Effect of supplementary irrigation on the transpiration and reproductive development of oil palm trees during the dry season in Tabasco, Mexico

Some oil palm production zones have periods of low rainfall, eliciting to water stress and impacting yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the supplementary irrigation application during the dry season, on the water use and the transpiration of oil palm trees, and on morphological changes that occur during the different phenological stages. The monitored site was an oil palm plantation in Jalapa, Tabasco, Mexico (17° 38 N; 92° 56 W; altitude 20 m). There, the plant density is 143 palms ha−1. Two areas of palm trees with ages of 6 and 11 years were located. The soil type was classified as Gleysol. A weather station was placed in a pasture adjacent (1 km) to the plantation. The variables, evaluated from April 1 to June 23, 2017, included the structural characteristics of the plantation, sap flow, transpiration, and the morphological changes at the different phenological stages, which were assessed based on the BBCH scale. The results showed that the water use per palm tree (102–140 kg day−1) and the transpiration (1.59–2.11 mm day−1) were not significantly different among palm trees ages. The application of irrigation during the dry season maintained transpiration in palms of both ages and favoured inflorescence development and fruit formation by shortening the number of days it took the palm plants to reach fruit formation stage (stages 503-700), but increased the number of days required by the bunches to reach maturation (stages 709 to harvest). This study conducted during few months needs to be confirmed by longer term monitoring.

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Growth, yield and water use of drip irrigated cassava planted in the late rainy season of North Eastern Thailand

Indian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.18805/ijare.a-339 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

A. Polthanee ◽

M. Srisutham

Keyword(s):

Water Use ◽

Starch Content ◽

Growth Yield ◽

Dry Season ◽

Storage Root ◽

Root Yield ◽

Supplementary Irrigation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Four Levels ◽

Cassava Varieties

Field experiment was carried out at Agronomy Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University in 2015-2016 to investigate the response of cassava to supplementary irrigation during the dry season month. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. The main plots comprised two cassava varieties (Huaybong 80 and Rayong 11). The sub l included four levels of drip irrigation [I-20, EV-40 mm (crop received 20 mm of water when daily cumulative pan evapolation value reached 40 mm during the dry season months)]; [I-20, EV-60 mm] ; [I-10, EV-40 mm] ; [I-10, EV-60 mm] and [I-10] (cassava under rainfed condition without additional irrigation)]. Results indicated that irrigation at (I-20, EV-40 mm) produced maximum the fresh (52 t ha-1) and dry (22 t ha-1) storage root yield. Huaybong 80 variety a gave significantly higher the storage root yield than that of Rayong 11 variety. The highest starch content also was obtained in the (I-20, EV-40 mm) treatment. There was no significant difference in the starch content between the two cassava varieties. Water were applied in treatment [I-20, EV-40 mm], [I-20, EV-60 mm], [I-10, EV-40 mm] and [I-10, EV-60 mm] was an average 299 mm, 194 mm, 150 mm and 97 mm, respectively during the growing season. Water use efficiency was the highest (35.3 kg ha-1 mm-1) in the [I-20, EV-60 mm] treatment.

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Enumeration of Plant Species Inhabiting Oil Palm Trees (Elaeis-guineensis) at Zawlpui Plantation Site, Serchhip District, Mizoram

Science & Technology Journal ◽

10.22232/stj.2021.09.01.06 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 32-35

Author(s):

Lal awmpuia ◽

◽

H. Lalruatsanga ◽

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Plant Species ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Vascular Plant ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Small Scale ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Palm Trees ◽

Plant Stem

A survey of plant species inhabiting oil palm trees was conducted in Zawlpui area of Serchhip district, Mizoram. The study area is a tropical potent agriculture zone, wherein small-scale business of Elaeis guineensis plantation is carried out by several farmers mainly within the gentle sloppy terrain. Oil palm with a rough bark harbors immense inhabitation by a variety plants, that rooted mostly on the debris at leaf base. Species diversity on the plant stem supposedly encourage insects and termites to establish herewith, thus causing harming to the tree. The sample stands within 400 m–800 m altitude were picked randomly. A total of 50 palm tree were accounted and all associated plants on the stem above 30 cm from the ground are all recorded. Species that cannot be identified on the site were pressed and observed at Botany Research lab, Pachhunga University College. The survey documented 38 vascular plant species which include 4 epiphytes and 1 non-vascular species of lichen, 1 bryophyte and 4 fungal species at that time. Invasive Peperomia pellucida and epiphytic pteridophytes Nephrolepis biserrata was found in most of the stand sample; however, Peperomia population decreases with the increasing elevation. Dynamics of inhabitant species diversity also correlate to location of tree. The study also established that diversity of inhabiting species was comparatively high on parts of the stem facing sunlight.

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Chlorine Nutrition of Oil Palm Tree (Elaeis Guinq Jacq) in Eastern Amazon

Journal of Agricultural Studies ◽

10.5296/jas.v8i3.16243 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 704

Author(s):

Ismael De Jesus Matos Viégas ◽

Jessivaldo Rodrigues Galvão ◽

Allasse Oliveira da Silva ◽

Heráclito Eugênio Oliveira da Conceição ◽

Mauro Junior Borges Pacheco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Vegetative Organ ◽

Vegetative Organs ◽

Palm Trees ◽

Male Inflorescence ◽

Palm Heart ◽

The Status ◽

Medium Texture

In Brazil, the status of chlorine (Cl) nutrition in plants is still poorly studied. The micronutrient Cl plays an important role in cultures such as coconut and oil palm trees. This study aimed to evaluate the status of chlorine nutrition in oil palm trees as a function of planting age, which ranged from two to eight years of cultivation. The experiment was conducted in Tailândia, state of Pará, Brazil. The soil of the area is characterized as Yellow Latosol of medium texture. A total of four oil palm trees were sampled for each age and the following variables were analyzed: leaf, petioles, rachis, palm heart, arrows, stipe, male inflorescences, peduncles, spikelets and fruits, as well as the accumulated, recycled and immobilized levels of Cl. Oil palm trees proved to be demanding in Cl and the accumulation in the different vegetative organs increased with the development of the plant. The stipe was the main storing vegetative organ of this micronutrient. The highest demand of Cl (16.9-26.0 g/kg) occurred in the palm heart, while for male inflorescence, the values ranged from 3.3-4.1 g/kg of Cl. The levels of Cl recycled by the plant were higher than the immobilized and exported levels considering the development up to 4 years of age. After this age, the levels of recycled Cl are lower than those immobilized. As for the amount of Cl exported by clusters in 8-year-old plants, the values were 3.2 and 1.3 times lower than the recycled and immobilized levels, respectively.

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EFFECTS OF WATER AVAILABILITY AND VINE HARVESTING FREQUENCY ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SWEET POTATO IN SOUTHERN MOZAMBIQUE. I. STORAGE ROOT AND VINE YIELDS

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s001447970100045x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 523-537 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

F. Gomes ◽

M. K. V. Carr

Keyword(s):

Sweet Potato ◽

Water Use ◽

Water Availability ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Dry Season ◽

Storage Root ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Supplementary Irrigation ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Water Use Efficiencies

In Mozambique the sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is often grown as both a leafy vegetable, the terminal shoots or vines being progressively harvested during the season, and as a root crop. This paper reports the results of experiments designed to evaluate the effects of drought and vine harvesting frequency on the productivity of both yield components (cv. TIS 2534). Experiments were conducted during the rainy and dry seasons, with supplementary irrigation treatments superimposed. As the frequency of vine harvesting (equivalent to the number of harvests) increased, the total fresh weight of vines increased. There was a corresponding reduction in the yield of storage roots, however, particularly under well-watered conditions. As a result, the total harvested yield (vines plus roots) was remarkably stable in both wet and dry seasons (43–45 t ha−1 fresh weight). The cumulative dry weight of harvested vines increased with the number of harvests at constant rates, depending on water availability (from +150 to +250 when rain-fed, up to +340 to +440 kg ha−1 harvest−1 when irrigated). The corresponding rates of reduction in storage root yields varied from −3 to −130 (rain-fed) down to 310 to 400 kg ha−1 harvest−1 (irrigated). Total dry weight yields under well-watered conditions were constant at about 11 to 13 t ha−1, or double this on an annual basis. Irrigation water-use efficiencies (by dry weight of harvested crop) were generally higher in the dry season than in the rains. For vine production they increased with the number of harvests from 1.6 to 3.5 (rains) up to 0.9 to 6.7 kg ha−1 mm−1 (dry season). The corresponding values for root production were 7.5 to 13.1 (rains) and 12.2 to 19.1 kg ha−1 mm−1 (dry season). For the combined dry weight yields the water-use efficiencies were, with one exception, independent of harvesting frequency at 11.2 (rains) and 19.0 kg ha−1 mm−1 (dry season). Irrigated plants harvested at weekly intervals yielded vine dry weights of about 0.5–0.6 t ha−1 week−1. Compensatory vine growth (reported elsewhere) was observed in previously droughted plants following a rainfall event. The practical implications of these results are discussed. Future papers describe in more detail the physiological aspects of the observed yield responses.

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Oil Palm Tree Detection and Health Classification on High-Resolution Imagery Using Deep Learning

Agriculture ◽

10.3390/agriculture11020183 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 183

Author(s):

Kanitta Yarak ◽

Apichon Witayangkurn ◽

Kunnaree Kritiyutanont ◽

Chomchanok Arunplod ◽

Ryosuke Shibasaki

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Ground Truth ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Effective Management ◽

Visual Interpretation ◽

Healthy Tree ◽

Tree Detection ◽

Palm Trees ◽

High Resolution Imagery

Combining modern technology and agriculture is an important consideration for the effective management of oil palm trees. In this study, an alternative method for oil palm tree management is proposed by applying high-resolution imagery, combined with Faster-RCNN, for automatic detection and health classification of oil palm trees. This study used a total of 4172 bounding boxes of healthy and unhealthy palm trees, constructed from 2000 pixel × 2000 pixel images. Of the total dataset, 90% was used for training and 10% was prepared for testing using Resnet-50 and VGG-16. Three techniques were used to assess the models’ performance: model training evaluation, evaluation using visual interpretation, and ground sampling inspections. The study identified three characteristics needed for detection and health classification: crown size, color, and density. The optimal altitude to capture images for detection and classification was determined to be 100 m, although the model showed satisfactory performance up to 140 m. For oil palm tree detection, healthy tree identification, and unhealthy tree identification, Resnet-50 obtained F1-scores of 95.09%, 92.07%, and 86.96%, respectively, with respect to visual interpretation ground truth and 97.67%, 95.30%, and 57.14%, respectively, with respect to ground sampling inspection ground truth. Resnet-50 yielded better F1-scores than VGG-16 in both evaluations. Therefore, the proposed method is well suited for the effective management of crops.

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UAV application to estimate oil palm trees health using Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) (Case study of Cikabayan Research Farm, Bogor City)

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202021105001 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 211 ◽

pp. 05001

Author(s):

Medina Nur Anisa ◽

Rokhmatuloh ◽

Revi Hernina

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Surface Model ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Vector Form ◽

Tree Health ◽

Aerial Photos ◽

Palm Trees ◽

Dense Point

This article describes the making of an oil palm tree health map using aerial photos extracted from UAV DJI Phantom 4. A DJI Phantom 4 was flown at 100 meters height at the Cikabayan Research Farm, Bogor City. Raw aerial photos from DJI Phantom 4 were processed using Agisoft Photoscan software to generate dense point clouds. These points were computed to produce a digital surface model (DSM) and orthophotos with a spatial resolution of 2.73 cm/pixel. Red, green, and blue bands of the photos were computed to provide the Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI). Also, orthophotos containing oil palm trees were digitized to create points in vector form. VARI pixel values were added to each point and classified into four classes: Needs Inspection, Declining Health, Moderately health, and Healthy. Resulted oil palm tree health map reveals that most of the oil palm trees in the study location are classified as Declining Health and Needs Inspection. Profitably, plantation workers can directly inspect oil palm trees whose health are declining, based on information derived from oil palm tree health map. The information that comes from this study will significantly save time and effort in monitoring oil palm trees’ healthiness.

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Myxobiota of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: species on oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis, Arecaceae)

Rodriguésia ◽

10.1590/2175-7860201061402 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 61 (4) ◽

pp. 575-583 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Clebson Firmino da Silva ◽

Laise de Holanda Cavalcanti

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Forest ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Species Abundance ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Forest Fragments ◽

Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽

Forest Species ◽

Palm Trees ◽

Ecological Reserve

Abstract Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae), the oil palm tree, serves as a phorophyte for many different groups of organisms, someof whichhelp decompose organic matter comingfromthe organs of the tree itself or fromremainsof other plants retained in leaf sheaths. To study the myxobiota of E. guineensis, we examined living and dead trunks, leaves, bracts and inflorescences in the Gurjaú Ecological Reserve, in the township of Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco, Brazil. Incidence and species abundance were determined in three Atlantic forest fragments. The reported species are listed herein, followed the known distribution of each species in Brazil, and which of them occur on palm trees. All of the subclasses and five orders were recorded and 22 species were added to the list of myxomycetes associated with oil palm trees in Brazil. The highest incidence value was recorded on dead leaves. Ceratiomyxa fruticulosa (O. F. Müll.) T. Macbr., Arcyria cinerea (Bull.)Pers. and Physarum compressum Alb.& Schwein. werethe most commonspecies, while Hemitrichia serpula (Scop.) Rostaf. ex Lister showed the highest levels of abundance and incidence, thus confirming its preference for the substrates provided by palm trees.

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Weed Species Distribution of Juvenile Oil Palm Tree (Elaeis guineensis) Intercropped with Maize (Zea mays), Okra (Abelmoshus esculentus) and Pepper (Capsicum anuum var. abbreviatum)

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb649358 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 483-490

Author(s):

Ayodele Samuel OLUWATOBI ◽

Kehinde Stephen OLORUNMAIYE

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Species Distribution ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Diversity Index ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Plot ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Weed Species ◽

Palm Trees

This field experiment was carried out to evaluate the weed species distribution in the experimental plots of an intercrop of juvenile oil palm trees (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) with maize (Zea mays Linn.), okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) and pepper (Capsicum annuum var. abbreviatum). This was carried out during the cropping season between July and October 2012. The crops were intercropped with the juvenile oil palm trees of about 3-years-old. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized block design with five (5) replicates. The treatments comprised of intercropping distances of 1 m, 2 m and 3 m each for the three (3) crops (maize, okra and pepper) and a plot for each of the three (3) arable crops without oil palm trees as control. Weed species distribution was carried out in each of the plots to determine the Simpson’s Diversity Index (D), Simpson’s Index of Diversity (1-D) and Simpson’s Reciprocal Index (1/D). Weed species’ frequency, density, relative density, relative frequency, importance value, abundance, dominance and relative dominance were also computed from data collected at 3WAP and 6WAP. The results showed that the control plot has the highest weed species distribution at 3WAP having the lowest Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) of 0.0930. Okra plot has the least weed species distribution with the highest Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) of 0.2726. At 6WAP, the pepper plot has the highest weed species distribution having the lowest Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) of 0.1741. Control plot has the least weed species distribution with highest Simpson’s Diversity Index (D) of 0.2831.

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Potensi antagonisme senyawa metabolit sekunder asal bakteri endofit dengan pelarut metanol terhadap jamur G. boninense Pat.

Agrikultura ◽

10.24198/agrikultura.v29i1.17870 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 55

Author(s):

Fitri Widiantini ◽

Endah Yulia ◽

Ceppy Nasahi

Keyword(s):

Secondary Metabolites ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Endophytic Bacteria ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Membrane Filter ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Palm Tree ◽

Ganoderma Boninense ◽

Antifungal Effect ◽

Rotary Evaporator

ABSTRACTAntagonism potency of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic bacteria in methanol against pathogenic fungi Ganoderma boninense Pat.The research aimed to determine the antifungal effect of secondary metabolites produced by endophytic bacteria of healthy root oil palm tree against the growth of Ganoderma boninense, the causal agent of basal stem rot disease on oil palm tree. Endophytic bacteria isolates (BEK5, BEK6, BEK7, BEK8, BEK9, BEK10 dan BEK11) were grown on ISP2 agar media for 14 days and extracted using methanol. Following extraction, the methanol was evaporated using rotary evaporator and the filtrat was sterilized using membrane filter 0.2 μm. The effect of the secondary metabolites against G. boninense was tested using agar well diffusion method. The observation on the colony growth and morphologicy of G. boninense mycelia were done at 7 days after treatment. The result demonstrated that all of the endophytic bacteria were able to produce seconday metablites that has antifungal effect on the growth of G. boninense. The highest growth inhibition was shown by secondary metabolites produced by BEK6 with inhibition of 22.89%. Furthermore, the secondary metabolites produced by all of the endophytic bacteria were caused morphological changes on the mycelia of G. boninense.Keywords; Antifungal, Inhibition, MalformationABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan antijamur metabolit sekunder yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri endofit asal akar tanaman kelapa sawit untuk menghambat pertumbuhan jamur patogen Ganoderma boninense, penyebab penyakit busuk pangkal batang pada tanaman kelapa sawit. Isolat-isolat bakteri endofit (BEK5, BEK6, BEK7, BEK8, BEK9, BEK10 dan BEK11) ditumbuhkan pada media ISP2 agar selama 14 hari dan kemudain diekstraksi dengan pelarut metanol. Metanol diuapkan menggunakan rotary evaporator dan filtrat yang dihasilkan disterilkan menggunakan membran filter berukuran 0,2 μm. Pengujian pengaruh senyawa metabolit sekunder terhadap pertumbuhan jamur G. boninense dilakukan dengan metode agar well diffusion. Pengamatan terhadap pertumbuhan koloni jamur G. boninense dan morfologi miselia G. boninense dilakukan pada 7 hari setelah perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua isolat bakteri endofit mengeluarkan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan jamur G. boninense. Penghambatan pertumbuhan koloni jamur G. boninense tertinggi sebesar 22,89% ditemukan pada perlakuan metabolit sekunder asal bakteri BEK6. Pengamatan terhadap morfologi jamur G. boninense menunjukkan bahwa senyawa metabolit sekunder yang dihasilkan oleh isolat-isolat bakteri endofit tersebut dapat menyebabkan perubahan morfologi miselia G. boninense.Kata kunci: Antifungal, Penghambatan, Malformasi

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Algunas pautas de manejo de las malezas para incrementar los insectos benéficos en el cultivo de palma aceitera (Elaeis guineensis Jacquin).

Agronomía Mesoamericana ◽

10.15517/am.v8i2.24653 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 21 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ramón Mexzón

Keyword(s):

Conservative Management ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Dry Season ◽

Annual Plants ◽

Ecological Studies ◽

Perennial Plants ◽

Beneficial Insects ◽

Palm Trees ◽

Pathogenic Agents

We found that weeds most frequentIy visited by insects were, in descending order, the species of Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminose and Malvaceae. Of those, 23 were annuals and 38 were perennials. The annual plants flowered during the dry season and the perennial during various periods along the year. Most ofthose species grew in fields with young oil palm trees without the "Kudzu" cover, as well as on roadsides, along canal s and drainage and on clearings inside adult plantations. Some perennial plants with extra-floral glands, growing in fields with adult oil palm trees, proved to be very attractive to insects. The increase in the arthropod population (including beneficial insects), can be obtained through a conservative management of the vegetation. We point out the need to support such changes in the vegetation, based on ecological studies, in order to avoid favoring damaging insects and or pathogenic agents, and also in order to evaluate the effect of such measures over health and yield of the crop.

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