference in the mean scores on part I between the tutor group (n = 28) and nontutor (n = 29) group. Results: Scores were higher in all subjects for the tutor group compared to the nontutor group and the differences were statistically significant (p < .01) with large effect sizes. Conclusion: The tutors in this study performed better on part I of the board examination compared to nontutors, suggesting that tutoring results in an academic benefit for tutors themselves.

scholarly journals Audio-visual media to improve sexual-reproduction health knowledge among adolescent

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Sitti Nur Djannah ◽  
Sulistyawati Sulistyawati ◽  
Tri Wahyuni Sukesi ◽  
Surahma Asti Mulasari ◽  
Fatwa Tentama
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Visual Media ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Source Of Information

<span>Lacking knowledge among adolescents affects their understanding of some problems related to sexual-reproduction health. Electronic media recognized as the favored source of information for adolescents. This research aimed to assess the effect of audio-visual media to the increasing of sexual-reproduction knowledge. We conducted a before and after without control informal experimental study design into 153 students in the 1st-3rd grade of junior high school. The effect of the intervention was assessed through the difference between pre- and post-intervention by using the Wilcoxon test. The mean score of the respondent pre and post-intervention was significantly increasing. The audiovisual increased the knowledge of the adolescent regarding sexual-reproduction health</span>

scholarly journals Photogrammetric avalanche volume measurements at Vallée de la Sionne, Switzerland

2001 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juauien Vallet ◽  
Urs Gruber ◽  
François Dufour
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Deposition Zone ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Snow Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

AbstractDuring winter 1999 three large avalanche events were triggered by explosives at SLF’s avalanche test site, Vallée de la Sionne, canton Valais, Switzerland. One important goal of these large-scale field experiments was to measure the release and deposition volumes of avalanches by photogrammetric methods. In this paper, the photogrammetric measurements of all three avalanches are summarized. For one avalanche event it was possible to realize the whole measuring procedure as planned, and to obtain volume measurements before and after the avalanche triggering In the other two avalanche events, the photographs before the triggering of the avalanche failed. Nevertheless the photographs taken after the avalanche provide valuable information on the fracture depth at the fracture line. The mean fracture depth of the largest avalanche was about 2.10 m, varying between 1 and 3.5 m over a width of > 1000 m. The total volume of the deposition of all three avalanche events was about 1300 000 m3. The deposits are distributed over a length of > 1000 m with depths up to 30 m. The difference between the released and deposited volumes proved that avalanches entrain a large amount of snow along the avalanche track. Furthermore, the snow distribution in the deposition zone provides important information about the behaviour of a dense flowing avalanche in the runout zone.

Effect of negative intra-alveolar pressure on pulmonary diffusing capacity

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Cotes ◽  
D. P. Snidal ◽  
R. H. Shepard
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Venous Pressure ◽  
Capillary Blood ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Alveolar Pressure ◽  
Holding Period ◽  
Capillary Membrane ◽  
Capillary Blood Volume ◽  
Alveolar Capillary

In one of two subjects studied in detail, using 0.1% carbon monoxide in the test gas and a 10-second breath-holding period, the alveolar capillary blood volume (Vc) was found to increase by nearly 100% when the intra-alveolar pressure was made negative during breath holding. This was accompanied by a reduction in venous pressure in the forearm. In both subjects Vc was increased on exercise. The diffusing capacity of the alveolar capillary membrane (Dm) remained relatively constant in spite of large changes in Vc. The findings suggest that stationary blood is present in some alveolar capillaries at rest. The implications of this finding and a likely mechanism for the increase in Vc with negative pressure are discussed. xsSubmitted on September 14, 1959

The Effect of Waking Suggestion on Post-Hypnotic Amnesia

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Fourie
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hypnotic Susceptibility ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Female Subjects

It is increasingly realized that hypnosis may be seen from an interpersonal point of view, meaning that it forms part of the relationship between the hypnotist and the subject. From this premise it follows that what goes on in the relationship prior to hypnosis probably has an influence on the hypnosis. Certain of these prior occurences can then be seen as waking suggestionns (however implicitly given) that the subject should behave in a certain way with regard to the subsequent hypnosis. A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that waking suggestions regarding post-hypnotic amnesia are effective. Eighteen female subjects were randomly divided into two groups. The groups listened to a tape-recorded talk on hypnosis in which for the one group amnesia for the subsequent hypnotic experience and for the other group no such amnesia was suggested. Thereafter the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale was administered to all subjects. Only the interrogation part of the amnesia item of the scale was administered. The subjects to whom post-hypnotic amnesia was suggested tended to score lower on the amnesia item than the other subjects, as was expected, but the difference between the mean amnesia scores of the two groups was not significant.

DlCO measurements with gas chromatography

1962 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 856-860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef R. Smith ◽  
Lyle H. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Gas Chromatograph ◽  
Excellent Correlation ◽  
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity ◽  
The Mean

A gas chromatograph has been used to analyze gases for the measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity using the breath-holding technique. The gas mixture used for the measurement consisted of carbon monoxide in air with neon as the insoluble inert gas. The calculated DlCO was unaffected when sulphur hexafloride (SF6) or He was substituted for Ne in the mixture, but since CO and Ne could be most simply and rapidly analyzed, this combination was preferred for the gas mixture used to measure DlCO. The mean DlCO for ten normal subjects was 25.8 ± 4.2 ml/min mm Hg. These results were comparable to values reported in the literature when established methods of analysis were used. An excellent correlation was found between calculated DlCO and the clinical condition of patients with impaired pulmonary diffusing capacity. Submitted on February 14, 1962

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