Monitoring Vocal Fold Abduction through Vocal Fold Contact Area

1988 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Rothenberg ◽  
James J. Mahshie
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Time Variation ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Thyroid Cartilage ◽  
Electrical Conductance ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Linear Phase ◽  
Voice Production ◽  
Voiced Speech ◽  
High Pass

A number of commercial devices for measuring the transverse electrical conductance of the thyroid cartilage produce waveforms that can be useful for monitoring movements within the larynx during voice production, especially movements that are closely related to the time-variation of the contact between the vocal folds as they vibrate. This paper compares the various approaches that can be used to apply such a device, usually referred to as an electroglottograph, to the problem of monitoring the time-variation of vocal fold abduction and adduction during voiced speech. One method, in which a measure of relative vocal fold abduction is derived from the duty cycle of the linear-phase high pass filtered electroglottograph waveform, is developed in detail.

Nonlinear Vocal Fold Dynamics in a Two-Mass Model of Speech Arising From Asymmetric Intraglottal Flow

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron D. Erath ◽  
Matías Zañartu ◽  
Sean D. Peterson ◽  
Michael W. Plesniak
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Nonlinear Phenomena ◽  
Mass Model ◽  
Sustained Oscillations ◽  
Voiced Speech ◽  
Subglottal Pressure ◽  
Vocal Fold Dynamics

Voiced speech is initiated as air is expelled from the lungs and passes through the vocal tract inciting self-sustained oscillations of the vocal folds. While various approaches exist for investigating both normal and pathological speech, the relative inaccessibility of the vocal folds make multi-mass speech models an attractive alternative. Their behavior has been benchmarked with excised larynx experiments, and they have been used as analysis tools for both normal and disordered speech, including investigations of paralysis, vocal tremor, and breathiness. However, during pathological speech, vocal fold motion is often unstructured, resulting in chaotic motion and a wealth of nonlinear phenomena. Unfortunately, current methodologies for multi-mass speech models are unable to replicate the nonlinear vocal fold behavior that often occurs in physiological diseased voice for realistic values of subglottal pressure.

Design of Apparatus for Studying Aerodynamics of Voice Production

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Barry
Keyword(s):  
Flow Visualization ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Flow Speed ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Voice Production ◽  
Experimental Apparatus ◽  
Glottal Flow

The design and testing of an experimental apparatus for in vitro study of phonatory aerodynamics (voice production) in humans is presented. The presentation includes not only the details of apparatus design, but flow visualization and Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) measurements of the developing flow that occurs during the opening of the constriction from complete closure. The main features of the phonation process have long been understood. A proper combination of air flow from the lungs and of vocal fold tension initiates a vibration of the vocal folds, which in turn valves the airflow. The resulting periodic acceleration of the airstream through the glottis excites the acoustic modes of the vocal tract. It is further understood that the pressure gradient driving glottal flow is related to flow separation on the downstream side of the vocal folds. However, the details of this process and how it may contribute to effects such as aperiodicity of the voice and energy losses in voiced sound production are still not fully grasped. The experimental apparatus described in this paper is designed to address these issues. The apparatus itself consists of a scaled-up duct in which water flows through a constriction whose width is modulated by motion of the duct wall in a manner mimicking vocal fold vibration. Scaling the duct up 10 times and using water as the working fluid allows temporally and spatially resolved measurements of the dynamically similar flow velocity field using DPIV at video standard framing rates (15Hz). Dynamic similarity is ensured by matching the Reynolds number (based on glottal flow speed and glottis width) of 8000, and by varying the Strouhal number (based on vocal fold length, glottal flow speed, and a time scale characterizing the motion of the vocal folds) ranging from 0.01 to 0.1. The walls of the 28 cm × 28 cm test section and the vocal fold pieces are made of clear cast acrylic to allow optical access. The vocal fold pieces are 12.7 cm × 14 cm × 28 cm and are rectangular in shape, except for the surfaces which form the glottis, which are 6.35 cm radius half-circles. Dye injection slots are placed on the upstream side of both vocal field pieces to allow flow visualization. Prescribed motion of the vocal folds is provided by two linear stages. Linear bearings ensure smooth execution of the motion prescribed using a computer interface. Measurements described here use the Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) flow visualization and DPIV techniques and are performed for two Strouhal numbers to assess the effect of opening time on the development of the glottal jet. These measurements are conducted on a plane oriented perpendicular to the glottis, at the duct midplane. LIF measurements use a 5W Argon ion laser to produce a light sheet, which illuminates the dye injected through a slot in each vocal fold piece. Two dye colors are used, one for each side. Quantitative information about the velocity and vorticity fields are obtained through DPIV measurements at the same location as the LIF measurements.

Function of the Thyroarytenoid Muscle in a Canine Laryngeal Model

1993 ◽  
Vol 102 (10) ◽  
pp. 769-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Shik Choi ◽  
Ming Ye ◽  
Gerald S. Berke ◽  
Jody Kreiman
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activity ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Thyroid Cartilage ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Vocal Fold Vibration ◽  
Thyroarytenoid Muscle

Fundamental frequency is controlled by contraction of the thyroarytenoid (TA) and cricothyroid (CT) muscles. While activity of the CT muscle is known to tense and thin the vocal folds, little is known about the effect of the TA muscle on vocal fold vibration. An in vivo canine laryngeal model was used to examine the role of the TA muscle in controlling phonation. Isolated TA muscle activation was obtained by stimulating sectioned terminal TA branches through small thyroid cartilage windows. Subglottic pressure measures, electroglottographic and photoglottographic signals, and acoustic signals were obtained in 5 mongrel dogs during dynamic and static variations in TA muscle activity. Results indicated that TA muscle activation is a major determinant in sudden shifts from high-frequency to modal phonation. Subglottic pressure increased and open quotient decreased gradually with increasing TA activation.

Simultaneous Tracking of Vocal Fold Superior Surface Motion and Glottal Jet Dynamics

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph R. Nielson ◽  
David J. Daily ◽  
Tadd T. Truscott ◽  
Georg Luegmair ◽  
Michael Döllinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Particle Image ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
3D Flow ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Voice Production ◽  
Image Velocimetry ◽  
Subglottal Pressure ◽  
Superior Surface ◽  
Multiple Cycles

Synthetic aperture particle image velocimetry is used with an excised human vocal fold model to study the airflow between the vocal folds during voice production. A whole field, time-resolved, 3D description of the flow is presented over multiple cycles of vocal fold oscillations. The 3D flow data are synchronized with a 3D reconstruction of the superior surface of the vocal folds and with the subglottal pressure signal.

Laryngograph as a Measure of Vocal Fold Contact Area

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Gilbert ◽  
Charles R. Potter ◽  
Ronald Hoodin
Keyword(s):  
High Resistance ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Stop Consonant ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Pressure Waveform ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Subglottal Pressure ◽  
Vocal Effort

The present investigation sought to provide additional information concerning the laryngograph as a means to study vocal fold contact area. Subglottal pressures were sensed simultaneously with the laryngographic signal while the speaker produced a variety of speech tasks. The onset and cessation of the subglottal pressure waveform was studied relative to the laryngographic and speech waveforms. Differences were noted for voiced-voiceless contrasts for bilabial stop consonant production and vocal effort changes during the three vowels studied. Also a high-resistance polymer strip was placed between the vocal folds and gradually removed while simultaneous laryngographic recordings were obtained during sustained productions of the vowel/Δ/. An increase in the amplitude of the laryngographie waveform upon withdrawal of the polymer strip strongly supported the concept that the laryngographic signal is generated directly by the change in conductance due to alterations in the area of vocal fold contact.

A Physical Model of the Vocal Folds

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott L. Thomson ◽  
Luc Mongeau ◽  
Steven H. Frankel
Keyword(s):  
Physical Model ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
Fluid Structure Interactions ◽  
Fluid Structure ◽  
Voice Production ◽  
Flexible Polymer

Voice production is a result of the nonlinear, coupled interaction between laryngeal airflow and vocal fold tissue dynamics. Studying these fluid-structure interactions can contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of speech production, leading to improved surgical, clinical, and pedagogical care. Aside from experiments using excised larynges (e.g., Berry et al., 2001) and a model of the superficial vocal fold layer (e.g., Chan et al., 1997), no studies appear to have been reported in which self-oscillating physical models were used that were similar to the human vocal folds in the following aspects: length scale, geometry, and dynamic and mechanical behavior. This paper describes a self-oscillating physical model designed to more closely represent the human vocal folds in terms of the above key parameters. The model was constructed using a flexible polymer casting and exhibited regular, self-sustained, large-amplitude oscillations at frequencies and operating conditions close to those found in human phonation. The model demonstrated potential for further studies involving laryngeal fluid-structure interactions.

A Wave Reflection Analog Extension for Reduced Order Vocal Fold Investigations With Asymmetric Intraglottal Flows

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron D. Erath ◽  
Sean D. Peterson ◽  
Matias Zañartu ◽  
Michael W. Plesniak
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Tissue Properties ◽  
Sustained Oscillations ◽  
Voiced Speech ◽  
Vocal Fold Dynamics ◽  
Static Fluid ◽  
Speech Science

Voiced speech involves complex fluid-structure-acoustic interactions. When a critical lung pressure is achieved, the vocal folds are pushed apart inciting self-sustained oscillations. The interplay between the aerodynamic forces and the myoelastic tissue properties produces robust oscillation of the vocal folds. The pulsatile nature of the flow as it emanates from vocal folds creates an oscillatory pressure field which acoustically excites the vocal tract and ultimately forms intelligible sound. Recently, it has been shown that the acoustic pressures are high enough in magnitude that they modulate the static fluid pressures which drive the flow.1 This coupling effect creates a feedback loop with the fluids, acoustics, and vocal fold dynamics becoming interconnected. Consequently, speech science investigations that aim to capture the relevant physics must consider all three components to yield credible, clinically-relevant results.

An Experimental Methodology for the Determination of the Viscoelastic Properties of the Vocal Fold at Human Phonation Frequencies

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Palko ◽  
Steven Abramowitch ◽  
Thomas W. Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Voice Production ◽  
Functional Deficit ◽  
Normal Voice ◽  
Specific Tissue

The vocal folds are subjected to some of the largest magnitudes and frequencies of deformation of any tissue in the human body during normal voice production. Vocal fold scarring creates a functional deficit in this highly specific tissue that compromises the integrity of an individual’s voice. Scarring is the leading cause of dysphonia which often leads to a decreased quality of life, especially to those whose voice is an integral part of their profession.

Pseudomonas laryngeal perichondritis: unexpected diagnosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. e237129
Author(s):  
Siti Salwa Zainal Abidin ◽  
Thean Yean Kew ◽  
Mawaddah Azman ◽  
Marina Mat Baki
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Thyroid Cartilage ◽  
Tracheal Aspirate ◽  
Good Recovery ◽  
Antituberculous Drug ◽  
False Vocal ◽  
Oral Ciprofloxacin

A 57-year-old male chronic smoker with underlying diabetes mellitus presented with dysphonia associated with cough, dysphagia and reduced effort tolerance of 3 months’ duration. Videoendoscope finding revealed bilateral polypoidal and erythematous true and false vocal fold with small glottic airway. The patient was initially treated as having tuberculous laryngitis and started on antituberculous drug. However, no improvement was observed. CT of the neck showed erosion of thyroid cartilage, which points to laryngeal carcinoma as a differential diagnosis. However, the erosion was more diffuse and appeared systemic in origin. The diagnosis of laryngeal perichondritis was made when the histopathological examination revealed features of inflammation, and the tracheal aspirate isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The patient made a good recovery following treatment with oral ciprofloxacin.

scholarly journals Concurrent YAP/TAZ and SMAD signaling mediate vocal fold fibrosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Nakamura ◽  
Nao Hiwatashi ◽  
Renjie Bing ◽  
Carina P. Doyle ◽  
Ryan C. Branski
Keyword(s):  
Vocal Fold ◽  
Vocal Folds ◽  
Nuclear Accumulation ◽  
Smad Pathway ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Smad Signaling ◽  
Iatrogenic Damage ◽  
Tgf Β1

AbstractVocal fold (VF) fibrosis is a major cause of intractable voice-related disability and reduced quality of life. Excision of fibrotic regions is suboptimal and associated with scar recurrence and/or further iatrogenic damage. Non-surgical interventions are limited, putatively related to limited insight regarding biochemical events underlying fibrosis, and downstream, the lack of therapeutic targets. YAP/TAZ integrates diverse cell signaling events and interacts with signaling pathways related to fibrosis, including the TGF-β/SMAD pathway. We investigated the expression of YAP/TAZ following vocal fold injury in vivo as well as the effects of TGF-β1 on YAP/TAZ activity in human vocal fold fibroblasts, fibroblast-myofibroblast transition, and TGF-β/SMAD signaling. Iatrogenic injury increased nuclear localization of YAP and TAZ in fibrotic rat vocal folds. In vitro, TGF-β1 activated YAP and TAZ in human VF fibroblasts, and inhibition of YAP/TAZ reversed TGF-β1-stimulated fibroplastic gene upregulation. Additionally, TGF-β1 induced localization of YAP and TAZ in close proximity to SMAD2/3, and nuclear accumulation of SMAD2/3 was inhibited by a YAP/TAZ inhibitor. Collectively, YAP and TAZ were synergistically activated with the TGF-β/SMAD pathway, and likely essential for the fibroplastic phenotypic shift in VF fibroblasts. Based on these data, YAP/TAZ may evolve as an attractive therapeutic target for VF fibrosis.

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