scholarly journals In-situ Study of Seating Static Comfort in Passenger Vehicles

2018 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 02018
Author(s):  
Umi Salmah Seraj ◽  
Mohd Farid Aladdin
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Purchase Decisions ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Automotive Market ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Lumbar Area ◽  
Lumbar Segment ◽  
Comfort Rating ◽  
Selling Point

In today’s automotive market, comfort is huge selling point of a vehicle. Priority is given by buyers to how comfortable a seat feels during purchase decisions. The measure of comfort is harmonious mix of many aspects such as human ergonomics and physiological factors. However, a gap still exists between objective and subjective measures due to lack of emphasis by past researchers. This is particularly obvious in the lumbar support feature that has still not been able to address the health problems related to driving. This project focuses on bridging the gap by giving users the ability to define true preferred posture in realistic settings. This is done by the creation of a apparatus that allows users to individually manipulate the seat contour for optimum support in more segments than just lumbar area. The experiment is performed in 3 parts, where in each part different segments of the apparatus are manipulatable (lumbar segment, sacral & thoracic segment, and all segments). Sixty human subjects’ statistics are recorded (gender, age, BMI and height) and the subjects are palpated to locate internal joints. These joints are marked and postural angles between them are measured using a goniometer. In each seat configuration, the angles are measured and a comfort rating is taken to be compared. It was found that the posture angles are different among the 3 experiments, and there is a change in comfort felt. Some human factors have also been proven to contribute heavily to angles chosen by occupants.

NEAR-INFRARED, BROAD-BAND SPECTRAL IMAGING OF THE HUMAN BREAST FOR QUANTITATIVE OXIMETRY: APPLICATIONS TO HEALTHY AND CANCEROUS BREASTS

2010 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
YANG YU ◽  
ANGELO SASSAROLI ◽  
DEBBIE K. CHEN ◽  
MARC J. HOMER ◽  
ROGER A. GRAHAM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ ◽  
Carcinoma In Situ ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Spectral Imaging ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Second Derivative

We have examined ten human subjects with a previously developed instrument for near-infrared diffuse spectral imaging of the female breast. The instrument is based on a tandem, planar scan of two collinear optical fibers (one for illumination and one for collection) to image a gently compressed breast in a transmission geometry. The optical data collection features a spatial sampling of 25 points/cm2 over the whole breast, and a spectral sampling of 2 points/nm in the 650–900 nm wavelength range. Of the ten human subjects examined, eight are healthy subjects and two are cancer patients with unilateral invasive ductal carcinoma and ductal carcinoma in situ, respectively. For each subject, we generate second-derivative images that identify a network of highly absorbing structures in the breast that we assign to blood vessels. A previously developed paired-wavelength spectral method assigns oxygenation values to the absorbing structures displayed in the second-derivative images. The resulting oxygenation images feature average values over the whole breast that are significantly lower in cancerous breasts (69 ± 14%, n = 2) than in healthy breasts (85 ± 7%, n = 18) (p < 0.01). Furthermore, in the two patients with breast cancer, the average oxygenation values in the cancerous regions are also significantly lower than in the remainder of the breast (invasive ductal carcinoma: 49 ± 11% vs 61 ± 16%, p < 0.01; ductal carcinoma in situ: 58 ± 8% vs 77 ± 11%, p < 0.001).

scholarly journals Soft, skin-interfaced microfluidic systems with integrated immunoassays, fluorometric sensors, and impedance measurement capabilities

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (45) ◽  
pp. 27906-27915
Author(s):  
Sungbong Kim ◽  
Boram Lee ◽  
Jonathan T. Reeder ◽  
Seon Hee Seo ◽  
Sung-Uk Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Impedance Measurement ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
Microfluidic Systems ◽  
Biochemical Sensors ◽  
Biomarker Analysis ◽  
Digital Tracking

Soft microfluidic systems that capture, store, and perform biomarker analysis of microliter volumes of sweat, in situ, as it emerges from the surface of the skin, represent an emerging class of wearable technology with powerful capabilities that complement those of traditional biophysical sensing devices. Recent work establishes applications in the real-time characterization of sweat dynamics and sweat chemistry in the context of sports performance and healthcare diagnostics. This paper presents a collection of advances in biochemical sensors and microfluidic designs that support multimodal operation in the monitoring of physiological signatures directly correlated to physical and mental stresses. These wireless, battery-free, skin-interfaced devices combine lateral flow immunoassays for cortisol, fluorometric assays for glucose and ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and digital tracking of skin galvanic responses. Systematic benchtop evaluations and field studies on human subjects highlight the key features of this platform for the continuous, noninvasive monitoring of biochemical and biophysical correlates of the stress state.

Trials of in situ-gelling and mucoadhesive acetaminophen liquid suppository in human subjects

1998 ◽  
Vol 174 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 201-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chong-Kook Kim ◽  
Sa-Won Lee ◽  
Han-Gon Choi ◽  
Mi-Kyung Lee ◽  
Zhong-Gao Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
In Situ Gelling ◽  
Liquid Suppository

Cutaneous horn and squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen's disease) in a cat

1998 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 485-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
CA Rees ◽  
MH Goldschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Bowen’S Disease ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Bowen's Disease ◽  
Cutaneous Horn ◽  
Lumbar Area ◽  
The Right

Cutaneous horn and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ (i.e., Bowen's disease) were documented concurrently in a cat. The cat had multiple, crusted lesions and a cutaneous horn on the right dorsal lumbar area. All the crusted cutaneous lesions were diagnosed as SCC in situ. Other findings included the presence of a thymoma and hepatoma. This cat was tested, and results were negative for feline leukemia and feline immunodeficiency viruses. At necropsy (eight months after the initial diagnosis was made) the hepatoma had ruptured, resulting in exsanguination and death.

Hyperbaric hyperoxia reversibly inhibits erythrocyte phospholipid fatty acid turnover

1987 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 533-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Dise ◽  
J. M. Clark ◽  
C. J. Lambersten ◽  
D. B. Goodman
Keyword(s):  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Phospholipid Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Membrane Phospholipid ◽  
Partial Recovery ◽  
Hyperbaric Hyperoxia

The present study is one component of a comprehensive investigation of oxygen tolerance of tissues and organs in normal human subjects. The focus of this study was the acylation of membrane phospholipid in situ by erythrocytes. Activation of exogenous [9,10–3H]oleic acid to acyl thioester and transesterification of the acyl thioester into phospholipid by intact human erythrocytes incubated in vitro decreased 30% after exposure of 10 human subjects to hyperbaric hyperoxia (100% O2, 3 ATA, 3.5 h). Partial recovery of activity could be detected when additional cells were obtained from these subjects and assayed in vitro 24 h after cessation of exposure. No significant change in membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition was detected under these conditions. The reduced glutathione content of intact erythrocytes increased by 15% after hyperbaric hyperoxia and remained elevated 24 h after exposure. In isolated membranes prepared from the same cells activation of [9,10–3H]oleic acid to acyl thioester and its transesterification into phospholipid did not change after hyperoxia. Since the ability of intact cells to replace oxidized fatty acids in membrane phospholipids via deacylation and reacylation in situ may be necessary for the maintenance of membrane integrity during exposure to oxidative stress, the decrease in [9,10–3H]oleic acid incorporation by human erythrocytes detected in vitro after hyperbaric hyperoxia in vivo may reflect an early event in the pathogenesis of oxygen-induced cellular injury and may be a useful index for assessment of the tolerance of tissues to hyperoxia.

Measurement, Analysis, and Display of Haptic Signals During Surgical Cutting

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 626-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Greenish ◽  
Vincent Hayward ◽  
Vanessa Chial ◽  
Allison Okamura ◽  
Thomas Steffen
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Hand Orientation ◽  
Measurement Analysis ◽  
Cutting Rate ◽  
Frequency Components ◽  
Type Data ◽  
Similar Accuracy ◽  
Invariant Properties

The forces experienced while surgically cutting anatomical tissues from a sheep and two rats were investigated for three scissor types. Data were collected in situ using instrumented Mayo, Metzenbaum, and Iris scissors immediately after death to minimize postmortem effects. The force-position relationship, the frequency components present in the signal, the significance of the cutting rate, and other invariant properties were investigated after segmentation of the data into distinct task phases. Measurements were found to be independent of the cutting speed for Mayo and Metzenbaum scissors, but the results for Iris scissors were inconclusive. Sensitivity to cutting tissues longitudinally or transversely depended on both the tissue and on the scissor type. Data from cutting three tissues (rat skin, liver, and tendon) with Metzenbaum scissors as well as blank runs were processed and displayed as haptic recordings through a custom-designed haptic interface. Experiments demonstrated that human subjects could identify tissues with similar accuracy when performing a real or simulated cutting task. The use of haptic recordings to generate the simulations was simple and efficient, but it lacked flexibility because only the information obtained during data acquisition could be displayed. Future experiments should account for the user grip, tissue thickness, tissue moisture content, hand orientation, and innate scissor dynamics. A database of the collected signals has been created on the Internet for public use at www.cim.mcgill.ca/∼haptic/tissue/data.html .

scholarly journals Ageing and apoE change DHA homeostasis: relevance to age-related cognitive decline

2013 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Hennebelle ◽  
Mélanie Plourde ◽  
Raphaël Chouinard-Watkins ◽  
Christian-Alexandre Castellano ◽  
Pascale Barberger-Gateau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline ◽  
The Relationship

Epidemiological studies fairly convincingly suggest that higher intakes of fatty fish and n-3 fatty acids are associated with reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). DHA in plasma is normally positively associated with DHA intake. However, despite being associated with lower fish and DHA intake, unexpectedly, plasma (or brain) DHA is frequently not lower in AD. This review will highlight some metabolic and physiological factors such as ageing and apoE polymorphism that influence DHA homeostasis. Compared with young adults, blood DHA is often slightly but significantly higher in older adults without any age-related cognitive decline. Higher plasma DHA in older adults could be a sign that their fish or DHA intake is higher. However, our supplementation and carbon-13 tracer studies also show that DHA metabolism, e.g. transit through the plasma, apparent retroconversion and β-oxidation, is altered in healthy older compared with healthy young adults. ApoE4 increases the risk of AD, possibly in part because it too changes DHA homeostasis. Therefore, independent of differences in fish intake, changing DHA homeostasis may tend to obscure the relationship between DHA intake and plasma DHA which, in turn, may contribute to making older adults more susceptible to cognitive decline despite older adults having similar or sometimes higher plasma DHA than in younger adults. In conclusion, recent development of new tools such as isotopically labelled DHA to study DHA metabolism in human subjects highlights some promising avenues to evaluate how and why DHA metabolism changes during ageing and AD.

scholarly journals In Situ Caries Models

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 214-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.T. Zero
Keyword(s):  
Study Design ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Internal Validation ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Natural Dentition

By using in situ models, we have the potential to study both fundamental aspects of the caries process as well as more applied research problems such as the effect of food on dental caries and the role of fluoride in caries prevention in human subjects without actually causing caries in the natural dentition. The key experimental parameters that need to be considered in the development of an in situ model are the characteristics of the subject panel, the physical design of the model, the type of hard tissue substrate and the method of assessing mineral status, and the study design and clinical protocol. Each parameter must be carefully considered in relation to the objectives of the research, study design requirements, ethical considerations, impact on clinical relevance, and impact on the control of variation. The major source of variation associated with in situ models should be of biological and not experimental origin. The design and conduct of proper in situ model studies require a clear understanding of the caries process, sound analytical support, and a knowledge of how to work with research subjects to achieve a high level of compliance. Given the complex nature of caries, a combination of hard tissue substrates-including sound, surface-softened lesions and subsurface lesions-may be necessary to model all aspects of caries progression and prevention successfully. Internal validation of in situ models using fluoride dose-response controls is considered to be necessary for studies evaluating the efficacy of new fluoride dentifrice formulations.

scholarly journals Formulation and Evaluation of A Nanoparticle Laden in Situ Gel System for Enhancing the Ocular Delivery of Ciprofloxacin

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sourav Datta ◽  
Ratul Bhowmik ◽  
Ranajit Nath ◽  
Rajarshi Chakraborty ◽  
Apala Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
In Situ Gel ◽  
Gel System

The human eye can be a tricky issue for topical administration of the drugs due to its unique anatomical arrangements of surface tissue and corneal impermeability. Topical instillation of drugs in the form of eye drops is the major and well-accepted route of administration for the treatment of varied eye disorders. Conventional ophthalmic drug delivery systems often lead to poor bioavailability and thus reduced therapeutic response. Several new preparations are developed to enhance the contact time of the medicament on the surface of the eye. Successful results have been obtained in the form of inserts and collagen shields. However, these preparations have also some disadvantages, such as poor patient compliance, particularly in the case of elderly patients. These problems could be solved by using nanoparticles laden in situ gel-forming systems that exhibit phase transition from solution to gel. These nanoparticle in situ gel systems may be formulated as eye drops suitable for administration through instillation into the eye, which upon exposure to the eye, stimulated by various ocular physiological factors, converts to the gel phase. The advantage of those formulations is that unlike inserts and films they do not require complicated equipment for manufacture and that they are scalable without any difficulty. The objective of the present study was to prepare a pH-dependent nanoparticle-laden in situ gel system for Ciprofloxacin, to prolong the release of the drug into the ocular compartment. No incompatibility was found between the drug and the excipients. Nanoparticles were developed using the nanoprecipitation technique. Eudragit RL 100 was used as the polymer. While the in situ gel solution was formulated using chitosan as polymer. The Ciprofloxacin nanoparticles were measured for particle size and the average particle size was ranged from 295.3-458.7 nm. Entrapment efficiency ranged from 13.83% to 6.29%. Nanoparticleladen in situ gels had the pH of the formulati

scholarly journals MRGPRX4 is a novel bile acid receptor in cholestatic itch

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huasheng Yu ◽  
Tianjun Zhao ◽  
Simin Liu ◽  
Qinxue Wu ◽  
Omar Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Acid ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Species Difference ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Satellite Glial Cells ◽  
Acid Receptor ◽  
Gpcr Activation ◽  
Bile Acid Receptor

AbstractPatients with liver diseases often suffer from chronic itch or pruritus, yet the itch-causing pruritogen(s) and their cognate receptor(s) remain largely elusive. Using transcriptomics and GPCR activation assays, we found that an orphan, primate specific MRGPRX4 is expressed in human dorsal root ganglia (hDRG) and selectively activated by bile acids. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that MRGPRX4 is expressed in ∼7% of hDRG neurons and co-localizes with HRH1, a known itch-inducing GPCR. Bile acids elicited a robust Ca2+ response in a subset of cultured hDRG neurons, and intradermal injection of bile acids and an MRGPRX4 specific agonist induced significant itch in healthy human subjects. Surprisingly, application of agonist for TGR5, a known sequence conserved bile acid receptor previously implicated in cholestatic itch, failed to elicit Ca2+ response in cultured hDRG neurons, nor did it induce pruritus in human subjects. In situ hybridization and immunostaining results revealed that hTGR5 is selectively expressed in satellite glial cells, unlike mTGR5 (in mouse DRG neurons), likely accounting for the inter-species difference functionally. Finally, we found that patients with cholestatic itch have significantly higher plasma bile acid levels compared to non-itchy patients and the bile acid levels significantly decreased after itch relief. This elevated bile acid level in itchy patients is sufficient to activate MRGPRX4. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that MRGPRX4 is a novel bile acid receptor that likely underlies cholestatic itch, providing a promising new drug target for anti-itch therapies.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document