How “Proficient” Is Proficient? Bilingual Listeners' Recognition of English Words in Noise

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu-Feng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
English Word ◽  
The Other ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Youden’S Index

Purpose Shi (2011, 2013) obtained sensitivity/specificity measures of bilingual listeners' English and relative proficiency ratings as the predictor of English word recognition in quiet. The current study investigated how relative proficiency predicted word recognition in noise. Method Forty-two monolingual and 168 bilingual normal-hearing listeners were included. Bilingual listeners rated their proficiency in listening, speaking, and reading in English and in the other language using an 11-point scale. Listeners were presented with 50 English monosyllabic words in quiet at 45 dB HL and in multitalker babble with a signal-to-noise ratio of +6 and 0 dB. Results Data in quiet confirmed Shi's (2013) finding that relative proficiency with or without dominance predicted well whether bilinguals performed on par with the monolingual norm. Predicting the outcome was difficult for the 2 noise conditions. To identify bilinguals whose performance fell below the normative range, dominance per se or a combination of dominance and average relative proficiency rating yielded the best sensitivity/specificity and summary measures, including Youden's index. Conclusion Bilinguals' word recognition is more difficult to predict in noise than in quiet; however, proficiency and dominance variables can predict reasonably well whether bilinguals may perform at a monolingual normative level.

Speech Reception in the Presence of Classroom Noise

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Speech Discrimination ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Speech Reception ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Noise Ratio

Three hundred children from five to 12 years of age were required to discriminate simple, familiar, monosyllabic words under two conditions: 1) quiet, and 2) in the presence of background classroom noise. Of the sample, 45.3% made errors in speech discrimination in the presence of background classroom noise. The effect was most marked in children younger than seven years six months. The results are discussed considering the signal-to-noise ratio and the possible effects of unwanted classroom noise on learning processes.

scholarly journals Applying Ateb–Gabor Filters to Biometric Imaging Problems

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 717
Author(s):  
Mariia Nazarkevych ◽  
Natalia Kryvinska ◽  
Yaroslav Voznyi
Keyword(s):  
Wavelet Transformation ◽  
Symmetric Functions ◽  
Gabor Filter ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Image Transformation ◽  
Gabor Filtering ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Filtration Method

This article presents a new method of image filtering based on a new kind of image processing transformation, particularly the wavelet-Ateb–Gabor transformation, that is a wider basis for Gabor functions. Ateb functions are symmetric functions. The developed type of filtering makes it possible to perform image transformation and to obtain better biometric image recognition results than traditional filters allow. These results are possible due to the construction of various forms and sizes of the curves of the developed functions. Further, the wavelet transformation of Gabor filtering is investigated, and the time spent by the system on the operation is substantiated. The filtration is based on the images taken from NIST Special Database 302, that is publicly available. The reliability of the proposed method of wavelet-Ateb–Gabor filtering is proved by calculating and comparing the values of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and mean square error (MSE) between two biometric images, one of which is filtered by the developed filtration method, and the other by the Gabor filter. The time characteristics of this filtering process are studied as well.

scholarly journals Geometric Approach to Analytic Marginalisation of the Likelihood Ratio for Continuous Gravitational Wave Searches

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 174
Author(s):  
Karl Wette
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Wave ◽  
Likelihood Ratio ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Geometric Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Efficient Computation ◽  
Likelihood Ratios ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Optimal Signal

The likelihood ratio for a continuous gravitational wave signal is viewed geometrically as a function of the orientation of two vectors; one representing the optimal signal-to-noise ratio, and the other representing the maximised likelihood ratio or F-statistic. Analytic marginalisation over the angle between the vectors yields a marginalised likelihood ratio, which is a function of the F-statistic. Further analytic marginalisation over the optimal signal-to-noise ratio is explored using different choices of prior. Monte-Carlo simulations show that the marginalised likelihood ratios had identical detection power to the F-statistic. This approach demonstrates a route to viewing the F-statistic in a Bayesian context, while retaining the advantages of its efficient computation.

Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio Evaluation of Server Display Monitors and Client Display Monitors in a Digital Subtraction Angiography Devices

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Hwunjae Lee ◽  
◽  
Junhaeng Lee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Information Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Digital Subtraction ◽  
Signal Distortion ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Image Storage ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Pacs Server ◽  
Display Monitor

This study evaluated PSNR of server display monitor and client display monitor of DSA system. The signal is acquired and imaged during the surgery and stored in the PACS server. After that, distortion of the original signal is an important problem in the process of observation on the client monitor. There are many problems such as noise generated during compression and image storage/transmission in PACS, information loss during image storage and transmission, and deterioration in image quality when outputting medical images from a monitor. The equipment used for the experiment in this study was P's DSA. We used two types of monitors in our experiment, one is P’s company resolution 1280×1024 pixel monitor, and the other is W’s company resolution 1536×2048 pixel monitor. The PACS Program used MARO-view, and for the experiment, a PSNR measurement program using Visual C++ was implemented and used for the experiment. As a result of the experiment, the PSNR value of the kidney angiography image was 26.958dB, the PSNR value of the lung angiography image was 28.9174 dB, the PSNR value of the heart angiography image was 22.8315dB, and the PSNR value of the neck angiography image was 37.0319 dB, and the knee blood vessels image showed a PSNR value of 43.2052 dB, respectively. In conclusion, it can be seen that there is almost no signal distortion in the process of acquiring, storing, and transmitting images in PACS. However, it suggests that the image signal may be distorted depending on the resolution and performance of each monitor. Therefore, it will be necessary to evaluate the performance of the monitor and to maintain the performance.

Classroom Noise and Children Learning Through a Second Language

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy Nelson ◽  
Kathryn Kohnert ◽  
Sabina Sabur ◽  
Daniel Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
English Word ◽  
Noise Condition ◽  
English Only ◽  
Task Behavior ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of classroom noise on attention and speech perception in native Spanish-speaking second graders learning English as their second language (L2) as compared to English-only-speaking (EO) peers. Method: Study 1 measured children’s on-task behavior during instructional activities with and without soundfield amplification. Study 2 measured the effects of noise (+10 dB signal-to-noise ratio) using an experimental English word recognition task. Results: Findings from Study 1 revealed no significant condition (pre/postamplification) or group differences in observations in on-task performance. Main findings from Study 2 were that word recognition performance declined significantly for both L2 and EO groups in the noise condition; however, the impact was disproportionately greater for the L2 group. Clinical Implications: Children learning in their L2 appear to be at a distinct disadvantage when listening in rooms with typical noise and reverberation. Speech-language pathologists and audiologists should collaborate to inform teachers, help reduce classroom noise, increase signal levels, and improve access to spoken language for L2 learners.

scholarly journals Discovery of allenyl acetylene, H2CCCHCCH, in TMC-1

2021 ◽  
Vol 647 ◽  
pp. L3 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Cernicharo ◽  
C. Cabezas ◽  
M. Agúndez ◽  
B. Tercero ◽  
N. Marcelino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Column Density ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Rotational Temperature ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Chemical Models ◽  
Upper Limit

We present the discovery in TMC-1 of allenyl acetylene, H2CCCHCCH, through the observation of nineteen lines with a signal-to-noise ratio ∼4–15. For this species, we derived a rotational temperature of 7 ± 1 K and a column density of 1.2 ± 0.2 × 1013 cm−2. The other well known isomer of this molecule, methyl diacetylene (CH3C4H), has also been observed and we derived a similar rotational temperature, Tr = 7.0 ± 0.3 K, and a column density for its two states (A and E) of 6.5 ± 0.3 × 1012 cm−2. Hence, allenyl acetylene and methyl diacetylene have a similar abundance. Remarkably, their abundances are close to that of vinyl acetylene (CH2CHCCH). We also searched for the other isomer of C5H4, HCCCH2CCH (1.4-Pentadiyne), but only a 3σ upper limit of 2.5 × 1012 cm−2 to the column density can be established. These results have been compared to state-of-the-art chemical models for TMC-1, indicating the important role of these hydrocarbons in its chemistry. The rotational parameters of allenyl acetylene have been improved by fitting the existing laboratory data together with the frequencies of the transitions observed in TMC-1.

A low-PDAP and high-PSNR approximate 4:2 compressor cell in CNFET technology

Circuit World ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yavar Safaei Mehrabani ◽  
Mehdi Bagherizadeh ◽  
Mohammad Hossein Shafiabadi ◽  
Abolghasem Ghasempour
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Figure Of Merit ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Monte Carlo Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Threshold Logic ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Power Delay Product

Purpose This paper aims to present an inexact 4:2 compressor cell using carbon nanotube filed effect transistors (CNFETs). Design/methodology/approach To design this cell, the capacitive threshold logic (CTL) has been used. Findings To evaluate the proposed cell, comprehensive simulations are carried out at two levels of the circuit and image processing. At the circuit level, the HSPICE software has been used and the power consumption, delay, and power-delay product are calculated. Also, the power-delaytransistor count product (PDAP) is used to make a compromise between all metrics. On the other hand, the Monte Carlo analysis has been used to scrutinize the robustness of the proposed cell against the variations in the manufacturing process. The results of simulations at this level of abstraction indicate the superiority of the proposed cell to other circuits. At the application level, the MATLAB software is also used to evaluate the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) figure of merit. At this level, the two primary images are multiplied by a multiplier circuit consisting of 4:2 compressors. The results of this simulation also show the superiority of the proposed cell to others. Originality/value This cell significantly reduces the number of transistors and only consists of NOT gates.

How “Proficient” Is Proficient? Comparison of English and Relative Proficiency Rating as a Predictor of Bilingual Listeners' Word Recognition

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu-Feng Shi
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
English Proficiency ◽  
First Language ◽  
English Word ◽  
Northwestern University ◽  
Test Population ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Group 1

Purpose The current study attempted to validate that English proficiency self-ratings predict bilinguals' recognition of English words as reported in Shi (2011) and to explore whether relative proficiency ratings (English vs. first language) improve prediction. Method One hundred and twenty-four participants in Shi (2011) and an additional set of 145 participants were included (Groups 1 and 2, respectively) in this study. All listeners rated their proficiency in listening, speaking, and reading (English and first language) on an 11-point scale and listened to a list of words from the Northwestern University Auditory Tests No. 6 (Tillman & Carhart, 1966) at 45 dB HL in quiet. Results English proficiency ratings by Group 2 yielded sensitivity/specificity values comparable to those of Group 1 (Shi, 2011) in predicting word recognition. A cutoff of 8 or 9 in minimum English proficiency rating across listening, speaking, and reading resulted in the best combination of prediction sensitivity/specificity. When relative proficiency was used, prediction of Group 1 performance significantly improved as compared to English proficiency. Improvement was slight for Group 2, mainly due to low specificity. Conclusion Self-rated English proficiency provides clinically acceptable sensitivity/specificity values as a predictor of bilinguals' English word recognition. Relative proficiency has the potential to further improve predictive power, but the size of improvement depends on the characteristics of the test population.

Word Recognition with Segmented-Alternated CVC Words

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Wilson ◽  
John T. Arcos ◽  
Howard C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Correct Word ◽  
Computer Technique ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Test Materials

Consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) monosyllabic words were segmented at the approximate phoneme boundaries and were presented to subjects with normal hearing in the following sequence: (a) the carrier phrase to both ears, (b) the initial consonant segment to one ear, (c) the vowel segment to the other ear, and (d) the final consonant segment to the ear that received the initial consonant. A computer technique, which is described in detail, was used to develop the test materials. The digital editing did not alter appreciably the spectral or temporal characteristics of the words. A series of four experiments produced a list of 50 words on which 10% correct word recognition was achieved by listeners with normal hearing when the vowel segment or the consonant segments of the words were presented monaurally in isolation. When the speech materials were presented binaurally—that is, the vowel segment in one ear and consonant segments in the other ear—word-recognition performance improved to 90% correct.

scholarly journals Forward and Backward Masking of Consonants in School-Age Children and Adults

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 1807-1814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Porter ◽  
Emily R. Spitzer ◽  
Emily Buss ◽  
Lori J. Leibold ◽  
John H. Grose
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Recognition Threshold ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Backward Masking ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Percent Correct ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Noise Ratio ◽  
Psychophysical Studies

Purpose This experiment sought to determine whether children's increased susceptibility to nonsimultaneous masking, particularly backward masking, is evident for speech stimuli. Method Five- to 9-year-olds and adults with normal hearing heard nonsense consonant–vowel–consonant targets. In Experiments 1 and 2, those targets were presented between two 250-ms segments of 70-dB-SPL speech-shaped noise, at either −30 dB signal-to-noise ratio (Experiment 1) or at the listener's word recognition threshold (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, the target was presented in steady speech-shaped noise at listener threshold. For all experiments, percent correct was estimated for initial and final consonants. Results In the nonsimultaneous noise conditions, child–adult differences were larger for the final consonant than the initial consonant whether listeners were tested at −30 dB signal-to-noise ratio (Experiment 1) or at their individual word recognition threshold (Experiment 2). Children were not particularly susceptible to backward masking relative to adults when tested in a steady masker (Experiment 3). Conclusions Child–adult differences were greater for backward than forward masking for speech in a nonsimultaneous noise masker, as observed in previous psychophysical studies using tonal stimuli. Children's greater susceptibility to nonsimultaneous masking, and backward masking in particular, could play a role in their limited ability to benefit from masker envelope modulation when recognizing masked speech.

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