Beastly Condemnation: The Representation of Oldenbarnevelt’s Twenty-Four Judges as Animals

The Rijksmuseum’s History Department holds a remarkable early eighteenthcentury album titled Regtspleging van Oldenbarnevelt (The Trial of Oldenbarnevelt). The album contains a collection of thirty-eight watercolour drawings on parchment with written explanations on paper and deals with the infamous trial of the Land’s Advocate. At its heart are cartoons of the twenty-four judges who signed Oldenbarnevelt’s death warrant, with the judges depicted as animals. The Rijksmuseum album is similar to albums in the National Library of the Netherlands and Rotterdam City Archives. In this article we show that Oldenbarnevelt’s judges continued to be subjects of general interest for more than a century. We locate the satirical portrayal of the judges as animals in the broader tradition of animal allegories used as a vehicle for political criticism, and explore the function of the album. It probably served as a key to a painting – not Cornelis Saftleven’s famous work Satire op de berechting van Johan van Oldenbarnevelt (Satire of the Trial of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt) in the Rijksmuseum, but a later composition by an anonymous artist now in the Six Collection. Finally, we come to the conclusion that the album is part of a game of concealment and revelation that is typical of the Remonstrants’ memorial culture.

Third Cold War: What to Beware, How to Resolve

<p>The author shares his understanding of the confrontations between East and West during the Cold War in the dangerous phase of the first half of the 1980s, from his unique vantage point of life in the two German states, first as a Norwegian Visiting Lecturer in Communist East Germany at the University of Greifswald 1980 – 81, then as an official of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1981 – 84, which brought him as diplomat to Bonn, the capital of West Germany, 1984-87. </p><p><br></p><p>These experiences from Germany in the 1980s he will then analyze critically from the vantage point of a succession of encounters with former East German officials, starting 2016 until he in October of 2019 was a Visiting Research Fellow, <i>Gastwissenschaftler</i>, at the German Institute for Contemporary History, Department for the Cold War in Berlin. </p><p><br></p><p>The methodology of this article works with the standard procedure in diplomatic fact-finding and analyses, abductive reasoning from confidential conversations.The article follows the standard procedure for drawing on confidential conversations, Chatham House Rule, abbreviated CHR. What someone says may be quoted, but the identity of sources and their affiliated institutions remain confidential.</p><p><br></p><p>The author denotes this methodology <i>exploratory conversation</i>, inferring by active listening. By this methodology, the researcher may gain insights into the set of assumptions, the underlying mental models that determine the perceptions of options. In mental models, language constructs the shared sense of social reality and serve as repository of vast accumulations of meaning and experience. </p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p>

Third Cold War: What to Beware, How to Resolve

<p>The author shares his understanding of the confrontations between East and West during the Cold War in the dangerous phase of the first half of the 1980s, from his unique vantage point of life in the two German states, first as a Norwegian Visiting Lecturer in Communist East Germany at the University of Greifswald 1980 – 81, then as an official of the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1981 – 84, which brought him as diplomat to Bonn, the capital of West Germany, 1984-87. </p><p><br></p><p>These experiences from Germany in the 1980s he will then analyze critically from the vantage point of a succession of encounters with former East German officials, starting 2016 until he in October of 2019 was a Visiting Research Fellow, <i>Gastwissenschaftler</i>, at the German Institute for Contemporary History, Department for the Cold War in Berlin. </p><p><br></p><p>The methodology of this article works with the standard procedure in diplomatic fact-finding and analyses, abductive reasoning from confidential conversations.The article follows the standard procedure for drawing on confidential conversations, Chatham House Rule, abbreviated CHR. What someone says may be quoted, but the identity of sources and their affiliated institutions remain confidential.</p><p><br></p><p>The author denotes this methodology <i>exploratory conversation</i>, inferring by active listening. By this methodology, the researcher may gain insights into the set of assumptions, the underlying mental models that determine the perceptions of options. In mental models, language constructs the shared sense of social reality and serve as repository of vast accumulations of meaning and experience. </p><p><br></p><p><br></p><p><br></p>

The role of e-learning platforms in enhancing the academic performance of primary studies students, and the obstacles to their application in the history department

the aim of the research is to identify the role of e-learning platforms in enhancing the academic performance of undergraduate students, and to identify the obstacles to their application in the history department, and the researcher relied on the descriptive approach to answer the research questions. The first stage, and the second stage), and the variable gender (male, female). The necessary data was collected using a questionnaire prepared by the researcher consisting of (30) paragraphs divided equally into two parts. The first included the role of the Google Classroom platform in enhancing the electronic performance of undergraduate students in the history department, while the second was the obstacles to using electronic educational platforms (the Google Classroom platform In the educational process, the stability of the questionnaire was verified, as the first part reached (0.87) and the second (0.89). After applying the questionnaire and analyzing the results statistically, the research results revealed that the evaluation of the research sample for the effectiveness of e-learning according to the Google Classroom platform was (high). As for the obstacles to using the Google Classroom platform, it was (low) and there were no statistical indications in the stage and gender variable. The researcher recommended holding training courses and workshops in the field of e-learning and assisting learners to get rid of the obstacles they face in the educational process, and the need for future marriage between e-learning and attendance in Iraqi universities, as well as a number of proposals, namely, conducting a study to evaluate the role of the Google Classroom platform in various branches Other knowledge, and a study on the obstacles to using e-learning from the faculty point of view. Key words: e-learning platforms, Google Classroom, academic performance.

Book Reviews

Albrecht Ritschl of Economic History Department London School of Economics and Political Science reviews “From Old Regime to Industrial State: A History of German Industrialization from the Eighteenth Century to World War I” by Richard H. Tilly and Michael Kopsidis. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Analyzes Germany's transition to modern economic growth, tracing the institutional roots of German industrialization from the eighteenth century to 1914.”

MUSEUM CURATOR BY VOCATION. CANON MIROSŁAW NOWAK PHD (1961–2021): DIRECTOR OF THE WARSAW ARCHDIOCESE MUSEUM

Having fought a long and tough battle against COVID-19, on 11 April 2021, Mirosław Nowak PhD, a theologian, art historian, museum curator, Archdiocese Conservator, and the Director of the Warsaw Archdiocese Museum, passed away. In 1982–1987, Fr. Mirosław studied art history at the History Department of the University of Warsaw, at the same time studying philosophy and theology at the Higher Metropolitan Seminary in Warsaw. Having taken holy orders in 1990, throughout his life he was able to successfully harmonize his ministry with the profession of an art historian. With his research focused on Baroque art, in 2006, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the Chapel of Blessed Ceslaus in the Wrocław church of the Dominicans. Fr. Mirosław Nowak performed many Diocese-wide functions, with 2013 being for him breakthrough: it was then that he became Director of the Warsaw Archdiocese Museum. Under him, the Museum was moved to a new extensive home in the centre of Warsaw’s Old Town; he mounted a permanent exhibition, and created an energetic cultural centre of high impact. At the Museum, he organized lectures, shows, authors’ presentations, concerts, and conferences. Fr. Nowak established contacts with other museums in Poland and abroad; he organized around 40 temporary exhibitions, among which the biggest and most interesting was that dedicated to the Silesian master of the Baroque Michael Willmann, The Warsaw Archdiocese Museum will painfully miss a good human and an excellent director.

Astronomy for Development actions in the context of long-standing refugee situations: the "Amanar: under the same sky" initiative

&lt;p&gt;&quot;Amanar: under the same sky&quot; is a science outreach project organized by GalileoMobile, the Asociaci&amp;#243;n Canaria de Amistad con el Pueblo Saharaui (ACAPS) and the Instituto de Astrof&amp;#237;sica de Canarias (IAC), with the aim to support and inspire the Sahrawi community from the refugee camps in Tindouf, Algeria, using Astronomy. The initiative pays special attention to Sahrawi children and youth to awaken their interest in science and stimulate their imagination and critical thinking. The project also promotes mutual understanding and cultural exchange through the study and preservation of the Saharawi rich astronomical traditions and knowledge of the sky. Amanar was selected as a &amp;#8220;Special Project&amp;#8221; of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) centenary celebrations, and has received funding from the IAU Office of Astronomy for Development and the Europlanet Funding Scheme. It counts with the support and collaboration of international astronomical institutions and a significant number of local partners.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The first part was developed in three of the Canary Islands in summer 2019. It combined visits to the professional observatories with educational activities about the Universe and astronomical observations for the Sahrawi children who spend every summer in the islands together with Spanish families, within the long-standing &amp;#8220;Holidays in Peace&amp;#8221; program. The second part took place in October 2019, when a team of astrophysicists, science communicators and filmmakers visited the Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf to promote Astronomy outreach activities in schools and donate telescopes and educational materials. Teacher workshops were also organized to encourage educators to use Astronomy as a didactic tool and contribute to the improvement of the quality of education in the region.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;As a reaction to the COVID-19 Pandemic in 2020, the project provided follow-up capacity building for Sahrawi teachers through a pilot online training programme through WhatsApp, which is efficient to low internet connection and easier to use in their mobile phones. The program content was co-created with the teachers to ensure that was relevant to them. In total, 635 children, 83 teachers and 150 people from the general public participated in all the project activities. In addition, thanks to a collaboration with the Sahrawi Oral History Department, a series of interviews were organized with elders about their Astronomical knowledge. In 2021 we are expanding this study by awarding internships to young Sahrawi people, who will be trained on Ethnoastronomy and ethnographic data collection, so they are the ones leading the process of preserving their own culture and history.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;In this talk, we will present the outcomes and best practices learned from the project so far, the planned actions to ensure long-term sustainability along with future visits to the camps. We will also discuss the global impact of this type of initiatives in the framework of Astronomy for Development.&lt;/p&gt;

ПЛЕМИЋИ НИКОЛИЋ ОД РУДНЕ. ПОРОДИЧНА ИСТОРИЈА У ЈЕДНОМ ДОКУМЕНТУ ИЗ ЗБИРКЕ НАРОДНОГ МУЗЕЈА БАНАТА У ТЕМИШВАРУ

The family Nikolić of Rudna was one of the most important families of Serbian descent from Hungary. The history of this noble family is largely unknown, as it didn’t receive much attention in the historiography. The present document was written by a member of the Nikolić family and addressed to the adopted son of baron Mihajlo Nikolić, Jovan Tirfelder. The document is an excellent information source about the history of the family. The document was written in German in the first decades of the 20th century. It comprises six pages and nowadays it is preserved, in a good state of conservation, in the document collection of the History department of the National Museum of Banat from Timișoara. The document comprises five short chapters: 1. General data about the Serbians in Hungar, 2. Sources about the history of our family, 3. The name of our family and its notation, 4. The history of our family end 5. Remarks regarding the use of the genealogical charts. The original documents regarding the history of the family before 1848 were lost during a fire, which occurred in Rudna during the 1848-1849 revolution. That is why it was necessary to use other sources in order to write the present document: e.g.: National Archives of Hungary in Budapest or the Archives of the Timiș County. A short history of the family, which contains previously unpublished aspects, constitutes the most significant part of this document and of the present article. Another part of the article is dedicated to the baron Fedor Nikolić of Rudna. He was the most important member of the family and a notability in Banat in the second half of the XIXth century. As a deputy, he represented various districts of Banat in the Hungarian parliament. He had an important position in the governing body of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1882-1886). Additionally he led several associations and commercial companies from Banat and Hungary and received various titles and medals.

Corpus Synodalium (March 2021) - Archiving Dossier Narrative

Corpus Synodalium is a multi-year collaborative project (2016-) to compile a repertory of local ecclesiastical legislation (principally diocesan statutes and provincial canons) produced in Latin Christendom from 1200-1500, and to facilitate their study through the production of a corpus of full-text transcriptions. The project website allows users to explore and compare these texts using a variety of simple text analysis tools (including fuzzy and faceted searches, collocation, and time series). Users can also export search results to the first-ever digital atlas of medieval European dioceses and ecclesiastical provinces, in order to look for spatial patterns within the text corpus. The project was led by Rowan Dorin (History Department, Stanford University), with the support of a team of collaborators in the United States and Europe.

To the 70th Anniversary of the Birth of Professor Leonid Vladimirovich Kuras: Traditions and Innovations of the Historical School of ISU

The scientific work of one of the famous graduates of the history department of Irkutsk State University, doctor of historical sciences, historiographer, professor L. V. Kuras is analyzed. The process of forming the scientific interests of the scientist, the nature of relations with teachers and colleagues is studied, the breadth of scientific views and professional interests of the historian is emphasized, the role of L. V. Kuras in the development of Siberian and Mongolian studies, and the expansion of the source base of modern regional historical science is considered.