scholarly journals The Chronology of the hillforts of Western Alania according to historical, archive and archaeological materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 11015
Author(s):  
Julia Treyman

The article is dedicated to revealing historic stages of the development of medieval architecture of Western Alania; systematization of the existing scientific materials connected with the dating of the medieval architectonic and archaeologic legacy of the region; revealing the periodization with defining corresponding cultural and ethnical peculiarities of architecture, compositional patterns and marking the influence of cultural borrowings. During the conducted research we revealed three chronological periods of the development of the architecture of the North Caucasus. At the first stage in the VI-VII c. A. D. appear the first Alan settlements along the western Caucasian part of the Great Silk Way. At the second stage in the VII- first half of the X c. fortifications are built in hillforts; also at this period was formed the three-part planning schemed which followed the principle: a citadel, a fortress, a fortified settlement. At the third stage in the X-XII c. the development of hillfort is performed under the influence of Byzantine Christian topographic traditions.

Author(s):  
A. V. Tevelev ◽  
A. A. Borisenko ◽  
M. I. Erokhina ◽  
S. S. Popov ◽  
I. A. Kosheleva ◽  
...  

The Katav-Ivanovsk transpression zone experienced at least two stages of tectonic deformations, and the sequence of deformations was approximately the same throughout the entire zone — from the Bakal-Satka fault in the south to the Suleimsky fault in the north. Three stages of the formation of parageneses were identified. The parageneses of the first and the second stages were formed in a pure shear environment, and the paragenesis of the third stage — in a simple shear environment. There are stylolites (S1) parallel to bedding, and mineral veins (V1) in the paragenesis of the first stage. Paragenesis of the second stage combines stylolites (S2), mineral veins (V2) and intergranular cleavage (S2). In paragenesis of the third stage were distinguished schistosity (S3), milonites (S3), cataclasites, mica packets (SC-textures), and the rotation structures of porphyroblasts.


1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (S1) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne Køie ◽  
Bjørn Berland ◽  
Michäel D.B. Burt

Two moults occur during larval development in the eggs of Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) and Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) from the North Atlantic. Live larvae forced out of eggs in sea water by coverslip pressure shortly before spontaneous hatching were surrounded by the thin cuticle of the first-stage larva. Infective larvae from naturally hatched eggs are loosely ensheathed in the thick cuticle of the second-stage larva. Thus, it is the third-stage larva that emerges from the egg of both species and not the second-stage larva as previously believed. The thin, smooth, fragile cuticle of the first-stage larva remains in the egg. The striated, cocoon-like cuticle of the second-stage larva of A. simplex may increase the buoyancy of the third-stage larva. The tail tip of the cuticle of the second-stage larva of P. decipiens is sticky and adheres the sheathed third-stage larva to the substrate.


2021 ◽  
Vol 875 (1) ◽  
pp. 012029
Author(s):  
I S Nedbaev ◽  
E Y Elsukova ◽  
E A Kushnir ◽  
E I Treschevskaya

Abstract The article is devoted to the study of the stages of forest recultivation of overburden dumps of the Kingisepp phosphorite field’s breed located in the North-West of the Russian Federation. 5 test areas with a total area of 63.7 hectares were laid to study the different stages of recultivation. In the course of the study, the author’s team identified four conditional stages of the formation of the spruce community of the forest recultivation of overburden dumps breed. The first stage, which has the conditional name ‘10 years’ is newly planted spruce trees on the recultivation territory. The second stage of the formation of the spruce community (‘20 years’) is that the European spruce passes into the stand. The third stage of community formation (‘30 years’) consists in the growth of all plantings to the level of a stand and in the creation of a birch-spruce or spruce-birch forest, since at the age of more than 30 years European spruce in recultivation by itself territories can occupy up to 50% of the stand. At the fourth stage, spruces displace birch trees from the community, remaining almost the only representative of the tree layer.


1992 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 13-31
Author(s):  
S Piasecki ◽  
L.M Larsen ◽  
A.K Pedersen ◽  
G.K Pedersen

Volcanic rocks, forming hyaloclastites and subaqueous lava flows, were deposited intercalated with clastic sediments in a water-filled basin in West Greenland in the Early Tertiary. Three main stages of basin infilling occurred in the Disko-Nuussuaq area. The distribution of dinoflagellate cysts in the sediments shows that the basin was marine in the first stage and non-marine in the second stage of infilling. In the third stage the basin was displaced towards the south and was marginally marine. The dinoflagellate cysts form a typical mid-Paleocene assemblage which may be correlated with the calcareous nannoplankton (NP) zonation. The stratigraphically lowest investigated localities are coeval with the uppermost part of nannoplankton zone NP4, whereas the overlying localities within the marine basin (first stage) may be correlated with NP5-6. The localities from the non-marine second stage cannot be correlated with the NP zonation because they do not contain dinoflagellate cysts. Localities from the third stage are coeval with NP7-8. Younger volcanics are subaerially deposited. The total known range of the volcanics now falls within the NP3 to NP8 interval, giving a minimum duration for the main plateau-building stage of the volcanism of 4–6 million years. The subaerial basalts have previously been found to be mainly reversely magnetised, with one normally magnetised sequence which can now be stratigraphically correlated with NP4, and thereby identified as anomaly 27. The basalts in East Greenland started erupting during the NP9 zone, so that the volcanic activity in East Greenland largely succeeded that in West Greenland. In relation to the postulated mantle plume in the North Atlantic this means that the volcanic activity started in the peripheral part of the plume and only later switched to the central part.


2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Birdwell

Critics have argued that Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton (1848), is split by a conflict between the modes of realism and romance. But the conflict does not render the novel incoherent, because Gaskell surpasses both modes through a utopian narrative that breaks with the conflict of form and gives coherence to the whole novel. Gaskell not only depicts what Thomas Carlyle called the ‘Condition of England’ in her work but also develops, through three stages, the utopia that will redeem this condition. The first stage is romantic nostalgia, a backward glance at Eden from the countryside surrounding Manchester. The second stage occurs in Manchester, as Gaskell mixes romance with a realistic mode, tracing a utopian drive toward death. The third stage is the utopian break with romantic and realistic accounts of the Condition of England and with the inadequate preceding conceptions of utopia. This third stage transforms narrative modes and figures a new mode of production.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Armstrong ◽  
Lorna Hogg ◽  
Pamela Charlotte Jacobsen

The first stage of this project aims to identify assessment measures which include items on voice-hearing by way of a systematic review. The second stage is the development of a brief framework of categories of positive experiences of voice hearing, using a triangulated approach, drawing on views from both professionals and people with lived experience. The third stage will involve using the framework to identify any positve aspects of voice-hearing included in the voice hearing assessments identified in stage 1.


Author(s):  
Х.М. Хетагуров

Кленовники Северного Кавказа – особый тип лесных формаций. Особенность проявляется не только в структуре фитоценозов, но и в способах самовозобновления. Объект исследования – чистые и смешанные кленовники в нескольких урочищах РСО-Алания. Объекты расположены в различных условиях горного рельефа и на разной высоте над уровнем моря, от 1100 до 1900 м. Целью исследования является установление особенностей семенного возобновления кленовников, произрастающих в верхнем поясе распространения лесов на Северном Кавказе. Для достижения поставленной цели устанавливали время цветения и созревания семян по вертикальным поясам распространения кленовников. Обилие цветения и средний балл плодоношения устанавливали по В.Г. Капперу. Биометрические характеристики семян определяли по урочищам в трех повторностях. Учет подроста проводили на круговых учетных площадках по 10 м2, в соответствии с методикой А.В. Грязькина. Установлено, что цветение клена Траутфеттера начинается 10–14 мая и заканчивается в третьей декаде мая. Семена начинают созревать к концу августа – к началу сентября. Сроки опадения семян растянуты. Часть семян попадает на почву до начала листопада, поэтому они оказываются погребенными под опадом. Такие семена быстро теряют всхожесть, выпревают. Другая часть опадает вместе с листьями. Третья категория семян (самые легкие) держатся на деревьях до декабря и даже до весны. Естественное возобновление клена семенами под пологом материнского древостоя сильно затруднено из-за мощного травяного покрова. В древостое с сомкнутым пологом доля цветущих и плодоносящих деревьев составляет 2–3%, а средний балл плодоношения составляет 1,3. Освещенность на поверхности почвы не превышает 100 люкс, т. е. составляет 0,2–0,3% от освещенности на открытом месте; на высоте 1,3 м (над травостоем) освещенность несколько выше – от 1,2 до 1,6 тыс. люкс. Под пологом древостоя преобладает подрост вегетативного происхождения. У верхней границы кленового леса подрост семенного происхождения встречается в окнах, прогалинах и на открытых местах в количестве 430–630 экз./га. По высоте преобладает крупный подрост 50–60%, доля мелкого – 10–20%. The maple stands of the North Caucasus – a special type of forest formations. The peculiarity is manifested not only in the structure of phytocoenoses, but also in the ways of self-renewing. Object of research – pure and mixed maple stands in some areas of North Ossetia-Alania. The properties are located in various mountainous terrain and at different heights above sea level from 1100 to 1900 m. The aim of the study is to establish the characteristics of the seed the resumption of the maple stands growing in the upper belt of forests spread in the Northern Caucasus. To achieve this goal setting time of flowering and ripening of seeds on vertical zones distribution dominated. The abundance of flowering and the average score of fruiting was established by V.G. Capper. Biometric characteristics of the seeds was determined by the tracts in three replicates. Accounting for the undergrowth was carried out on a circular experimental plots at 10 m2, in accordance with the method of A.V. Grashkin. It is established that the flowering maple Trautvetter begins may 10–14 and ends in the third week of may. Seeds begin to ripen by late August – early September. The timing of subsidence of the stretched seed. Some of the seeds falls to the ground before the leaves, so they are trapped under the litter. These seeds quickly lose their germination, vypivaet. The other part falls along with the leaves. The third category of seeds (the light) stay on the trees until December and even till spring. Natural regeneration of maple seeds under the canopy of parent stand is very difficult due to the strong grass cover. In forest stands with dense canopy, proportion of flowering and fruit-bearing trees is 2–3%, and the average score of fruiting is 1.3. The illumination on the surface of the soil does not exceed 100 Lux, i. e. 0.2–0.3% of the light in the open, at a height of 1.3 m (on grass) the lighting is slightly higher, from 1.2 to 1.6 thousand Suite. Under the canopy of the forest the undergrowth is dominated by vegetative origin. At the upper boundary of the maple forest, saplings of seed origin occurs in Windows, clearings and open places in the number 430–630 ind./ha. In height dominated by large undergrowth of 50–60%, the share of small – 10–20%.


2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 227-229
Author(s):  
Yi-gao Hu ◽  
Wei Ding ◽  
Jun Tan ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Tao Luo ◽  
...  

AbstractThis article investigates an effective method with which to reconstruct the tragus and external auditory meatus for microtia reconstruction. The external ear was reconstructed using a delayed postauricular skin flap in patients with congenital microtia. After the first stage of delaying the postauricular skin flap and the second stage of otoplasty with ear framework fabricated from autogenous rib cartilage draping with the delayed skin flap, the third stage involved tragus and external auditory meatus canaloplasty. After designing the remnant auricle flap, the lower part was trimmed and the tragus was reconstructed. The upper part was trimmed into a thin skin flap, which was rotated and used to cover the hollowed wound posterosuperior to the tragus so as to mimic the external auditory meatus. If remnant wounds were present, skin grafting was conducted. In total, 121 patients with congenital microtia were treated from March 2010 to March 2016. The reconstructed tragus and external auditory meatus were well formed, and all wounds healed well. No severe complications such as flap necrosis occurred. Six months postoperatively, the morphology of the reconstructed tragus and external auditory meatus was good. Overall, the patients and their families were satisfied. The use of remnant auricle to reconstruct the tragus and external auditory meatus is an effective auricular reconstruction technique.


Author(s):  
Т.А. Богумил

В статье предлагается концепция жизни и творческого роста В.М. Шукшина сквозь призму тезаурусного и кластерного подходов. Объяснительными «персональными моделями» для интерпретации биографического текста писателя являются кластеры Мартина Идена, Гамлета и Степана Разина. Ранее биографы и литературоведы указывали на важность этих персон для Шукшина, но разрозненно. Впервые предпринята попытка свести указанные персональные модели воедино, в целостный сюжет становления писателя в пространстве культуры. На разных этапах эволюции автора доминирует одна из указанных моделей, последовательно сменяя друг друга, но не вытесняя, а «внахлест». Ранний этап творчества, ориентированный на стратегию Мартина Идена, является попыткой «вписаться» в наличный культурный мейнстрим. Выражено это в следовании поэтике соцреализма. Второй этап подспудно начинается с реабилитации отца Шукшина в 1956 года, когда актуализируется «гамлетовский комплекс», проявляющийся в чувстве вины перед отцом, через стратегию утаивания подлинного «я», мотивы чудаковатости. Третий этап связан с личностью реального исторического лица, Степана Разина, и выражается в открытом протесте против власти. Все важные для В.М. Шукшина поведенческие модели объединены мотивом одинокого противостояния враждебному социуму и имеют трагический финал, что обусловило ранний уход писателя и порождение мифов о насильственном характере его смерти. В.М. Шукшин одновременно был фигурой неординарной и типичной, что позволило его биографии стать «персональной моделью» для последующих авторов, выходцев из сельской глубинки. The article proposes the concept of life and creative growth of V.M. Shukshin through the prism of the thesaurus and cluster approach. The explanatory "personal models" for interpreting the biographical text of the writer are clusters of Martin Eden, Hamlet and Stepan Razin. Earlier, biographers and literary critics pointed out the importance of these people for Shukshin, but it was scattered. For the first time, an attempt was made to bring these personal models together into an integral plot of the formation of the writer in the space of culture. At different stages of the writer’s evolution, one of these models dominates, successively replacing each other, but not crowding out, but “overlapping”. The early stage of creativity, focused on Martin Eden’s strategy, is an attempt to “fit in” the current cultural mainstream. This is expressed in following the poetics of socialist realism. The second stage implicitly begins with the rehabilitation of Shukshin’s father in 1956, when the “Hamletian complex” is actualized. It is manifested in a sense of guilt towards his father, the strategy of concealing the true “I”, eccentricities. The third stage is connected with the personality of a real historical person, Stepan Razin, and is expressed in an open protest against the authorities. All important for V.M. Shukshin's behavioral models are united by the motive of a lonely confrontation with a hostile society and have a tragic ending, which led to the early departure of the writer and the generation of myths about the violent nature of his death. V.M. Shukshin was an extraordinary and typical figure at the same time. That allowed his biography to become a “personal model” for subsequent authors who came from the rural outback.


2020 ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
D. V. Minukhin ◽  
O. I. Tsyvenko ◽  
A. Yu. Korolevska ◽  
L. G. Tarasenko ◽  
D. Yu. Melnyk ◽  
...  

Most authors considered pleural cavity drainage to be the main method of treatment of acute pleural empyema using minor surgery. Despite the simplicity of drainage of the pleural cavity, the number of complications after this surgical manipulation, according to the reports of some authors, varies from 3 to 8 %. The complications of pleural drainage in the patients with acute nonspecific pleural empyema have been studied and the technique of pleural drainage "blindly" has been introduced, which allows drainage to be located along the chest wall. At the first stage of the four−stage study, the complications of pleural drainage in 38 patients with acute nonspecific pleural empyema were analyzed, at the second stage a device for drainage of the pleural cavity "blindly" was developed to place drainage in parallel to the chest wall, at the third stage patients were tested; on IV −− drainage of the pleural cavity of 34 patients was performed according to the proposed method. The reason for the development of drainage complications in the pleural cavity of patients with acute pleural empyema was the inadequate location of drainage in the pleural cavity, drainage of the pleural cavity was carried out in general hospitals without the use of thoracoscopic equipment. Curved thoracoport with trocar for a blind drainage of the pleural cavity "blindly" was developed and introduced into clinical practice. This technique eliminates the involuntary location of the drainage in the pleural cavity, installing it along the chest wall, and is safe. Complications associated with drainage of the pleural cavity according to the developed method using a curved thoracoport with a trocar, inadequate location of drainage, were not observed in patients. Key words: acute pleural empyema, pleural cavity drainage, curved trocar.


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