The impact of Pseudomonas syringae bacteria on the plant pathogenic fungi and cherry plants

The investigations are made of cherry biological peculiarities and disease excitants composition. The domination of necrotrophic fungi and Pseudomonas syringae van Hall bacteria in pathocenosis is shown. The fact of microbiota associative lesion of plants is established. The antagonist action of isolated bacterium in relation to Cytospora leucostoma (Pers.) Sacc., Alternaria alternata Keissl., Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht., Monillia cinerea Bonord is detected. The character of isolated bacterium metabolites, pathogenic fungi and their association effect on a host-plant is established. The ability of bacterium to lower the activity of phytotoxins secretion in fungi when cultivated together is identified. It has been found that it is the fungal pathogens causing the development of die-back in cherry in investigated gardens, whereas P. syringae bacterium, when in latent state, plays a part of protector and permits to suppress the development of fungal infection. Taking into account the fact that this bacterium is pathogenic, the works of advanced breeding for resistance of the horticultural crops to bacterial blight are recommended.

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RNA Interference Strategies for Future Management of Plant Pathogenic Fungi: Prospects and Challenges

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040650 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 650

Author(s):

Daniel Endale Gebremichael ◽

Zeraye Mehari Haile ◽

Francesca Negrini ◽

Silvia Sabbadini ◽

Luca Capriotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rna Interference ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Model Organisms ◽

Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Rapid Improvement ◽

Rnai Technology ◽

The Impact

Plant pathogenic fungi are the largest group of disease-causing agents on crop plants and represent a persistent and significant threat to agriculture worldwide. Conventional approaches based on the use of pesticides raise social concern for the impact on the environment and human health and alternative control methods are urgently needed. The rapid improvement and extensive implementation of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for various model and non-model organisms has provided the initial framework to adapt this post-transcriptional gene silencing technology for the management of fungal pathogens. Recent studies showed that the exogenous application of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules on plants targeting fungal growth and virulence-related genes provided disease attenuation of pathogens like Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium graminearum in different hosts. Such results highlight that the exogenous RNAi holds great potential for RNAi-mediated plant pathogenic fungal disease control. Production of dsRNA can be possible by using either in-vitro or in-vivo synthesis. In this review, we describe exogenous RNAi involved in plant pathogenic fungi and discuss dsRNA production, formulation, and RNAi delivery methods. Potential challenges that are faced while developing a RNAi strategy for fungal pathogens, such as off-target and epigenetic effects, with their possible solutions are also discussed.

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RNA Interference Strategies for Future Management of Plant Pathogenic Fungi: Prospects and Challenges

10.20944/preprints202103.0179.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Gebremichael ◽

Zeraye Mehari Haile ◽

Francesca Negrini ◽

Silvia Sabbadini ◽

Luca Capriotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Model Organisms ◽

Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Rapid Improvement ◽

Delivery Methods ◽

Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing ◽

Rnai Technology ◽

The Impact

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The Mechanisms of Mating in Pathogenic Fungi—A Plastic Trait

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes10100831 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 831

Author(s):

Jane Usher

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Fungal Infections ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Closely Related Species ◽

Sexual And Asexual Reproduction ◽

Target Dna ◽

High Degree ◽

The Impact

The impact of fungi on human and plant health is an ever-increasing issue. Recent studies have estimated that human fungal infections result in an excess of one million deaths per year and plant fungal infections resulting in the loss of crop yields worth approximately 200 million per annum. Sexual reproduction in these economically important fungi has evolved in response to the environmental stresses encountered by the pathogens as a method to target DNA damage. Meiosis is integral to this process, through increasing diversity through recombination. Mating and meiosis have been extensively studied in the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, highlighting that these mechanisms have diverged even between apparently closely related species. To further examine this, this review will inspect these mechanisms in emerging important fungal pathogens, such as Candida, Aspergillus, and Cryptococcus. It shows that both sexual and asexual reproduction in these fungi demonstrate a high degree of plasticity.

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Interactions of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea with Host and Nonhost Plants in Relation to Temperature and Phytotoxin Synthesis

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions ◽

10.1094/mpmi.2000.13.9.951 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 13 (9) ◽

pp. 951-961 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Ina P. Budde ◽

Matthias S. Ullrich

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Syringae ◽

Bacterial Blight ◽

Amino Acid Derivative ◽

Bacterial Invasion ◽

Growth Media ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Plant Signaling ◽

In Planta ◽

Tobacco Plants ◽

The Impact

Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea PG4180 causes bacterial blight of soybean and produces the phytotoxin coro-natine (COR) in a temperature-dependent manner. COR consists of a polyketide, coronafacic acid (CFA), and an amino acid derivative, coronamic acid, and is produced optimally at 18°C whereas no detectable synthesis occurs at 28°C. We investigated the impact of temperature on PG4180 during compatible and incompatible interactions with soybean and tobacco plants, respectively. After spray inoculation, PG4180 caused typical bacterial blight symptoms on soybean plants when the bacteria were grown at 18°C prior to inoculation but not when derived from cultures grown at 28°C. The disease outcome was quantified by determination of bacterial populations in planta. The temperature effect was not observed when PG4180 was artificially infiltrated into soybean leaves, indicating that the pre-inoculation temperature and phytotoxin synthesis were important for bacterial invasion via natural plant openings. In the incompatible interaction, PG4180 elicited the hypersensitive response (HR) on tobacco plants regardless of the bacterial pre-inoculation temperature. However, the HR was significantly delayed when tobacco plants were treated with cells of the CFA-overproducing derivative, PG4180.N9, which were derived from cultures grown at 18°C, compared with parallels incubated at 28°C. CFA biosynthesis by PG4180.N9 was optimal at 18°C and negligible at 28°C. The impact of CFA synthesis on the HR was studied with different growth media, mutants, and transconjugants of PG4180, indicating that the amount of synthesized CFA but not that of COR influenced the outcome of the HR. Feeding experiments with purified coronafacoyl compounds suggested that the observed delay of the HR was mediated by CFA, shedding further light on CFA's putative role as a molecular mimic of the plant signaling molecule, jasmonic acid.

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Dissecting Disease-Suppressive Rhizosphere Microbiomes by Functional Amplicon Sequencing and 10× Metagenomics

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.01116-20 ◽

2021 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vittorio Tracanna ◽

Adam Ossowicki ◽

Marloes L. C. Petrus ◽

Sam Overduin ◽

Barbara R. Terlouw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Content Type ◽

Major Threat ◽

Wide Range

Soil-borne plant-pathogenic fungi continue to be a major threat to agriculture and horticulture. The genus Fusarium in particular is one of the most devastating groups of soilborne fungal pathogens for a wide range of crops.

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Trends in Nanotechnology and Its Potentialities to Control Plant Pathogenic Fungi: A Review

Biology ◽

10.3390/biology10090881 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 881

Author(s):

Abdulaziz Bashir Kutawa ◽

Khairulmazmi Ahmad ◽

Asgar Ali ◽

Mohd Zobir Hussein ◽

Mohd Aswad Abdul Wahab ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Disease Control ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Control Plant ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Field Trials ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Negative Effects ◽

Synthesis Of Nanoparticles

Approximately 15–18% of crops losses occur as a result of animal pests, while weeds and microbial diseases cause 34 and 16% losses, respectively. Fungal pathogens cause about 70–80% losses in yield. The present strategies for plant disease control depend transcendently on agrochemicals that cause negative effects on the environment and humans. Nanotechnology can help by reducing the negative impact of the fungicides, such as enhancing the solubility of low water-soluble fungicides, increasing the shelf-life, and reducing toxicity, in a sustainable and eco-friendly manner. Despite many advantages of the utilization of nanoparticles, very few nanoparticle-based products have so far been produced in commercial quantities for agricultural purposes. The shortage of commercial uses may be associated with many factors, for example, a lack of pest crop host systems usage and the insufficient number of field trials. In some areas, nanotechnology has been advanced, and the best way to be in touch with the advances in nanotechnology in agriculture is to understand the major aspect of the research and to address the scientific gaps in order to facilitate the development which can provide a rationale of different nanoproducts in commercial quantity. In this review, we, therefore, described the properties and synthesis of nanoparticles, their utilization for plant pathogenic fungal disease control (either in the form of (a) nanoparticles alone, that act as a protectant or (b) in the form of a nanocarrier for different fungicides), nano-formulations of agro-nanofungicides, Zataria multiflora, and ginger essential oils to control plant pathogenic fungi, as well as the biosafety and limitations of the nanoparticles applications.

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Inhibition of Plant-Pathogenic Fungi by a Corn Trypsin Inhibitor Overexpressed in Escherichia coli

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.65.3.1320-1324.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 1320-1324 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Zhi-Yuan Chen ◽

Robert L. Brown ◽

Alan R. Lax ◽

Thomas E. Cleveland ◽

John S. Russin

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Trypsin Inhibitor ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Active Form ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Hyphal Growth ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Conidium Germination

ABSTRACT The cDNA of a 14-kDa trypsin inhibitor (TI) from corn was subcloned into an Escherichia coli overexpression vector. The overexpressed TI was purified based on its insolubility in urea and then refolded into the active form in vitro. This recombinant TI inhibited both conidium germination and hyphal growth of all nine plant pathogenic fungi studied, including Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus parasiticus, and Fusarium moniliforme. The calculated 50% inhibitory concentration of TI for conidium germination ranged from 70 to more than 300 μg/ml, and that for fungal growth ranged from 33 to 124 μg/ml depending on the fungal species. It also inhibited A. flavus and F. moniliforme simultaneously when they were tested together. The results suggest that the corn 14-kDa TI may function in host resistance against a variety of fungal pathogens of crops.

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Molecular Phylogeny of Endophytic Fungi from Rattan (Calamus castaneus Griff.) Spines and Their Antagonistic Activities against Plant Pathogenic Fungi

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof7040301 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 301

Author(s):

Nurul Farizah Azuddin ◽

Masratul Hawa Mohd ◽

Nik Fadzly N. Rosely ◽

Asyraf Mansor ◽

Latiffah Zakaria

Keyword(s):

Endophytic Fungi ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Fungal Endophytes ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Trichoderma Spp ◽

Palm Species ◽

Rattan Palm

Calamus castaneus is a common rattan palm species in the tropical forests of Peninsular Malaysia and is noticeable by the yellow-based spines that cover the stems. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fungal endophytes within C. castaneus spines and whether they inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens. Twenty-one genera with 40 species of fungal endophytes were isolated and identified from rattan palm spines. Based on molecular identification, the most common isolates recovered from the spines were Colletotrichum (n = 19) and Diaporthe spp. (n = 18), followed by Phyllosticta spp., Xylaria sp., Trichoderma spp., Helminthosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Fusarium spp., Neopestalotiopsis spp., Arthrinium sp., Cyphellophora sp., Cladosporium spp., Curvularia sp., Bionectria sp., and Acremonium spp. Non-sporulating fungi were also identified, namely Nemania primolutea, Pidoplitchkoviella terricola, Muyocopron laterale, Acrocalymma fici, Acrocalymma medicaginis, and Endomelanconiopsis endophytica. The isolation of these endophytes showed that the spines harbor endophytic fungi. Most of the fungal endophytes inhibited the growth of several plant pathogenic fungi, with 68% of the interactions resulting in mutual inhibition, producing a clear inhibition zone of <2 mm. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the fungal endophytes from C. castaneus spines as biocontrol agents.

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The Role of Yeasts as Biocontrol Agents for Pathogenic Fungi on Postharvest Grapes: A Review

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10071650 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1650

Author(s):

Alessandra Di Canito ◽

María Alejandra Mateo-Vargas ◽

Monica Mazzieri ◽

Jesús Cantoral ◽

Roberto Foschino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Health ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽

Wine Grapes ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Chemical Pesticide ◽

The Impact ◽

Saccharomyces Yeasts

In view of the growing concern about the impact of synthetic fungicides on human health and the environment, several government bodies have decided to ban them. As a result, a great number of studies have been carried out in recent decades with the aim of finding a biological alternative to inhibit the growth of fungal pathogens. In order to avoid the large losses of fruit and vegetables that these pathogens cause every year, the biological alternative’s efficacy should be the same as that of a chemical pesticide. In this review, the main studies discussed concern Saccharomyces and non-Saccharomyces yeasts as potential antagonists against phytopathogenic fungi of the genera Penicillium and Aspergillus and the species Botrytis cinerea on table grapes, wine grapes, and raisins.

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Plant-Pathogenic Fungi in Seeds of Different Pea Cultivars in Poland

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology ◽

10.2478/10004-1254-65-2014-2480 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 329-338 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Karolina Wilman ◽

Łukasz Stępień ◽

Izabela Fabiańska ◽

Piotr Kachlicki

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Field Resistance ◽

Plant Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Infection Level ◽

Epicoccum Nigrum ◽

Legume Crops ◽

Lower Infection ◽

Pea Seeds

AbstractLegume crops are exposed to infection by fungal pathogens, which often results in contamination with mycotoxins. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of field resistance/susceptibility of edible and fodder pea cultivars to the colonization of seeds by fungal pathogens in two subsequent seasons, as well as to identify the pathogens present in the seeds of the tested cultivars. Alternaria spp. were the most common fungi isolated from pea seeds in both seasons, followed by Fusarium spp., Stemphylium spp., Ulocladium spp., Botrytis cinerea Pers., Epicoccum nigrum Link., and Phomapinodella L. K. Jones. The highest percentage of infected seeds (55 %) was recorded for cultivar Ezop. The presence of a large number of fungi was found in 2012 for cultivars Santana, Tarchalska, Medal, Cysterski, Mentor, Lasso, and Ezop. Fodder cultivars displayed a lower infection level than edible cultivars. We can conclude that Alternaria spp. were the most frequent fungi present in pea seeds in Poland and Fusarium spp. were likely the most dangerous, having in mind their established mycotoxigenic abilities.

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