FACES OF V.M. SHUKSHIN: MARTIN IDEN, HAMLET, STEPAN RAZIN

Author(s):  
Т.А. Богумил

В статье предлагается концепция жизни и творческого роста В.М. Шукшина сквозь призму тезаурусного и кластерного подходов. Объяснительными «персональными моделями» для интерпретации биографического текста писателя являются кластеры Мартина Идена, Гамлета и Степана Разина. Ранее биографы и литературоведы указывали на важность этих персон для Шукшина, но разрозненно. Впервые предпринята попытка свести указанные персональные модели воедино, в целостный сюжет становления писателя в пространстве культуры. На разных этапах эволюции автора доминирует одна из указанных моделей, последовательно сменяя друг друга, но не вытесняя, а «внахлест». Ранний этап творчества, ориентированный на стратегию Мартина Идена, является попыткой «вписаться» в наличный культурный мейнстрим. Выражено это в следовании поэтике соцреализма. Второй этап подспудно начинается с реабилитации отца Шукшина в 1956 года, когда актуализируется «гамлетовский комплекс», проявляющийся в чувстве вины перед отцом, через стратегию утаивания подлинного «я», мотивы чудаковатости. Третий этап связан с личностью реального исторического лица, Степана Разина, и выражается в открытом протесте против власти. Все важные для В.М. Шукшина поведенческие модели объединены мотивом одинокого противостояния враждебному социуму и имеют трагический финал, что обусловило ранний уход писателя и порождение мифов о насильственном характере его смерти. В.М. Шукшин одновременно был фигурой неординарной и типичной, что позволило его биографии стать «персональной моделью» для последующих авторов, выходцев из сельской глубинки. The article proposes the concept of life and creative growth of V.M. Shukshin through the prism of the thesaurus and cluster approach. The explanatory "personal models" for interpreting the biographical text of the writer are clusters of Martin Eden, Hamlet and Stepan Razin. Earlier, biographers and literary critics pointed out the importance of these people for Shukshin, but it was scattered. For the first time, an attempt was made to bring these personal models together into an integral plot of the formation of the writer in the space of culture. At different stages of the writer’s evolution, one of these models dominates, successively replacing each other, but not crowding out, but “overlapping”. The early stage of creativity, focused on Martin Eden’s strategy, is an attempt to “fit in” the current cultural mainstream. This is expressed in following the poetics of socialist realism. The second stage implicitly begins with the rehabilitation of Shukshin’s father in 1956, when the “Hamletian complex” is actualized. It is manifested in a sense of guilt towards his father, the strategy of concealing the true “I”, eccentricities. The third stage is connected with the personality of a real historical person, Stepan Razin, and is expressed in an open protest against the authorities. All important for V.M. Shukshin's behavioral models are united by the motive of a lonely confrontation with a hostile society and have a tragic ending, which led to the early departure of the writer and the generation of myths about the violent nature of his death. V.M. Shukshin was an extraordinary and typical figure at the same time. That allowed his biography to become a “personal model” for subsequent authors who came from the rural outback.

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-374
Author(s):  
O. S. Dzneladze ◽  
D. N. Sikoza ◽  
A. V. Symonenko

Having analyzed of fibulae four chronological periods in the usage of the burial ground Chervony Mayak can be distinguished: the early stage (the second half of the 2nd century BC — the first half of the 1st century BC); the second stage (the second half of the 1st century BC — the first half of the 1st century AD) which is the time of appearance of the first Roman imports; the third «stage of heyday» (the second half of the 1st — the first half of the 2nd century AD) — the time of increase of population at the settlement, the emergence of the «Eastern wave» of Sarmatian migration and the Sarmatization of the Late Scythian culture; the final stage (the second half of 2nd century — the first half of the 3rd century AD), the time of the last Late Scythian funerals on the Chervony Mayak necropolis. The comparison of the number of fibulae with gender of the buried allows to research some patterns of the Late Scythian costume. The chronology of fibulae shows that one catacomb could be used for collective funeral no more than 50 years.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 396
Author(s):  
Baihaqi Siddik Lubis ◽  
Eko Febri Syahputra Siregar

ABSTRAKPengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan kompetensi guru dalam mengajar di dalam kelas dengan menggunakan media interaktif berbasis macromedia flash bagi guru SD Muhammadiyah Kota Medan. Pelatihan dan pendampingan tersebut dalam bentuk training and workshop. Pengabdian diikuti oleh 12 orang guru dari 2 sekolah, SD Muhammadiyah 29 Sei Mencirim dan SD Muhammadiyah 38 Medan Krio. Kegiatan pengabdian ini terdiri dari tiga tahapan, yaitu tahapan pertama sosialisasi dengan mengadakan observasi dan wawancara kepada kepala sekolah, tahap kedua pelatihan dan pendampingan dan tahap ketiga evaluasi. Hasil pelatihan dan pendampingan ini menunjukkan bahwa 10 guru (83,33%) guru mampu membuat media pembelajaran interaktif berbasis macromedia flash dan 2 guru (16,7%) belum mampu membuat media pembelajaran berbasis macromedia flash. Hal ini terjadi karena guru baru pertama kali menggunakan software macromedia flash untuk membuat media pembelajaran. Kata Kunci: media interaktif; macromedia flash; kompetensi guru. ABSTRACTThis community services activity aims to develop teacher competences in teaching in the class by using Interactive Media based on macromedia flash for teachers’ of SD Muhammadiyah Medan City. Training and mentoring take the form training and workshop. The service is followed by 12 teachers’ from two schools, SD Muhammadiyah 29 Sei Mencirim and SD Muhammadiyah 38 Medan Krio. This service activity consists of three stages, namely the first stage of socialization by conducting observations and interviews with the head master, the second stage of training and mentoring and the third stage of evaluation. The results of training and mentoring show that 10 teachers’ (83,33%) have been able to create learning active media based on macromedia flash dan 2 teachers’ (16,7%) have not been able to create learning interactive media based on macromedia flash. This thing occours as teachers’ have just used Macromedia flash software for the first time to create learning media. Keywords: interactive media; macro media flash; teacher competences. 


Author(s):  
Tat'yana Yaschuk

The paper studies the reasons, forms, and stages of the systematization of the national legislation in the Soviet period. The reasons are of two origins: due to the need to adapt legislation for economic and social improvement and to the general logic of the development of law and its institutionalization by sectors. The author defines the following historical stages in the systematization of legislation: 1918–1920s; 1930 – mid-1950s; late 1950s – 1980s. The first stage included a comprehensive development of codes of the Soviet legislation that defined the legislation system. Drafts of the Soviet codes were developed in the second stage; however, they were not approved. At the third stage all major branches of the Soviet legislation were defined as codes. Codes of the 1920s were replaced by acts with current regulations; for the first time in the Soviet history codes were adopted in a number of sectors. Based on the subjects of joint jurisdiction of the USSR and the Union republics, the fundamentals of the Soviet legislation and republican codes were adopted. Despite the fact that codification was the primary form of systematization of the Soviet legislation, incorporation was widely used as well. Chronological and systematic collections of laws were published. In the late 1920s, the State first attempted to compile a code of laws of the USSR; however, the USSR Code of Laws and the RSFSR Code of Laws were prepared and published only in the 1980s. Throughout the Soviet period, the systematization of legislation was an important area of state legal policy.


1903 ◽  
Vol 49 (204) ◽  
pp. 177-178
Author(s):  
H. J. Macevoy

Dr. de Montyel gives the results of his investigations on the sixth of the reflexes which he undertook to study in general paralysis. The discrepancies noticed in the conclusions of many other observers are attributed to their studying patients in various stages; in all researches of this nature it is indispensable to follow the only method susceptible of furnishing data which may be compared with one another,—that is, following up and examining the same patients from the onset to the termination of the disease. Out of 104 cases of general paralysis this method was satisfactorily carried out in the case of thirty only, the others having succumbed either in the first or second stage; 680 satisfactory observations were made, and the results of these are carefully tabulated. The following are some of the author's general conclusions:—Accommodation is more often abnormal than normal in general paralysis; exaggeration of the reflex is rare; diminution is twenty-four times more frequent—abolition being slightly more common than simple diminution. The reaction is nearly always equal on the two sides; in a few rare cases one finds normal accommodation on one side and abolition on the other. In the early stage only does one find normal accommodation more frequent than abnormal; but in the second, and more so in the third stage, abnormality is the rule. Abolition is commoner in the late stage. In more than a third of the remissions there was abnormality. Certain differences in the accommodation reflex are found in the various forms of the disease; it is more often and more profoundly altered with conditions of excitement. As regards the ætiology the reflex was always found abnormal in traumatic general paralysis; next in frequency (i. e. after abnormality of reflex) comes the alcoholic form. Alteration of the reflex is common with cases at the extreme ages of incidence of the disease (after fifty and below thirty). Accommodation was more often and more profoundly affected in the first two stages of general paralysis in proportion to the impairment of motor power. The investigation of the accommodation reflex on account of its frequent and early alterations may be helpful in the diagnosis of doubtful cases, but it affords no indication as to the slow or rapid evolution of the disease. H. J. Macevoy.


2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-200
Author(s):  
Robert Z. Birdwell

Critics have argued that Elizabeth Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton (1848), is split by a conflict between the modes of realism and romance. But the conflict does not render the novel incoherent, because Gaskell surpasses both modes through a utopian narrative that breaks with the conflict of form and gives coherence to the whole novel. Gaskell not only depicts what Thomas Carlyle called the ‘Condition of England’ in her work but also develops, through three stages, the utopia that will redeem this condition. The first stage is romantic nostalgia, a backward glance at Eden from the countryside surrounding Manchester. The second stage occurs in Manchester, as Gaskell mixes romance with a realistic mode, tracing a utopian drive toward death. The third stage is the utopian break with romantic and realistic accounts of the Condition of England and with the inadequate preceding conceptions of utopia. This third stage transforms narrative modes and figures a new mode of production.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Armstrong ◽  
Lorna Hogg ◽  
Pamela Charlotte Jacobsen

The first stage of this project aims to identify assessment measures which include items on voice-hearing by way of a systematic review. The second stage is the development of a brief framework of categories of positive experiences of voice hearing, using a triangulated approach, drawing on views from both professionals and people with lived experience. The third stage will involve using the framework to identify any positve aspects of voice-hearing included in the voice hearing assessments identified in stage 1.


2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (02) ◽  
pp. 227-229
Author(s):  
Yi-gao Hu ◽  
Wei Ding ◽  
Jun Tan ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Tao Luo ◽  
...  

AbstractThis article investigates an effective method with which to reconstruct the tragus and external auditory meatus for microtia reconstruction. The external ear was reconstructed using a delayed postauricular skin flap in patients with congenital microtia. After the first stage of delaying the postauricular skin flap and the second stage of otoplasty with ear framework fabricated from autogenous rib cartilage draping with the delayed skin flap, the third stage involved tragus and external auditory meatus canaloplasty. After designing the remnant auricle flap, the lower part was trimmed and the tragus was reconstructed. The upper part was trimmed into a thin skin flap, which was rotated and used to cover the hollowed wound posterosuperior to the tragus so as to mimic the external auditory meatus. If remnant wounds were present, skin grafting was conducted. In total, 121 patients with congenital microtia were treated from March 2010 to March 2016. The reconstructed tragus and external auditory meatus were well formed, and all wounds healed well. No severe complications such as flap necrosis occurred. Six months postoperatively, the morphology of the reconstructed tragus and external auditory meatus was good. Overall, the patients and their families were satisfied. The use of remnant auricle to reconstruct the tragus and external auditory meatus is an effective auricular reconstruction technique.


2020 ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
D. V. Minukhin ◽  
O. I. Tsyvenko ◽  
A. Yu. Korolevska ◽  
L. G. Tarasenko ◽  
D. Yu. Melnyk ◽  
...  

Most authors considered pleural cavity drainage to be the main method of treatment of acute pleural empyema using minor surgery. Despite the simplicity of drainage of the pleural cavity, the number of complications after this surgical manipulation, according to the reports of some authors, varies from 3 to 8 %. The complications of pleural drainage in the patients with acute nonspecific pleural empyema have been studied and the technique of pleural drainage "blindly" has been introduced, which allows drainage to be located along the chest wall. At the first stage of the four−stage study, the complications of pleural drainage in 38 patients with acute nonspecific pleural empyema were analyzed, at the second stage a device for drainage of the pleural cavity "blindly" was developed to place drainage in parallel to the chest wall, at the third stage patients were tested; on IV −− drainage of the pleural cavity of 34 patients was performed according to the proposed method. The reason for the development of drainage complications in the pleural cavity of patients with acute pleural empyema was the inadequate location of drainage in the pleural cavity, drainage of the pleural cavity was carried out in general hospitals without the use of thoracoscopic equipment. Curved thoracoport with trocar for a blind drainage of the pleural cavity "blindly" was developed and introduced into clinical practice. This technique eliminates the involuntary location of the drainage in the pleural cavity, installing it along the chest wall, and is safe. Complications associated with drainage of the pleural cavity according to the developed method using a curved thoracoport with a trocar, inadequate location of drainage, were not observed in patients. Key words: acute pleural empyema, pleural cavity drainage, curved trocar.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-320
Author(s):  
Muhamad Sidik Triadi ◽  
Irfan Sanusi ◽  
Lida Imelda Cholidah

ABSTRAK Penulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manajemen humas radio Rama FM Bandung dalam meningkatkan pemasang iklan dari mulai tahapan perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan sampai dengan pengawasan, metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk mengetahui karakteristik  dengan cara berinteraksi secara langsung dan mendalam mengenai sebuah program dan ringkasan yang digambarkan pada konteks di atas mendasari untuk menggali dan mendeskripsikan kegiatan-kegiatan yang dijalankan oleh radio Rama FM Bandung dalam meningkatkan pemasang iklan. Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualittaif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kegiatan manajemen humas radio Rama FM Bandung dalam meningkatkan pemasang iklan dimulai pada tahapan pertama yaitu perencanaan pembuatan proposal, inovasi program, pengemasan iklan dan penyampaian iklan. Tahapan kedua yaitu pengorganisasian dengan komunikasi, membentuk team, pertimbangan tugas, dan persetujuan dari pimpinan. Tahapan ketiga yaitu pelaksanaan sesuai tugas, presentasi, pelaksanaan tugas sesuai susunan, pelaksanaan kegiatan. Tahap keempat yaitu pengawasan koordinasi, kinerja team yang bertugas, program yang berlangsung, dan pengawasan proses sebagai bahan evaluasi. Kata Kunci : Manajemen Humas; Meningkatkan; Pemasang Iklan. ABSTRACT This writing aims to determine radio public relations management Rama FM Bandung in increasing advertisers from the stages of planning, organizing, implementation to supervision, this research method uses a case study method to determine the characteristics by interacting directly and deeply about a case and summary illustrated in the above context underlying to explore and describe the activities carried out by radio Rama FM Bandung in improving advertisers. The analysis of this study uses descriptive qualitative. The results showed that the radio public relations management activities of Rama FM Bandung in increasing advertisers began in the first stage, namely the planning of making proposals, program innovation, packaging of advertisements and delivery of advertisements. The second stage is organizing with communication, forming teams, considering assignments, and approval from the leadership. The third stage is the implementation of tasks, presentations, implementation of tasks according to the arrangement, implementation of activities. The fourth stage is monitoring coordination, the performance of the team in charge, the ongoing program, and monitoring the process as an evaluation material. Keywords : Management Public Relations; Improve; Advertiser.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-300
Author(s):  
Hadi Nurdin ◽  
Dang Eif Saiful Amin ◽  
Dyah Rahmi Astuti

ABSTRAK Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui implementasi  CSR PT. Pos Indonesia pada program bantuan sarana peribadatan mulai dari tahap perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan dan pengawasan. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi kasus untuk mengetahui karakteristik  dengan cara berinteraksi secara langsung dan mendalam mengenai sebuah kasus dan ringkasan yang digambarkan pada konteks di atas mendasari untuk menggali dan mendeskripsikan kegiatan-kegiatan divisi PKBL PT. Pos Indonesia. Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan deskriptif kualittaif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Implementasi Kegiatan Responsibility CSR pada program bantuan sarana peribadatan, mulai dari tahap pertama yaitu perencanaan agenda proposal, peninjauan proposal, dan perencanaan anggaran. Tahap kedua yaitu tahap pengorganisasian dengan mengorganisasikan persiapan, mengorganisasikan koordinasi dan mengorganisasikan pengelolaan anggaran. Tahap ketiga yaitu tahap pelaksanaan melaksanan briefing, melaksanakan program dilapangan dan melaksankan penyaluran dan. Tahap terakhir yaitu pengawasan  mengawasi program, mengawasi dana yang telah disalurkan. Kata Kunci : CSR; Implementasi; Bantuan Sarana Peribadatan ABSTRACT This research aims to determine the implementation of CSR PT. Pos Indonesia in the assistance program for worship facilities starting from the planning, organizing, implementing and monitoring stages. This research method uses a case study method to find out the characteristics by interacting directly and deeply about a case and a summary illustrated in the above context is underlying to explore and describe the activities of the PKBL division of PT. Indonesian post. The analysis of this study uses descriptive qualitative. The results of the study show that the implementation of CSR Responsibility Activities in the worship facilities assistance program, starting from the first stage, namely planning the proposal agenda, reviewing proposals, and budget planning. The second stage is the organizing stage by organizing preparations, organizing coordination and organizing budget management. The third stage is the stage of carrying out the briefing, implementing the program in the field and implementing the distribution and. The last stage is supervision overseeing the program, overseeing the funds that have been channeled. Keywords : CSR; Implementation; Religious Facilities Assistance


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