scholarly journals The regulatory status of gene-edited agricultural products in the EU and beyond

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
René Custers
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Genetically Modified Organism ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Regulatory Oversight ◽  
Regulatory Status ◽  
The World ◽  
European Regulatory ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
Natural Recombination ◽  
The Eu

Governments all over the world are struggling with the regulatory status of gene-edited organisms. Are they regulated? Should they be regulated? In the present paper, the main focus is on the regulatory status of gene-edited organisms within the European regulatory framework. A stepwise analysis is performed that comes to the conclusion that gene-edited agricultural products that carry edits that can also occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination are not a genetically modified organism. On the question whether they should be regulated, it is argued that it is difficult to require regulatory oversight that would go beyond what we now require for conventional products that can carry the same types of alterations. A regulatory approach is pleaded for that abides to fundamental principles of law making, and which allows for gene editing to develop responsibly.

Schizophrenic Stakes of GMO Regulation in the European Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Mereu
Keyword(s):  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Regulatory Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Legislation ◽  
European Institutions ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
The World ◽  
European Regulatory ◽  
The Eu

EU legislation on genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is the most stringent legislation governing the matter in the world, laying down strict conditions relating to labelling, traceability, threshold and release on the market. In light of a recent Commission proposal to amend Directive 2001/18, which currently regulates the release of GMOs on the European market, this article asks whether and on what basis such stringency is justified. This is done through an in depth analysis of the EU regulatory framework for GMOs while at the same time highlighting the multiple interests at stake (environmental, scientific, industrial, political, national and European).This article argues that the European institutions should proceed to amend Directive 2001/18 on the basis of a detailed examination of the benefits as well as the risks that GMOs present. This article, however, raises concern that the European regulatory framework will focus exclusively on the risks or on political concerns relating to GMOs instead, for it is a fear of GMOs that seems to permeate the system from top to bottom.

Gene Editing for the EU Agrifood: Risks and Promises in Science Regulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 766-780
Author(s):  
Luca LEONE
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Eu Governance ◽  
Science Regulation ◽  
Regulatory Approach ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Process Product ◽  
New Breeding Techniques ◽  
Breeding Techniques ◽  
The Eu

In today’s innovation-driven agrifood domain, the perspective of using so-called New Breeding Techniques (NBTs) on both non-human animals and plants calls into question the regulatory approach (process/product-based) to be used, while asking for a critical reflection on the potential impact of products on the industrial sector and citizens. A possible reconfiguration of European (EU) discipline will have to grapple with not only agrifood market’s interests and needs, but mostly and primarily with the growing quest for public and participatory discussion on the current dominant vision on life sciences. Only through restoring visibility to the intertwining of knowledge production will it be possible to obtain EU governance of gene editing that is more authoritatively reliable from a scientific stance, as well as more transparently discussed and democratically shared at legal and policy level.

scholarly journals   Development of agricultural trade and competitiveness of the commodity structures of individual countries of the Visegrad Group

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 222-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Svatoš ◽  
L. Smutka
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
The World ◽  
Territorial Structure ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Visegrad Group ◽  
The Eu

The paper analyzes the development of the value, commodity and territorial structure and competitiveness of agricultural trade of the countries of the Visegrad Group in 1993–2008. Over the years, there has been a sharp increase not only to the volume, but also to the value of the traded agricultural products. The territorial structure of both exports and imports has narrowed to a decisive extent, primarily to the trade with the countries of the EU27. The commodity structure of agricultural trade has adapted very strongly both to the world and especially to the European market and it has furthermore reacted to the changes in the structure of the individual national markets. In the course of the years, the commodity structure has profiled so that there has been a limitation of aggregation with a strong comparative advantage on the market of the EU countries in relation to the aggregations that did not held this advantage. The analysis that has been performed indicates that the process of the accession to the EU has been reflected positively in the results of agricultural trade especially in the case of Poland. In the case of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, the entry into the EU likewise has not led to a worsening of the results in the area of agricultural trade. Only in the case of Hungary, one does find serious structural problems after the entry into the EU in the case of agricultural trade. It can be assumed that these problems can be attributed for the most part to the Hungary’s current economic problems.    

scholarly journals Agricultural Market Access under the World Trade Organization: Identifying Sensitive Products in the EU

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen Huan-Niemi
Keyword(s):  
Milk Powder ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Doha Round ◽  
Projection Model ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Draft Proposal ◽  
The Eu

Agriculture is at the centre of the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations at the World TradeOrganization. The US is aggressively demanding for significant reduction in tariff, but the EU isunable to lower its tariffs drastically because further tariff reductions will erode border protection forsome of its important agricultural products.In this study, EU agricultural products are examined by tariff lines at eight digit level to reveal thesensitive agricultural products in the EU. These products are butter, skim milk powder, beef meat,poultry meat, pig meat, white sugar, wheat, barley, and maize. A spreadsheet model is used as ananalysis tool to complement the various modelling approaches in identifying the sensitive agriculturalproducts of the EU. The spreadsheet projection model is a simple forecasting model that uses a set ofprojection values from other models to predict possible outcomes. The sensitivity of EU agriculturalproducts is analysed with various exchange rates (USD 0.90 per Euro to USD 1.50 per Euro), differenttariff reduction formulas (according to the EU proposal, WTO draft proposal, and US proposal), andthe separate tariff-cut limits in the Draft formula and US formula.Out of the many proposals submitted to the WTO for the tariff reduction formula, the US proposal isthe most extreme and the EU proposal is the most lenient with the G-20 proposal and the WTO draftproposal being in the middle. It is natural that the EU proposal will generate a lower number ofsensitive products compared to the WTO draft proposal, and the US proposal will generate the highestnumber of sensitive products.The results demonstrate that cereals such as wheat, barley, and maize are the most resilient to theerosion of border protection due to further reduction in tariffs in the projected Doha Round. Incontrast, poultry meat has the weakest border protection in the projected Doha Round. The examinedEU agricultural products are very sensitive to the fluctuations of exchange rate. In the projected DohaRound, there are no sensitive agricultural products in the EU if the Euro is very weak - USD 0.90 perEuro. On the contrary, a very strong Euro (USD 1.50 per Euro) will create the greatest amount ofsensitive products in the projected Doha Round.WTO members are entitled to select and designate an appropriate number of sensitive products.Proposals have extended from as little as one percent to as much as fifteen percent of tariff lines. TheEU has proposed eight percent of the tariff lines to be designated as sensitive products. In contrast, theUS and G-20 group have proposed only one percent of the tariff lines to be designated as sensitiveproducts. The WTO draft proposal estimated that the number of sensitive products may be betweenfour to eight percent of all agricultural tariff lines. Therefore, the EU may be eligible to designatebetween 88 to 176 tariff lines as sensitive products. This study has analysed only nine tariff lines outof the 2200 tariff lines for EU agricultural products. The examined EU agricultural products mayrepresent other tariff lines in the same product category, but potential sensitive products at eight digitlevel have to be analysed individually in order to choose the correct and exact number of sensitiveproducts for the EU.

scholarly journals HYGIENIC ASSESSMENT OF CHANGES IN THE ASSORTMENT AND RANGES OF APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES IN THE AGRICULTURE OF UKRAINE FROM 2015 TO 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
I.V. Tkachenko ◽  
A.M. Antonenko ◽  
V.G. Bardov
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Plant Protection Products ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Pesticide Application ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
The World ◽  
Active Substances ◽  
The Eu

Relevance. Ukraine actively exports its agricultural products to the markets of Europe and the world. The growth rate of agricultural exports from Ukraine to the EU in May 2019 was 49.9%. Objective was to analyze and hygienically evaluate changes in the assortment and ranges of pesticide application in Ukrainian agriculture over the last 5 years (from 2015 to 2019). Materials and methods. The object of our research was changes in the assortment and ranges of pesticide application in Ukrainian agriculture from 2015 to 2019. Growth and growth rates were calculated. Results. Herbicides are leaders among the pesticides authorized for use in Ukraine: in 2019 their fraction was 56 % of the total (321 formulations). The following in number are fungicides: in 2019 – 25 % (147 formulations); and in third place are insecticides and acaricides: 19 % (107 formulations). Most of all classes’ pesticides are monoformulations. Their growth rate from 2015 to 2019 was 93 %, increasing rate - 52%. In second place - combined formulations with two active substances: their number during 2015-2019 increased by 42%. For pesticides with three active substances, the growth rate from 2015 to 2019 was 145%. Also in 2017 there were herbicide formulations with four active substances, but their number is insignificant: in 2017 – 2, in 2019 – 3 formulations. Conclusion. It was found that in the period from 2015 to 2019, the increase of all chemical plant protection products was 47%. The tendency towards an increase in different classes of pesticides does not change significantly every year and the leaders among them are herbicides, second place is occupied by fungicides and third – by insecticides and acaricides. Pesticides with one active substance (monoformulations) predominate.

Russian Policy of Agriculture Support and the Necessity of Its Modification after WTO Accession

2012 ◽  
pp. 132-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Uzun
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Wto Accession ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Agriculture Support

The article deals with the features of the Russian policy of agriculture support in comparison with the EU and the US policies. Comparative analysis is held considering the scales and levels of collective agriculture support, sources of supporting means, levels and mechanisms of support of agricultural production manufacturers, its consumers, agrarian infrastructure establishments, manufacturers and consumers of each of the principal types of agriculture production. The author makes an attempt to estimate the consequences of Russia’s accession to the World Trade Organization based on a hypothesis that this will result in unification of the manufacturers and consumers’ protection levels in Russia with the countries that have long been WTO members.

Upheaval in the distribution of power in the world economy: Problems and outlook of the world economy to 2050

2017 ◽  
pp. 114-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Klinov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
International Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Depressed State ◽  
Industry Output ◽  
The World ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
The Eu

Causes of upheaval in the distribution of power among large advanced and emerging market economies in the XXI century, especially in industry output and international trade, are a topic of the paper. Problems of employment, financialization and income distribution inequality as consequences of globalization are identified as the most important. Causes of the depressed state of the EU and the eurozone are presented in a detailed review. In this content, PwC forecast of changes in the world economy by 2050, to the author’s view, optimistically provides for wise and diligent economic policy.

Considering Territorial Agendas of the EU in context of Rising of Territorial Dimension of Cohesion Policy

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-257
Author(s):  
İclal Kaya Altay ◽  
◽  
Shqiprim Ahmeti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lisbon Strategy ◽  
Cohesion Policy ◽  
Setting Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Territorial Cohesion ◽  
Descriptive Language ◽  
The Eu

The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe ads territorial cohesion as Union’s third goal, beside economic and social cohesion and lists it as a shared competence. In the other hand, the Lisbon Strategy aims to turn Europe into the most competitive area of sustainable growth in the world and it is considered that the Territorial cohesion policy should contribute to it. This paper is structured by a descriptive language while deduction method is used. It refers to official documents, strategies, agendas and reports, as well as books, articles and assessments related to topic. This paper covers all of two Territorial Agendas as well as the background of territorial cohesion thinking and setting process of territorial cohesion policy.

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