scholarly journals Effects of rumble strip parameters on acoustics, vibration, and perception

Acta Acustica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Christian H. Kasess ◽  
Thomas Maly ◽  
Piotr Majdak ◽  
Holger Waubke
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Acoustic Response ◽  
Acoustic Effect ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Loudness Level ◽  
Irregular Spacing ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rumble Strip

Rumble strips aim to alert the driver of dangerous situations via acoustic and tactile stimulation. They can, however, also lead to increased noise in the surroundings. Strip parameters and the vehicle type determines the size of these acoustic and vibratory effects. In our work, 16 rumble strip types (including strips with irregular spacing) were evaluated with respect to their effects on acoustics, vibration, and perception. Interior and exterior emissions caused by controlled pass-overs of a car and a truck were recorded. Annoyance, urgency, and reaction time of 16 listeners were tested in a laboratory experiment and models mapping acoustics to perception were developed. Steering wheel and seat vibrations were acquired. Our results show a high correlation of interior and exterior noise. The loudness level was the best predictor of perceived annoyance and urgency. Irregular spacing reduced the tonality at the cost of a difficult production process. While a large variety of strip types produced a sufficient acoustic effect in the passenger car, the acoustic response was lower in the truck. Combined with the low vibration levels found in the truck, an identification of an optimal strip type for both vehicle types turns out to be difficult.

Changing the “When” and “What” of Intended Actions

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 2755-2762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhvinder S. Obhi ◽  
Shannon Matkovich ◽  
Robert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Warning Stimulus ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanism ◽  
Preparatory Period ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reaction Time Condition

Humans often have to modify the timing and/or type of their planned actions on the basis of new sensory information. In the present experiments, participants planned to make a right index finger keypress 3 s after a warning stimulus but on some trials were interrupted by a temporally unpredictable auditory tone prompting the same action ( experiment 1) or a different action ( experiment 2). In experiment 1, by comparing the reaction time (RT) to tones presented at different stages of the preparatory period to RT in a simple reaction time condition, we determined the cost of switching from an internally generated mode of response production to an externally triggered mode in situations requiring only a change in when an action is made (i.e., when the tone prompts the action at a different time from the intended time of action). Results showed that the cost occurred for interruption tones delivered 200 ms after a warning stimulus and remained relatively stable throughout most of the preparatory period with a reduction in the magnitude of the cost during the last 200 ms prior to the intended time of movement. In experiment 2, which included conditions requiring a change in both when and what action is produced on the tone, results show a larger cost when the switched to action is different from the action being prepared. We discuss our results in the light of neurophysiological experiments on motor preparation and suggest that intending to act is accompanied by a general inhibitory mechanism preventing premature motor output and a specific excitatory process pertaining to the intended movement. Interactions between these two mechanisms could account for our behavioral results.

Fundamental Study of Traffic Noise Characteristic due to Change Transverse Rumble Strip Shape

2013 ◽  
Vol 723 ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Jun Lee ◽  
Deok Soon An ◽  
Jae Kyu Lim ◽  
Soo Ahn Kwon ◽  
Hyeon Jang Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
Horizontal Curves ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Toll Plazas ◽  
Strip Shape ◽  
Cement Concrete Pavement ◽  
Rumble Strip

Transverse rumble strips were commonly installed on approaches to intersections, toll plazas, and horizontal curves. The main function is to alert drivers by creating noise and vibration. This TRS has been demonstrated to be effective in reducing traffic accident due to sleeping. However, there are some disadvantages in its utilization, such as traffic noise produced by TRS. The objective of this study was to quantify the level of traffic noise; to verify the effects of speed and TRS shapes. Two types of vehicles [sedan and minivan] were driven over four different patterns of TRS and over cement concrete pavement at four different speeds. Researchers measured the produce noise at 7.5m distance with 1.2 m height from center of the vehicle lane at each test section. Results indicate that vehicle type, speed, TRS shape affects created traffic noise. The sound level of Type A was statistically highest among others.

Copula-Based Joint Discrete–Continuous Model of Road Vehicle Type and Shipment Size

2017 ◽  
Vol 2610 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elnaz Irannezhad ◽  
Carlo G. Prato ◽  
Mark Hickman ◽  
Afshin Shariat Mohaymany
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Model ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Urban Freight ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Light Trucks ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Joint Decisions ◽  
Logistics Process ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Afternoon Peak

A major issue in freight modeling is the interrelationship between logistics choices that can be seen as a learning process that shippers or carriers undertake to optimize their logistics process, with the aim of minimizing their cost, maximizing their level of service, or both. This study looked at the interrelated decisions of vehicle type choice and shipment size in urban freight transportation by formulating a model that considered ( a) the nature of these two dependent variables via a joint discrete–continuous model, ( b) the correlation between the two decisions via a copula-based approach, ( c) the differences in decision making between carriers and shippers via the estimation of two models, and ( d) the relaxation of the assumption of pure utility maximization via a hybrid utility–regret specification. Results show differences between shippers’ and carriers’ preferences. These differences were logical because many urban shippers owned an efficient fleet of commercial vehicles, whereas carriers evaluated alternatives to maximize their aggregated utility and minimize their direct costs. Results also show the importance of considering jointly the two decisions as well as the relevance of using a hybrid utility–regret formulation for the cost. Practical findings emerge from the model: ( a) when faced with night delivery and intercity trips, carriers were more likely to use heavier vehicles and more voluminous shipments, whereas smaller shipments were preferred during the afternoon peak hour; ( b) urban shippers tended to deliver larger shipments during night by light trucks but preferred trailers for longer distances; and ( c) commodity types played a role in these joint decisions because some commodities were more likely to be transported by for-hire carriers and others were more likely to be transported by shippers.

Reaction Time of the Tongue to Auditory and Tactile Stimulation

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 387-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce M. Siegenthaler ◽  
Irving Hochberg
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Tactile Stimulus ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Stimulus Condition ◽  
Oral Region ◽  
Speech Output ◽  
Important Measure ◽  
Tonal Stimuli

Measures of reaction time of the tongue to tactile stimulation on the lips and to a 1000-cps tone at sensation levels of 10, 50, and 70 db were obtained from 26 normal young adults. Results revealed that tactile stimulation evoked the shortest reaction time ( M = .123 sec.); 70 db elicited slightly longer reaction time ( M = .129 sec.); 50 db still longer reaction time ( M = .137 sec.); and 10 db the longest ( M = .209 sec.). The 10-db tone reaction time was significantly longer than that of any other stimulus condition, while tactile stimulus reaction time was significantly shorter than both the 10- and 50-db tonal stimuli, but not than the 70-db stimulus. Among the auditory conditions, 50 and 70 db were not significantly different from one another, but both were different from 10 db. The findings support the role played by tactual feedback in the oral region for monitoring speech. It is hypothesized that a speech mechanism which operates on a servosystem principle is likely to utilize the most efficient sensory channels available in monitoring speech output, with time of response being one important measure of efficiency.

Precued Shifting of Attention between Cognitive Sets in Parkinson Patients

1996 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shulan Hsieh ◽  
Wen-Juh Hwang ◽  
Jing-Jane Tsai ◽  
Chin-Yi Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost And Benefit ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
Cost And Benefit Analysis ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Normal Controls

The precueing paradigm developed by Posner has been used to examine visuospatial shifting of attention. In the current study, we modified such a paradigm so that it could be studied in nonvisuospatial domains and its component processes of disengagement, movement, and engagement could be analyzed in a similar fashion to the visuospatial domains. 14 patients with Parkinson's disease and 14 normal controls matched for age, sex, handedness, and years of education served as subjects. The speed of shifting attention was measured using the cost and benefit analysis. Analyses showed an over-all slowness in reaction time of patients with Parkinson's disease compared to the control group but without a concomitant slowness to engage, shift, and disengage their attention.

Pretreatment of Herbicides Production Wastewater by Spherical Micro-Electrolysis Media

2013 ◽  
Vol 295-298 ◽  
pp. 1079-1083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Jing Liang Xie
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Cost

[Objective] The aim is to study the pretreatment effect of herbicides production wastewater by spherical micro-electrolysis media. [Method] Spherical micro-electrolysis media is preferred for the pretreatment of herbicides production wastewater and effects of PH, amount of media and reaction time on the pretreatment was investigated. The change of pre- and post-processing herbicides production wastewater was determined; the operation cost was also analyzed. [Result]The optimum reaction conditions are as follows: the PH was 3; the amount of media was 1.0kg/L wastewater; and the reaction time was 3.0h. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the removal of COD, Chromaticity and TP reached 26.3%, 86.4% and 95.6% respectively; BOD5/COD varied from 0.10 to 0.35, and the biodegradability was improved greatly; the cost of pretreatment was 1.0yuan/t, and it was lower than that of electrolysis. [Conclusion] The pretreatment of herbicides production wastewater by spherical micro-electrolysis media has good effect, low cost and no soiling hardening, so it provides a good foundation for subsequent biological treatment.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Oil Sono-Extraction And Sono-Transesterification (In Situ) Of Soybean And Sunflower Seeds For The Production Of Biodiesel

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reyman Díaz Dolores ◽  
Quiñones Grande Almudena
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Sunflower Seeds ◽  
Direct Production ◽  
Sonication Parameters ◽  
The Cost

Abstract The cost of biodiesel production could be reduced by applying a simultaneous oil extraction and transesterification process (in situ). In situ sono-transesterification to allow direct production of biodiesel from soybean and sunflower seeds are presented in this study. All experiments were conducted using ultrasound (20kHz, 106W). In the sunflower case, the results showed a higher yield of extraction (94%) for a 1/5 (g/mL) ratio and one minute of sonication. In the soybean case, the extraction process is less efficient, reaching only 59% of the oil contained in the seed for a soybean/n-hexane ratio of 1/10 (g/mL) and one minute of sonication. Parameters such as the methanol/oil ratio, reaction time and catalyst concentration in the in situ sono-transesterification process of these vegetable seeds were also optimised in this study. In both cases, a percentage of conversion to biodiesel greater than 99% was achieved with just one minute of sonication.

scholarly journals A Cost Increase Analysis of Weapon Systems Using the Paache Index: Cases from the German Bundeswehr

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Essig ◽  
Andreas H. Glas ◽  
Simon Mondry
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Weapon Systems ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cost Increase ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Framework Model ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The media and the public often make claims regarding the excessive cost increases in the development and production of major weapon systems such as fighter planes, submarines or tanks. The purpose of this research is in assessing the cost increase of such weapon systems during their procurement periods with the help of the Paasche price index. In contrast to other approaches, which focus upon either the specific situations of single weapon systems or cost increases relative to planned budgets, we compare several projects of military services and their cost increases over time to reveal generalisable trends. For this purpose, we used a framework model that allows for performance and cost comparisons. This paper primarily emphasises the cost perspective by calculating a Paasche index for each chosen project. As a background case for our analysis, we have used the acquisition projects for major weapon systems in Germany. However, the framework model that this study employs is universally applicable. In contrast to the public perception of cost increases, we could not find any clear trend that would indicate that modern weapon systems have a significantly higher (or lower) cost increase than was the case for projects several decades before. To give brief insight into the empirical findings, the cost increase ratios of the Starfighter and Eurofighter jets have the same level, while cost increase ratios of other weapon systems (APC tanks, submarines) differ significantly (to the worse and to the better) over time. Our findings imply that there is no general trend that today the costs for weapon systems increase more/less than some decades ago. This paper calculates data only from the regarded seven cases therefore we could not question the causes for this observation on basis of our sample. However, it appears that, within a specific service or a specific vehicle type (tank, fighter jet, ship/boat), cost increases may be similar over time.

scholarly journals Penerapan Target Costing Dalam Upaya Pengurangan Biaya Produksi Untuk Peningkatan Laba Kotor

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 009-016
Author(s):  
Elmer Tamara Johan ◽  
Muanas .
Keyword(s):  
Target Costing ◽  
Vehicle Type ◽  
Manufacturing Company ◽  
Class C ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost

PT. Mercedes-Benz Indonesia is a manufacturing company engaged in the automotive field. The company produces cars with various kinds dan types, such as : C-Class sedan type vehicle, and koupe Estate, E-Class sedan type vehicle, the M-Class Sports Utility Veihicle vehicle type (SUV), the S-Class sedan type vehicle. The purpose of this study was to determine the pricing of the selling C-Class and the cost of production C-Class, as well as know Class C gross profit using target costing. Results of research that has been done, it can be seen that the method used by the company is not efficient. But after using the method of target costing, profit desired by the company can be achieved in accordance with the profit target has been adjusted. And by using this method of target costing, companies can reduce the cost of production per unit of car

scholarly journals Effects of Upper Extremity Immobilization and Use of a Spinner Knob on Vehicle Steering

Hand ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyle T. Jackson ◽  
Matthew C. Crisler ◽  
Stephanie L. Tanner ◽  
Johnell O. Brooks ◽  
Kyle J. Jeray
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Crossover Trial ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Automatic Transmission ◽  
Driving Ability ◽  
Difficulty Level ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Improve Accuracy ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Impact Driving

Background: A person’s ability to safely drive while immobilized is not well defined. Steering ability with a spinner knob during immobilization is unknown. The goal of this study is to further clarify the effect of immobilization on steering reaction time and accuracy with and without a steering wheel spinner knob. Methods: Twenty participants were enrolled in this crossover trial using a driving simulator with an automatic transmission. Five conditions were tested in a counterbalanced order. Steering reaction time and accuracy (number of errors on a dynamic steering task at 2 difficulty levels) were measured. Participants were allowed to steer with the immobilized extremity. Results: No significant differences in reaction time were observed between any conditions. Both immobilized conditions and difficulty level of the steering task led to diminished accuracy compared with controls, resulting in significantly more errors. The use of a spinner knob significantly improved the accuracy for the condition with the sugar-tong splint during the easier steering task, but this improvement was not observed in the harder steering task. There were no differences between conditions based on gender or observed use of the immobilized arm. Conclusions: Immobilization had a negative effect on steering accuracy for both the wrist splint and the sugar-tong splint condition, which may negatively impact driving ability of immobilized patients. Immobilization, regardless of spinner knob use, did not significantly impact steering reaction time. The steering wheel spinner knob did not consistently improve accuracy, and further study is needed to determine its utility.

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