Succession of mycorrhizae: a matter of tree age or stand age?

In an 11-year study in northern Ontario, root rot damage was heaviest in balsam fir, intermediate in black spruce, and least in white spruce. As a result of root rot, 16, 11, and 6%, respectively, of dominant or codominant trees of the three species were killed or experienced premature windfall. Butt rot, which resulted from the upward extension of root rot into the boles of living trees, led to a scaled cull of 17, 12, and 10%, respectively, of gross merchantable volume of the remaining living trees in the three species. The total volume of wood lost to rot was, therefore, 33, 23, and 16%, respectively. Of 1108 living dominant and codominant balsam fir, 1243 black spruce, and 501 white spruce in 165 stands, 87, 68, and 63%, respectively, exhibited some degree of advanced root decay. Losses resulting from root rot increased with tree age. Significant amounts of root decay and stain (>30% of root volume) first occurred at 60 years of age in balsam fir and 80 years in black spruce and white spruce. For the three species together, the proportion of trees that were dead and windfallen as a result of root rot increased from an average of 3% at 41–50 years to 13% at 71–80 years and 26% at 101–110 years. The root rot index, based on the number of dead and windfallen trees and estimated loss of merchantable volume, also increased, from an average of 17 at 41–50 years to 40 at 71–80 years and 53 at 101–110 years. Death and windfall of balsam fir and black spruce were more common in northwestern Ontario than in northeastern Ontario. Damage to balsam fir was greater in the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence Forest region than in the Boreal Forest region. In all three tree species, the degree of root rot (decay and stain) was highly correlated with the number of dead and windfallen trees, stand age, and root decay at ground level (as a percentage of basal area) for a 10-tree sample.

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Correlations among Tree Quality, Stand Characteristics, and Site Characteristics in Plantation Teak in Mountainous Areas of Lao PDR

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11070777 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 777

Author(s):

Simone Vongkhamho ◽

Akihiro Imaya ◽

Chisato Takenaka ◽

Kazukiyo Yamamoto ◽

Hiroyuki Yamamoto

Keyword(s):

Lao Pdr ◽

Quality Characteristics ◽

Present Condition ◽

Tree Age ◽

Stand Age ◽

Site Characteristics ◽

Stem Straightness ◽

Tree Quality ◽

Plantation Teak ◽

Stand Characteristics

Teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) is a globally valuable hardwood tree species whose growth performance and tree quality characteristics are controlled by various factors. Teak tree quality characteristics such as stem straightness, buttressing, and protuberant buds/knots are important in the sawing process, and directly affect timber yield, timber grade, recovery, and cost. In this study, we assessed the relationships among tree quality characteristics, stand characteristics, and site characteristics in plantation teak in the Luang Prabang province of the Lao PDR. We established 53 sample plots (20 × 20 m) and measured a total of 2149 sample trees. The stand-level tree age ranged from 10 to 31 years, and the trees were distributed in various modes of topography. The altitude ranged from 287 to 867 masl. The results of Spearman’s partial rank correlation analysis among the parameters revealed the present condition of the teak plantation forest in the region. The altitude was related to stand age and was correlated with tree quality characteristics such as epicormic shoots, mode of branching, and branch size. The correlation results suggest that higher-density plantation at the higher altitude sites might be suitable for teak plantations in this area. In addition, we found that a longer rotation in forest management might degrade tree quality.

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Factors controlling epiphytic lichen biomass during postfire succession in black spruce boreal forests

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x09-127 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 39 (11) ◽

pp. 2168-2179 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Catherine Boudreault ◽

Yves Bergeron ◽

Darwyn Coxson

Keyword(s):

Boreal Forests ◽

Stand Structure ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Tree Age ◽

Stand Age ◽

Epiphytic Lichens ◽

Dominant Group ◽

Epiphytic Lichen ◽

Structure Tree ◽

Species Groups

Alectorioid lichens are the dominant group of epiphytic lichens in boreal forests. Epiphytic lichen richness and abundance generally increase with stand age and within-stand heterogeneity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the importance of time elapsed since the last fire, stand structure, tree size, tree age, and branch height for epiphytic lichen biomass of the boreal forest of western Quebec. We sampled 12 sites belonging to four forest age classes (from 50 to >200 years). We assessed epiphytic lichen biomass of three species groups ( Bryoria , Evernia , and Usnea ) on 12 trees in each site. Our results showed that biomass of Bryoria and Usnea was higher in intermediate stages (between 101 and 200 years) compared with younger (50–100 years) and older (>200 years) stages. Biomass of the three species groups was greater on larger diameter trees (>16 cm) compared with smaller ones (<16 cm). These results indicate that the protection of postfire stands aged between 101 and 200 year should be prioritized to maintain the functional role of epiphytic lichens in managed landscapes.

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Growth trends and stand dynamics in natural loblolly pine in the southeastern United States

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x92-088 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 22 (5) ◽

pp. 660-666 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Paul C. Van Deusen

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Loblolly Pine ◽

Tree Growth ◽

Southeastern United States ◽

Tree Age ◽

Stand Age ◽

Stand Dynamics ◽

Individual Tree ◽

Growth Trends ◽

Individual Tree Growth

A number of recent studies have shown reduced stand-level and individual-tree growth in natural loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) stands in the southeastern United States. This study uses increment cores from dominant and codominant trees to determine if individual-tree growth has changed from 1915 to 1985. The cores are grouped for comparison by first sorting on the basis of median stand age and then further sorting these groups of cores by individual-tree age. These trees experienced increasing basal area increments from the mid-1940s into the mid-1970s, after which growth rates returned to preincrease levels. These data support recent findings of growth reductions, but also indicate previously unreported growth increases preceding the growth decreases. These and supplemental permanent plot data suggest that stand dynamics is a viable hypothesis for explaining these growth trends.

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Foliage biomass qualitative indices of selected forest forming tree species in Ukrainian Steppe

Folia Oecologica ◽

10.1515/foecol-2017-0005 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

pp. 38-45

Author(s):

Svitlana Sytnyk ◽

Viktoriia Lovynska ◽

Ivan Lakyda

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽

Matter Content ◽

State Agency ◽

Tree Age ◽

Stand Age ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Study Objective ◽

Main Research ◽

Wide Range

AbstractOur study objective was research on the assimilation component of aboveground biomass of trees and its correlation with mensurational indices of trees (age, diameter and height) in stands of the main forest forming species in the Ukrainian Northern Steppe zone - Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) and Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Black locust). The research was carried out in forest stands subordinated to the State Agency of Forest Resources of Ukraine. We used experimental data collected on sample plots established during years 2014-2016. The main research results prove that the foliage share in the tree greenery biomass structure had a wide range of values. For both investigated species, a positive correlation was found between the dry matter content in the tree foliage and the tree age, height and diameter. The foliage share in tree greenery biomass decreased with increasing mensurational index values. Correlation analysis revealed linear relationships between the mensurational indices and the discussed aboveground live biomass parameters. The closest correlation was observed between the stand age, mean stand diameter, mean stand height and dry matter content in the foliage.

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INFLUÊNCIA DA IDADE E ALTITUDE NAS CARACTERÍSTICAS ANATÔMICAS, QUÍMICAS E DE DENSIDADE BÁSICA DA MADEIRA DE CANDEIA - Eremanthus erythropappus

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v40i4.20334 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Cláudia Lopes Selvati de Oliveira Mori ◽

José Otávio Brito ◽

Mario Tomazello Filho ◽

José Roberto Soares Scolforo ◽

Francides Gomes Junior

Keyword(s):

Basic Density ◽

Tree Age ◽

Stand Age ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Chemical Analyses ◽

Anatomical Characteristics ◽

Random Samples ◽

Total Extractives ◽

Altitude Level ◽

Parenchyma Tissue

O trabalho teve por objetivo: verificar a influência da idade da árvore de candeia sobre os elementos anatômicos, teores de extrativos totais, lignina, cinzas e densidade básica, relacionado a duas condições de relevo (1.000 m e 1.100 m de altitude), em Aiuruoca, Minas Gerais. Em cada área de estudo foram amostradas 15 árvores distribuídas em 3 classes diamétricas, das quais foram retirados discos da base da árvore para determinações da idade, características anatômicas e densidade básica. Os fustes foram reduzidos na forma de cavacos onde foram retiradas amostras aleatórias de material para análises químicas. As características anatômicas das madeiras das duas áreas foram semelhantes, com variações na quantidade de vasos e tamanho de pontoações. As células de óleo apresentaram-se nas células do parênquima radial. A freqüência de vasos foi menor em árvores mais velhas. A densidade básica variou de 0,74 g/cm3 na área com 1.000 m e 0,68 g/cm3 para a área de 1.100 m de altitude, sendo maior em árvores mais velhas. Os teores de extrativos totais, lignina e cinzas, diferiram estatisticamente entre as madeiras das duas áreas estudadas. As árvores mais jovens apresentaram maior teor de material inorgânico; o teor de extrativos totais e de lignina, não foi influenciado pela idade.Palavras-chave:Caracterização anatômica; composição química; densidade básica; Eremanthus erythropappus. AbstractInfluence of altitude and stand age on basic density, anatomical, and chemical characteristics of candeia wood - Eremanthus erythropappus. This work aimed to study the influence of tree age and altitude on some anatomical elements characteristics (basic density, total extractives, lignin, and leached ashes) of candeia wood. The sampled trees were collected in the Aiuruoca County, Minas Gersis State, Brazil, in two different altitudes (1,000 and 1,100m above sea level). From each altitude level 15 trees, enclosed in 3 diametric classes, were cut. Disks were taken from the trunk base of each tree in order to determine the age, the anatomical characteristics, and the basic density. Random samples from the trees trunks were collected for the chemical analyses. The wood density varied from 0.74 to 0.68 g/cm3 in the trees collected at 1,000 and 1,100m of altitude respectively, being higher in the older trees. The wood anatomical characteristics of both sites were similar, with some variations in the amount of vases and pit sizes. Oily cells were observed in the radial parenchyma tissue. The vases frequency was lower in the older trees. The content of total extractives, amount of lignin, and leached ashes were statistically different in the two studied sites. The youngest trees presented higher leached ashes content; total extractives and lignin were not influenced by tree age.Keywords:Anatomical characterization; chemical components; basic density; Eremanthus erythropappus.

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HUBUNGAN UMUR DENGAN Biomassa, Stok karbon dioksida, Tegakan POHON DUKU (Lansium parasiticum) DI DESA KALIKAJAR KECAMATAN KALIGONDANG KABUPATEN PURBALINGGA

BioEksakta : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Unsoed ◽

10.20884/1.bioe.2020.2.1.1866 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 146

Author(s):

Septi Nuranisa ◽

Eming Sudiana ◽

Edy Yani

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Carbon Stock ◽

Plant Density ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Tree Age ◽

Survey Method ◽

Stand Age ◽

Age Group ◽

Planting Distance

This research entitled "Age Relationship with Carbon Dioxide Stock of Duku Tree (Lansium parasiticum) in Kalikajar Village, Kaligondang District, Purbalingga Regency". The puspoe of this research are: 1) Knowing the effect of stand age on the amount of carbon dioxide stock stored in duku stands (Lansium parasiticum) in Kalikajar Village, Kaligondang District, Purbalingga Regency. 2) Knowing the age of duku plants (Lansium parasiticum) in Kalikajar Village, Kaligondang District, Purbalingga Regency which has the most potential carbon dioxide stock. The research used survey method by determining tree biomass using stratified random sampling. The strata used is the age of duku plants. Each age strata is taken 3 trees to measure its diameter. The land area is divided by the planting distance to get the results of plant density in that location. Measurement of stand stem diameter is carried out on stand stems at the researchers' chest height (at breast height or dbh). The measuring tape is wrapped around the stand stems in a parallel position for all directions so that the data obtained is the circumference or convolution of the stem (circumference of the stem = 2πr). Age, biomass, and carbon stock data were analyzed using variance analysis (Anova), while the relationship between biomass and carbon stock was analyzed using Pearson correlation and regression analysis. The regression analysis between age and carbon dioxide stock shows an exponential pattern. The lowest corbon dioxide stock of the duku plant is found in the age group <5 years, which is 9.54 tons/ha, while the largest carbon dioxide stock of the duku tree is in the age group > 30 years (40 years) which is 74.89 tons/ha. Thus, this study has not yet gotten the most optimal tree age in storing carbon dioxide. Therefore it is necessary to do research on duku trees that are older than 40 years.

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Dynamics of tree layer composition, tree age and large diameter trees in Habitats Directive Annex I forest habitats in Estonia on the basis of monitoring data collected from 2010–2012

Forestry Studies / Metsanduslikud Uurimused ◽

10.2478/fsmu-2013-0006 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 58 (1) ◽

pp. 57-73

Author(s):

Anneli Palo ◽

Mark Gimbutas

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Conservation Status ◽

Large Diameter ◽

Tree Age ◽

Habitats Directive ◽

Stand Age ◽

Habitat Types ◽

Tree Layer ◽

The Mean ◽

Forest Habitats

Abstract The protection of late-succession forest habitats and continuous woodlands is the primary goal in Estonian forest nature conservation. Therefore ecological qualities of almost all forest stands in Estonian protected areas are described. Forest patches will be mapped and protected as Annex I forest habitats if they have enough structural and functional qualities. The member states of the European Union report in every six years about the conservation status of European Habitats Directive Annex I habitats. Changes in area as well as changes in habitat type’s structure and functions are also declared. In the present paper the dynamics in tree species composition, stand age and larger diameter trees of monitored Annex I forest habitats is analyzed. The mean age of stands is older than the Estonian mean value, but it is only slightly higher than the cutting age of the corresponding tree species. The mean diameter of larger living trees is in general larger than dead wood, which is indicative of the forest succession and historical low-intensive forest management. Currently, conservation activities support natural succession in forests that formerly were managed economically. Therefore, changes in the composition of tree layer species are to be expected. The dominance of spruce and the abundance of broad-leaved trees are increasing in non-managed forest habitats. In contrast, the proportion of pine, birch and aspen decreases significantly. In general the number of tree species in habitat patches will increase; thereby the dominance of certain species will decline. According to the Estonian interpretation of the forest types in the Manual of the Habitats Directive, some stands with changed main tree species will need to be reclassified. Therefore the area of some forest habitat types may increase in the future. On contrary the area and functional quality of some other habitat types may decrease.

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Productivity of aboveground coarse wood biomass and stand age related to soil hydrology of Amazonian forests in the Purus-Madeira interfluvial area

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-10-6417-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 6417-6459 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

B. B. L. Cintra ◽

J. Schietti ◽

T. Emillio ◽

D. Martins ◽

G. Moulatlet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Negative Relationship ◽

Biomass Productivity ◽

Tree Age ◽

Stand Age ◽

Saturated Soils ◽

Phosphorus Concentration ◽

Wood Biomass ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Age Related ◽

Tree Ring Data

Abstract. The ongoing demand for information on forest productivity has increased the number of permanent monitoring plots across the Amazon. Those plots, however, do not comprise the whole diversity of forest types in the Amazon. The complex effects of soil, climate and hydrology on the productivity of seasonally waterlogged interfluvial wetland forests are still poorly understood. The presented study is the first field-based estimate for tree ages and wood biomass productivity in the vast interfluvial region between the Purus and Madeira rivers. We estimate stand age and wood biomass productivity by a combination of tree-ring data and allometric equations for biomass stocks of eight plots distributed along 600 km in the Purus-Madeira interfluvial area that is crossed by the BR-319 highway. We relate stand age and wood biomass productivity to hydrological and edaphic conditions. Mean productivity and stand age were 5.6 ± 1.1 Mg ha−1 yr−1 and 102 ± 18 yr, respectively. There is a strong relationship between tree age and diameter, as well as between mean diameter increment and mean wood density within a plot. Regarding the soil hydromorphic properties we find a positive correlation with wood biomass productivity and a negative relationship with stand age. Productivity also shows a positive correlation with the superficial phosphorus concentration. In addition, superficial phosphorus concentration increases with enhanced soil hydromorphic condition. We raise three hypotheses to explain these results: (1) the reduction of iron molecules on the saturated soils with plinthite layers close to the surface releases available phosphorous for the plants; (2) the poor structure of the saturated soils creates an environmental filter selecting tree species of faster growth rates and shorter life spans and (3) plant growth on saturated soil is favored during the dry season, since there should be low restrictions for soil water availability.

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Evaluation of nonspatial approaches and equation forms used to predict tree crown recession

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x04-076 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 34 (10) ◽

pp. 1993-2003 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

David W Hann ◽

Mark L Hanus

Keyword(s):

Growth Period ◽

Allometric Equation ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Tree Age ◽

Permanent Plots ◽

Stand Age ◽

Tree Crown ◽

Effective Age ◽

The Difference ◽

Modeling Data

Two nonspatial approaches for modeling tree crown recession (ΔHCB) were evaluated by using 5341 observations from Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco). The first approach applies a static height-to-crown-base (HCB) equation at the start and end of the growth period and uses the difference in these predictions as an estimate of ΔHCB. This allometric method can be applied to species lacking ΔHCB data from permanent plots. The incremental method directly predicts ΔHCB from an equation developed from adequate permanent plot data. Two allometric and six incremental equation forms were examined. Also examined were three approaches for determining the end-of-growth-period tree and plot attributes used by the allometric method. Although the allometric method can produce unbiased estimates of ΔHCB, the best allometric equation forms explained about one-half of the variation explained by the best incremental equation form. The two best incremental equation forms were modifications of a nonlinear logistic equation form previously developed for Douglas-fir. The modifications included using measured stand age (BHA) or predicted tree growth effective age (GEA) instead of measured tree age. The best equation form used BHA, which limits its application to modeling data collected from just even-aged stands. The equation form using GEA could be applied to modeling data sets from both even- and uneven-aged stands.

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