Comprehension in Developmentally Delayed Children

1987 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith L. Page ◽  
Donna Horn
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Developmentally Delayed ◽  
Several Variables ◽  
Differential Performance

The purpose of this study was to determine if developmentally delayed children demonstrate superior comprehension for restricted, syntactically incomplete as compared to reduced, syntactically complete forms. Ten developmentally delayed children at linguistic stage I (MLU 1.00–1.99) participated in this study. Five children were functioning within early stage I (MLU 1.00–1.49) and five children were within late stage I (MLU 1.50–1.99). Children were asked to manipulate objects in response to declarative telegraphic and adult utterances, some of which included nonsense or inverted forms. Results revealed that late stage I children demonstrated better comprehension than early stage I children for all utterance types. Additionally, late stage I children responded equally well to all noninverted utterance types, whereas early stage I children exhibited differential performance according to utterance type. Both groups of children exhibited significantly poorer performance on inverted forms. Results were interpreted with regard to several variables that may affect comprehension performance.

XMAP230 is required for the assembly and organization of acetylated microtubules and spindles in Xenopus oocytes and eggs

1998 ◽  
Vol 111 (16) ◽  
pp. 2315-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Cha ◽  
B. Error ◽  
D.L. Gard
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Xenopus Oocytes ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Meiotic Spindle ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
And Function

We used affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies to characterize the distribution and function of XMAP230, a heat-stable microtubule-associated protein isolated from Xenopus eggs, during oogenesis. Immunoblots revealed that XMAP230 was present throughout oogenesis and early development, but was most abundant in late stage oocytes, eggs, and early embryos. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that XMAP230 was associated with microtubules in oogonia, post-mitotic stage 0 oocytes, early stage I oocytes, and during stage IV-VI of oogenesis. However, staining of microtubules by anti-XMAP230 was not detectable during late stage I through stage III. In stage VI oocytes, anti-XMAP230 stained a large subset of microtubules that were also stained with monoclonal antibodies specific for acetylated (α)-tubulin. During oocyte maturation, XMAP230 was associated with the transient microtubule array that serves as the precursor of the first meiotic spindle, as well as both first and second meiotic spindles. The extensive array of cytoplasmic microtubules present throughout maturation was not detectably stained by anti-XMAP230. Microinjection of anti-XMAP230 locally disrupted the organization and acetylation of microtubules in stage VI oocytes, and reduced the re-acetylation of microtubules during recovery from cold-induced microtubule disassembly. Subsequent maturation of oocytes injected with anti-XMAP230 resulted in defects in the assembly of the transient microtubules array and first meiotic spindle. These observations suggest that XMAP230 is required for the stabilization and organization of cytoplasmic and spindle microtubules in Xenopus oocytes and eggs.

Patterns of lung cancer in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A retrospective, single-center study in Washington, D.C.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e21154-e21154
Author(s):  
Margaret Pruitt ◽  
Rajesh Naidu Janapala ◽  
Faysal Haroun
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Primary Lung Cancer ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Neuroendocrine Cancer

e21154 Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death and the most common non-acquired immune deficiency syndrome defining malignancy in people living with HIV (PLWH). Disparities in outcomes have been observed despite lung cancer mortality reportedly decreasing in the general population over the last decade due to lower rates of smoking and the advent of novel therapies. To better understand the current trend in lung cancer in PLWH, we explored demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and lung cancer pathology and molecular data in this population. Methods: A retrospective search of patient charts was conducted from 2004 to January 2021 using billing codes for HIV and primary lung cancer. Patients who had incorrect HIV or primary lung cancer diagnoses were excluded. Results: The search yielded 45 patients, of which 11 were excluded as described above: 66% were males, 82% African American, and 18% Caucasian. About two-thirds of patients were living in zip codes with predominantly low to medium household incomes. The median pack years of patients diagnosed with Stage I or II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was 40, Stage III or IV NSCLC was 20, early stage small cell lung cancer (SCLC) was 30, and late stage SCLC was 60. The median time between HIV and lung cancer diagnoses was 21.7 years for Stage I or II NSCLC, 17.1 years for Stage III or IV NSCLC, 15.2 for early stage SCLC, and 13.3 for late stage SCLC. Of 26 patients with viral load (VL) data, 21 (80.7%) had VL less than 500 when lung cancer was diagnosed. Of the 33 charts with available pathology data, there were 16 adenocarcinomas, 6 squamous carcinomas, 3 adenosquamous carcinomas, 1 large cell neuroendocrine cancer, 4 SCLCs, 1 mesothelioma, and 2 unspecified NSCLCs. Of 19 patients with a histologic grade, 11 had a high-grade tumor (57.9%). For the NSCLCs, 8 were Stage I (28.5%), 2 Stage II (7.1%), 8 Stage III (28.5%), 9 Stage IV (32.1%), and 1 with an unspecified stage. One SCLC was early stage and the remaining 3 were late stage. Five patients had brain metastasis. Molecular data or PDL-1 expression was available for 10 adenocarcinomas (62.5%), 1 adenosquamous (33%), 3 squamous carcinomas (50%), and the large cell neuroendocrine cancer. An EGFR mutation was detected in 2 cancers. ALK rearrangement was found in 1. Other mutations were detected. Two cancers were in each PDL1 expression category: < 1%, 1-50%, and > 50%. Conclusions: Our study suggests that PLWH with lung cancer continue to have high rates of smoking. Viral load was well controlled. A range in stages of lung cancer was observed including earlier stages. Although molecular data was limited, available EGFR and ALK gene alterations, and PD-L1 expression prevalence were on par with that of the general population. With advancements in lung cancer treatment, additional research is needed in the PLWH population to better understand and mitigate disparities.

scholarly journals Osteopontin, Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor and Anti-Interleukin-8 Autoantibodies Complement CA125 for Detection of Early Stage Ovarian Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Guo ◽  
Wei-Lei Yang ◽  
Daewoo Pak ◽  
Joseph Celestino ◽  
Karen H. Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Early Stage Disease ◽  
Biomarker Panel ◽  
Early Stage Ovarian Cancer

Early detection of ovarian cancer promises to reduce mortality. While serum CA125 can detect more than 60% of patients with early stage (I–II) disease, greater sensitivity might be observed with a panel of biomarkers. Ten protein antigens and 12 autoantibody biomarkers were measured in sera from 76 patients with early stage (I–II), 44 patients with late stage (III–IV) ovarian cancer and 200 healthy participants in the normal risk ovarian cancer screening study. A four-biomarker panel (CA125, osteopontin (OPN), macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF), and anti-IL-8 autoantibodies) detected 82% of early stage cancers compared to 65% with CA125 alone. In early stage subjects the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the panel (0.985) was significantly greater (p < 0.001) than the AUC for CA125 alone (0.885). Assaying an independent validation set of sera from 71 early stage ovarian cancer patients, 45 late stage patients and 131 healthy women, AUC in early stage disease was improved from 0.947 with CA125 alone to 0.974 with the four-biomarker panel (p = 0.015). Consequently, OPN, MIF and IL-8 autoantibodies can be used in combination with CA125 to distinguish ovarian cancer patients from healthy controls with high sensitivity. Osteopontin appears to be a robust biomarker that deserves further evaluation in combination with CA125.

A retrospective assessment of outcomes of chemotherapy-based versus radiation-only adjuvant treatment for completely resected stage I–IV uterine carcinosarcoma (UCS) with rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) differentiation.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5595-5595
Author(s):  
Vicky Makker ◽  
Sara Jane Kravetz ◽  
Jacqueline Gallagher ◽  
Oana Orodel ◽  
Alexia Iasonos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Residual Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Figo Stage ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Primary Surgery

5595 Background: UCS with RMS differentiation are aggressive cancers with poor survival, and without an established standard treatment (txt). We aimed to determine the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients (pts) who received either platinum-based chemo with or w/o radiation therapy (pelvic or IVRT), or RT alone (pelvic or IVRT). Methods: MSKCC EMR from 1990 to 2012 was reviewed for pt age, diag. date, primary surgery, residual disease at completion of primary surgery, FIGO stage, txt details, dates of progression, death, site(s) of first recurrence. Univariate analysis for PFS/OS utilized Kaplan Meier method. Differences between PFS/OS and categorical variables of stage + txt type were assessed using log-rank test. All analyses utilized SAS version 9.2. Pts who received chemo with or w/o RT or RT alone were included in the analysis. Results: 53 pts met study criteria. 41/53 (77.4%) pts received chemo: 30/41 (73.2%) paclitaxel-carboplatin (TC); 3/41 (7.3%) ifosfamide (I)-platinum; 3/41 (7.3%) weekly cisplatin followed by TC; 2/41 (4.9%) other platinum-doublets; 3/41 (7.3%) IT. 34% of the chemo pts also received pelvic or IVRT. 12/53 (22.6%) pts received only pelvic RT+/-IVRT. FIGO stage: I =16 (30%); II =5 (9%); III =14 (26%); IV =18 (34%). Median PFS for the entire cohort: 11.7 mos (95% CI 6.4, 14.1). Median OS for the entire cohort: 21.8 mos (95% CI 14.9, 31.8). Median PFS by stage: 14.3 mos for early stage (stages I and II) vs 9.9 mos for late stage (stages III and IV), p=0.0217. Median OS by stage: not reached in the early stage cohort. Median OS for the late stage: 19.9 mos, p=0.0106. Median PFS by txt: 10.7 mos for the Pelvic RT+/- IVRT group vs 13.5 mos for chemo+/-Pelvic RT+/- IVRT group, p=0.5126. Median OS treatment: 23.9 mos for the chemo+/-Pelvic RT+/- IVRT group vs 17.4 mos for the Pelvic RT+/- IVRT group, p = 0.5191. Conclusions: PFS and OS outcomes in our cohort of pts with UCS with RMS differentiation were similar to survival outcomes among pts treated with platinum-based chemo on GOG 150 and GOG232B. The role of adjuvant RT in addition to chemo warrants further investigation.

LATENT HARDENING AND THE FLOW STRESS IN COPPER SINGLE CRYSTALS

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 707-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Jackson ◽  
Z. S. Basinski
Keyword(s):  
Flow Stress ◽  
Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Slip Direction ◽  
Forest Density ◽  
Secondary Systems ◽  
Latent Hardening ◽  
Copper Single Crystals

The latent hardening produced by straining copper crystals in single glide was investigated by measuring the flow stress on secondary systems. Specimens oriented for slip on these systems were spark cut from large prestrained crystals and tested in tension. These specimens did not always yield on the most highly stressed system; this behavior is a manifestation of the anisotropy introduced by the prestrain and was found only in certain portions of the stereographic projection.When the glide plane was changed, the flow stress increased. The increase ranged from 160% in early stage I to 40% in late stage II, except for systems with Burgers vectors at 90° to the prestrain slip direction, where systematically smaller increases were observed. The flow stress did not increase significantly when only the slip direction was altered.The anisotropy of the flow stress is closely related to the anisotropy of the dislocation distribution produced by single glide. In particular a reasonably good correlation appears to exist between the flow stress and the forest density. The strain rate and temperature sensitivity of the flow stress are unaffected by a change in stress system.The results are discussed in terms of current theories of the flow stress. It is concluded that while impurity interactions may be important in stage I, the flow stress is controlled mainly by forest interactions.

LOW-DOSE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN MOSCOW FOR LUNG CANCER SCREENING (LDCT-MLCS): BASELINE RESULTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-233
Author(s):  
Sergey Morozov ◽  
Viktor Gombolevskiy ◽  
Anton Vladzimirskiy ◽  
Albina Laypan ◽  
Pavel Kononets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Lung Cancer Screening ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Number Needed To Screen ◽  
Low Dose Computed Tomography

Study aim. To justify selective lung cancer screening via low-dose computed tomography and evaluate its effectiveness. Materials and methods. In 2017 we have concluded the baseline stage of “Lowdose computed tomography in Moscow for lung cancer screening (LDCT-MLCS)” trial. The trial included 10 outpatient clinics with 64-detector CT units (Toshiba Aquilion 64 and Toshiba CLX). Special low-dose protocols have been developed for each unit with maximum effective dose of 1 mSv (in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 2.2.1, Sanitary Regulations 2.6.1.1192-03). The study involved 5,310 patients (53% men, 47% women) aged 18-92 years (mean age 62 years). Diagnosis verification was carried out in the specialized medical organizations via consultations, additional instrumental, laboratory as well as pathohistological studies. The results were then entered into the “National Cancer Registry”. Results. 5310 patients (53% men, 47% women) aged 18 to 92 years (an average of 62 years) participated in the LDCT-MLCS. The final cohort was comprised of 4762 (89.6%) patients. We have detected 291 (6.1%) Lung-RADS 3 lesions, 228 (4.8%) Lung- RADS 4A lesions and 196 (4.1%) Lung-RADS 4B/4X lesions. All 4B and 4X lesions were routed in accordance with the project's methodology and legislative documents. Malignant neoplasms were verified in 84 cases (1.76% of the cohort). Stage I-II lung cancer was actively detected in 40.3% of these individuals. For the first time in the Russian Federation we have calculated the number needed to screen (NNS) to identify one lung cancer (NNS=57) and to detect one Stage I lung cancer (NNS=207). Conclusions. Based on the global experience and our own practices, we argue that selective LDCT is the most systematic solution to the problem of early-stage lung cancer screening.

scholarly journals Making the Grade during Pandemic: Early-stage and Late-stage Provisional Institutions

2021 ◽  
pp. 073112142110286
Author(s):  
Alexander B. Kinney ◽  
Nicholas J. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
State University ◽  
Institutional Work ◽  
Traditional Grading ◽  
Grading Policy ◽  
Temporary Solution ◽  
Rural State ◽  
Empirical Implications ◽  
Common Understanding

This is an article that draws on the institutional work literature about provisional institutions. To date, nearly every U.S. sector has been impacted by COVID-19. To sustain their core missions, highly institutionalized organizations such as universities have had to rethink foundational structures and policies. Using a historical ethnographic approach to investigate records from faculty senate deliberations at “Rural State University” (RSU), the authors examine the implementation of a temporary grading policy to supplement traditional, qualitative grades spring 2020 during the outbreak. The authors find that RSU implemented a temporary, supplemental grading policy as a provisional institution to momentarily supersede traditional grading as a means to—as soon as possible—return to it. This finding contrasts with the common understanding that provisional institutions operate primarily as a temporary solution to a social problem that leads to more stable and enduring, ostensibly nonprovisional institutions. The temporary grading policy, the authors argue, constitutes a “late-stage” provisional institution and, with this new lens, subsequently characterize the more commonplace understanding of provisional institutions as “early-stage.” This contribution has theoretical implications for studies of institutions and empirical implications for research on shared governance and disruption in higher education.

scholarly journals Adjuvant brachytherapy for FIGO stage I serous or clear cell endometrial cancer

2021 ◽  
pp. ijgc-2020-002217
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B Jeans ◽  
William G Breen ◽  
Trey C Mullikin ◽  
Brittany A Looker ◽  
Andrea Mariani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Figo Stage ◽  
Stage I ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Vaginal Cuff ◽  
Locoregional Failure ◽  
Platinum Based Chemotherapy ◽  
Increased Risk

ObjectivesOptimal adjuvant treatment for early-stage clear cell and serous endometrial cancer remains unclear. We report outcomes for women with surgically staged International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I clear cell, serous, and mixed endometrial cancers following adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy with or without chemotherapy.MethodsFrom April 1998 to January 2020, women with FIGO stage IA–IB clear cell, serous, and mixed endometrial cancer underwent surgery and adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy. Seventy-six patients received chemotherapy. High-dose rate vaginal cuff brachytherapy was planned to a total dose of 21 gray in three fractions using a multichannel vaginal cylinder. The primary objective was to determine the effectiveness of adjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy and to identify surgicopathological risk factors that could portend towards worse oncological outcomes.ResultsA total of 182 patients were included in the analysis. Median follow-up was 5.3 years (2.3–12.2). Ten-year survival was 73.3%. Five-year cumulative incidence (CI) of vaginal, pelvic, and para-aortic relapse was 1.4%, 2.1%, and 0.9%, respectively. Five-year locoregional failure, any recurrence, peritoneal relapse, and other distant recurrence was 4.4%, 11.6%, 5.3%, and 6.7%, respectively. On univariate analysis, locoregional failure was worse for larger tumors (per 1 cm) (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 3.0, p≤0.01). Any recurrence was worse for tumors of at least 3.5 cm (HR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 11.7, p=0.02) and patients with positive/suspicious cytology (HR 4.4, 95% CI 1.5 to 12.4, p≤0.01). Ten-year survival for tumors of at least 3.5 cm was 56.9% versus 86.6% for those with smaller tumors (HR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4 to 5.8, p≤0.01). Ten-year survival for positive/suspicious cytology was 50.9% versus 77.4% (HR 2.2, 95% CI 0.9 to 5.4, p=0.09). Multivariate modeling demonstrated worse locoregional failure, any recurrence, and survival with larger tumors, as well as any recurrence with positive/suspicious cytology. Subgroup analysis demonstrated improved outcomes with the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with large tumors or positive/suspicious cytology.ConclusionAdjuvant vaginal cuff brachytherapy alone without chemotherapy is an appropriate treatment for women with negative peritoneal cytology and small, early-stage clear cell, serous, and mixed endometrial cancer. Larger tumors or positive/suspicious cytology are at increased risk for relapse and worse survival, and should be considered for additional upfront adjuvant treatments, such as platinum-based chemotherapy.

Health Insurance Status as a Predictor of Mode of Colon Cancer Detection but Not Stage at Diagnosis: Implications for Early Detection

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492199917
Author(s):  
Lindsey A. Jones ◽  
Katherine C. Brewer ◽  
Leslie R. Carnahan ◽  
Jennifer A. Parsons ◽  
Blase N. Polite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colon Cancer ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Insurance Status ◽  
Stage At Diagnosis ◽  
Health Insurance Status ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
Point Increase

Objective For colon cancer patients, one goal of health insurance is to improve access to screening that leads to early detection, early-stage diagnosis, and polyp removal, all of which results in easier treatment and better outcomes. We examined associations among health insurance status, mode of detection (screen detection vs symptomatic presentation), and stage at diagnosis (early vs late) in a diverse sample of patients recently diagnosed with colon cancer from the Chicago metropolitan area. Methods Data came from the Colon Cancer Patterns of Care in Chicago study of racial and socioeconomic disparities in colon cancer screening, diagnosis, and care. We collected data from the medical records of non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White patients aged ≥50 and diagnosed with colon cancer from October 2010 through January 2014 (N = 348). We used logistic regression with marginal standardization to model associations between health insurance status and study outcomes. Results After adjusting for age, race, sex, and socioeconomic status, being continuously insured 5 years before diagnosis and through diagnosis was associated with a 20 (95% CI, 8-33) percentage-point increase in prevalence of screen detection. Screen detection in turn was associated with a 15 (95% CI, 3-27) percentage-point increase in early-stage diagnosis; however, nearly half (47%; n = 54) of the 114 screen-detected patients were still diagnosed at late stage (stage 3 or 4). Health insurance status was not associated with earlier stage at diagnosis. Conclusions For health insurance to effectively shift stage at diagnosis, stronger associations are needed between health insurance and screening-related detection; between screening-related detection and early stage at diagnosis; or both. Findings also highlight the need to better understand factors contributing to late-stage colon cancer diagnosis despite screen detection.

scholarly journals EU FP7 research funding for an orphan drug (Orfadin®) and vaccine (Hep C) development: a success and a failure?

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Schmidt ◽  
O. Sehic ◽  
C. Wild
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Clinical Development ◽  
Clinical Indication ◽  
Market Authorisation ◽  
Risk Capital

Abstract Background We considered the extent of the contribution of publicly funded research to the late-stage clinical development of pharmaceuticals and medicinal products, based on the European Commission (EC) FP7 research funding programme. Using two EC FP7-HEALTH case study examples—representing two types of outcomes—we then estimated wider public and charitable research funding contributions. Methods Using the publicly available database of FP7-HEALTH funded projects, we identified awards relating to late-stage clinical development according to the systematic application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, classified them according to product type and clinical indication, and calculated total EC funding amounts. We then identified two case studies representing extreme outcomes: failure to proceed with the product (hepatitis C vaccine) and successful market authorisation (Orfadin® for alkaptonuria). Total public and philanthropic research funding contributions to these products were then estimated using publicly available information on funding. Results 12.3% (120/977) of all EC FP7-HEALTH awards related to the funding of late-stage clinical research, totalling € 686,871,399. Pharmaceutical products and vaccines together accounted for 84% of these late-stage clinical development research awards and 70% of its funding. The hepatitis C vaccine received total European Community (FP7 and its predecessor, EC Framework VI) funding of €13,183,813; total public and charitable research funding for this product development was estimated at € 77,060,102. The industry sponsor does not consider further development of this product viable; this now represents public risk investment. FP7 funding for the late-stage development of Orfadin® for alkaptonuria was so important that the trials it funded formed the basis for market authorisation, but it is not clear whether the price of the treatment (over €20,000 per patient per year) adequately reflects the substantial public funding contribution. Conclusions Public and charitable research funding plays an essential role, not just in early stage basic research, but also in the late-stage clinical development of products prior to market authorisation. In addition, it provides risk capital for failed products. Within this context, we consider further discussions about a public return on investment and its reflection in pricing policies and decisions justified.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document