Water permeability of argillite-based ceramic tiles

The article presents the results of experiments to determine the interconnection between water impermeability and water absorption of ceramic tiles obtained on the basis of argillite-like clays that are widespread in the Southern Russia. It is shown that with a decrease in water absorption, the permeability of ceramics is normally reduced. It is found out that with 5% water absorption, a tile can be considered guaranteed waterproof. In this case, the index is independent of the tile thickness. It has been proved that it is possible to reduce the water absorption and increase the bending strength of tiles based on argillite-like clays by finer grinding of raw material or increasing the burning temperature. It is justified that the production of ceramics with high strength and low water absorption makes it possible to produce tiles with a smaller thickness and weight, as well as with lesser probability of biological corrosion.

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Effects of Processing Condition on the Properties of Porcelain Building Ceramic Tiles

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.655.253 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 655 ◽

pp. 253-257 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wei Xia Dong ◽

Jian Er Zhou ◽

Xing Yong Gu ◽

Qi Fu Bao ◽

Kun Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Processing Condition ◽

Linear Shrinkage ◽

Raw Material ◽

Firing Process ◽

Sintering Behavior ◽

Building Ceramic ◽

Ceramic Tiles ◽

Rare Earth Tailings

Due to low water absorption, high bending strength and abrasion resistance, and excellent chemical and frost resistance, porcelain building ceramic tiles are the highest increase in production and sales over all other kind of building ceramic tiles materials. In this paper, porcelain building ceramic tiles was prepared by a fast firing process of rare earth tailings as the main raw material, low fused sand and Zhuji porcelain sand et al mixture. Effects of firing temperature and forming pressure on the sintering behavior and mechanical property of porcelain building ceramic tiles were studied. The sintering behavior of the fired samples was evaluated by linear shrinkage and water absorption. The fired samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and bending strength measurements. The sample is pressured at 15 MPa and sintered at 1180 °C and endowed with 0.04% of the water absorption and 51 MPa of the bending strength, due to denser microstructure. The obtained results would contribute to save natural resources and protect environment.

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Evaluation of Kalalani vermiculite for production of high strength porcelain insulators

Science of Sintering ◽

10.2298/sos1902223n ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 223-232 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Blasius Ngayakamo ◽

Eugene Park

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Raw Materials ◽

High Strength ◽

Microstructural Characterization ◽

Dielectric Strength ◽

Raw Material ◽

Porcelain Insulators

The present work has evaluated Kalalani vermiculite as a potential raw material for the production of high strength porcelain insulators. Three porcelain compositions were prepared to contain 0, 20 and 30 wt% of Kalalani vermiculite. Porcelain samples were fabricated using a semi-drying method. The chemical, mineralogical phases and microstructural characterization of the raw materials were carried out using XRF, XRD, and SEM techniques, respectively. Water absorption, bulk density, dielectric and bending strengths were performed on porcelain samples fired up to 1300?C. However, at the sintering temperature of 1250?C, the porcelain sample with 20 wt% of Kalalani vermiculite gave the dielectric strength of 61.3 kV/mm, bending strength of 30.54 MPa, bulk density of 2.21 g/cm3 and low water absorption value of 0.21 % which is the prerequisite properties for high strength porcelain insulators. It was therefore concluded that Kalalani vermiculite has the potential to be used for the production of high strength porcelain insulators

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Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Fast – Fired Clinker Tiles Based on Wierzbka I Raw Material

Advances in Materials Science ◽

10.1515/adms-2016-0002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 17-26

Author(s):

M. Gajek ◽

A. Rapacz-Kmita ◽

M. Dudek ◽

J. Partyka

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Open Porosity ◽

Bending Strength ◽

High Strength ◽

Linear Shrinkage ◽

Raw Material ◽

Measurement Results ◽

Mechanical Bending ◽

High Degree

Abstract The article presents results of research on microstructural and mechanical properties of floor tiles clinker manufactured on the basis of Wierzbka I raw material, which is part of the deposit Wierzbka, near Suchedniów. Wierzbka I clay was added in various volume fractions to the standard tile compositions used in industrial practice. The samples were pressed in a range of from 21 MPa to 42 MPa and fired in the laboratory furnace at 1130°C to 1190°C. Selected compositions were pressed at 28 MPa and fired in a standard industrial environment. The process of firing was conducted in an industrial kiln at temperature of 1160°C for 38 minutes, with holding for 4 minutes at maximum operating temperature. The samples, which were prepared in the laboratory and industrial conditions were evaluated for the effect of addition of the Wierzbka I clay on their microstructural and mechanical properties based on the measurement results of linear shrinkage, bulk density, open porosity, water absorption and flexural strength (Ϭ) of the tiles. Microstructural changes were observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results revealed that the tested tiles were characterized by a high degree of sintering, an apparent density of 2.5 g/cm3, an open porosity and water absorption below 0.5%. The measurement results of mechanical bending strength showed that the tested samples had a high strength of 50 MPa.

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Characterization and Properties of Lampang Kaolinite Clay for Standard Clay

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.248 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 798 ◽

pp. 248-253

Author(s):

Soravich Mulinta ◽

Sakdiphon Thiansem

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Silicon Oxide ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Raw Material ◽

Chemical Components ◽

Kaolin Clay ◽

Kaolinite Clay ◽

X Ray ◽

Materials Used

The aim of this study was to study and characterize the properties of raw material for standard clay, Lampang province. The raw materials used in the study are from local sources. They are Lampang kaolin clay (WC-1) and Lampang kaolin residual (WC-2). The characterization of raw material was analyzed by particle analyzer, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mixing ratio of standard clay as an addition Lampang kaolin clay 50-90% and Lampang kaolin residual 10-50% on physical-mechanical properties of standard clay. The properties of standard clay after firing at temperature at 1200°C were studied. The shrinkage, water absorption and bending strength of standard clay were tested. The results showed that the chemical components of 60%lampang kaolinite clay and 40% Lampang kaolin residual included of large amount of 67.47wt% Silicon oxide and 20.92wt%Aluminum oxide. The physical properties of standard clay had a shrinkage of 11.2%, water absorption of 1.9 % and bending strength of 659 kg/cm2. The standard clay produced fulfilled the requirements of Thai industrial standard (TIS 485-2542).

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Experimental Study on High Performance Ceramsite Using Yongjiang River Site

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.168-170.446 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 168-170 ◽

pp. 446-450 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jun Zhe Liu ◽

Hai Hua Zhou ◽

Zhi Min He ◽

Zhen Wen Zhang

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

High Performance ◽

Large Range ◽

Sintering Temperature ◽

High Strength ◽

Raw Material ◽

Mixture Ratio ◽

Enamel Structure ◽

River Site ◽

Main Material

In this paper, using river silt from Ningbo as main material, through studying the properties and mixture ratio of raw material and sintering parameters, successfully sintered high mixing volume of silt, large range of sintering temperature, low-water-absorption and high-strength lightweight aggregates, and analyzed its microstructure, providing a better way of resourcization for the Yongjiang silt. The results show that Yongjiang silt supplemented with fly ash and other supplementary materials can be sintered high performance ceramsite, lightweight high-strength low water absorption ceramisite is because the ceramsite has dense enamel structure on surface and honeycomb closed fine porous structure in internal.

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Characterisation of Ceramic Pastes of Portuguese Ancient Tiles

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1648 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 514-516 ◽

pp. 1648-1652 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ana P. Carvalho ◽

M. Fatima Vaz ◽

Maria J. Samora ◽

João Pires

Keyword(s):

Water Absorption ◽

Open Porosity ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Analysis Data ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Ceramic Tiles ◽

Xxth Century ◽

Four Point Bending ◽

Xvith Century ◽

Lower Porosity

Portuguese ceramic tiles of different origins from XVIth century to XXth century were studied. In this work we describe microstructural, mechanical and mineralogical characterisation and water absorption studies. Microstructural features (pore size) were determined using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) photographs. Mechanical tests (four point bending) were performed and the bending strength was determined from the fracture loads. From water absorption essays the absorption coefficient and the total amount of water retained were obtained and the open porosity was estimated. The maximum water absorbed tends to decrease from XVIth century until XXth century, showing a more pronounced drop for the tiles of the XIXth and XXth centuries. This evolution is also observed in the open porosity values. From image analysis data we also observed that porosity decreases progressively with time and an important drop is observed for XXth century tiles. The bending resistance of tiles from XVIIth to XXth century is almost constant and higher than that of XVIth century samples. This evolution does not correlate with porosity. Advances in ceramic processing, such as higher firing temperatures may lead to the appearance of quartz as almost the only crystalline phase. We consider that an increase in the bending strength is due to a more effective vitrification and a lower porosity.

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Research the Performance of Alumina Insulation Material by Freeze-Drying

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.527 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 512-515 ◽

pp. 527-530

Author(s):

Dao Yuan Yang ◽

Guang Hui Wei

Keyword(s):

Freeze Drying ◽

Bending Strength ◽

High Strength ◽

Raw Material ◽

Insulation Material ◽

Direct Foaming ◽

Gel Casting ◽

Alumina Particles ◽

Additive Combination ◽

Ice Sublimation

The traditional method of preparation alumina insulation material includes the addition of pore-forming agent, direct foaming, foam impregnation and gel-casting. In this experiment, α-alumina as raw material, silica fume as an additive, Combination freeze-drying method, add pore-forming agent and direct foaming successfully prepared low-density, high strength, low thermal conductivity of alumina insulation material. Change the particle size of pore-forming agent can be get different properties of the sample. The SEM photograph was clearly observed that the hole wall dense uniform, α-alumina particles sufficient contact, no significant ice sublimation hole left. There are also the reasons of the sample with higher value of bending strength and compressive strength. This can make a control of porosity, as well as pore size, pore shape and pores space topology of alumina insulation material.

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Characteristics and firing behaviour of the under-Numidian clay deposits from the Jijel region (northeast Algeria): potential use in the ceramics industry

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/clm.2019.51 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 325-337

Author(s):

Abdelmalek Baghdad ◽

Rekia Bouazi ◽

Youcef Bouftouha ◽

Frédéric Hatert ◽

Nathalie Fagel

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Ceramic Tiles ◽

X Ray ◽

Clay Deposits ◽

Dry Pressing ◽

Firing Shrinkage ◽

Ceramics Industry

AbstractThe Numidian Aquitano-Burdigalian nappe from the Jijel region (northeast Algeria) shows an important clay-rich basal series. In this study, seven representative clay samples were collected from the Djimla and El-Milia areas of this region in order to analyse their mineralogy using X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, chemical composition by X-ray fluorescence, particle size, plasticity, morphology by scanning electron microscopy and their ceramic properties. Samples were prepared by pressing the clays and firing them at 800–1100°C, and bulk density, water absorption, linear firing shrinkage, weight loss and bending strength values were determined on the fired samples. The clays are mainly composed of kaolinite and illite, with a small amount of 10–14 Å interstratified clay minerals and chlorite, associated with quartz and feldspars. The main oxides in the samples were SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. The clays may be classified as moderately plastic according to their Atterberg limits. Ceramic tiles have been produced by dry pressing. At all tested firing temperatures, the clays present the required standard values for linear firing shrinkage, weight loss, bulk density, water absorption and bending strength, and they are defect-free. The main transformations were observed at 1000°C with the appearance of new crystalline phases. The measured technological properties of the investigated deposits confirm that the Numidian clays from the Djimla and El-Milia regions are suitable materials for the production of high-quality structural ceramics.

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Influence of Lignite Bottom Ash on Pyroplastic Deformation of Stoneware Ceramic Tiles

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.766.264 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 766 ◽

pp. 264-269 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tarit Prasartseree ◽

Thanakorn Wasanapiarnpong ◽

Charusporn Mongkolkachit ◽

Noppasint Jiraborvornpongsa

Keyword(s):

Fly Ash ◽

Water Absorption ◽

High Temperatures ◽

Ceramic Tile ◽

Glassy Phase ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

High Strength ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Ceramic Tiles

Electricity generation at Mae Moh Power Plant in Lampang, Thailand, uses lignite as fuel. The output is 3.0 to 3.5 million tons of fly ash per year and 1.5 to 2.0 million tons of bottom ash per year. Fly ash is widely used in concrete application but for bottom ash, it is not very useful. When considering the phase of bottom ash containing quartz, anorthite and hematite, it was found that there are suitable chemical compositions for replacement of raw materials in ceramic tile. Generally, the stoneware tiles are composed of quartz, mullite, feldspar, and glass phase. Water absorption of stoneware ceramic tiles is below 5%, high strength, fire resistance, and low warpage. Firing or sintering at rather high temperature as 1000-1250 °C is the manufacturing process for this type of tile. The changes in crystal structure and glassy phase formation in tile texture during sintering will be often result the tile to warpage or bent. The more or less lean depends on the viscosity of the glassy phase that occurs at high temperatures in the tile if less viscosity will cause higher warping rate that effect on the shape, and quality of the workpiece. The research has reported that anorthite phase improves the viscosity of a liquid phase or glassy phase when the tile is sintering at high temperatures and lead to high density and low water absorption. This research is interested in studying the effect of using lignite bottom ash as an ingredient in ceramic tile texture to produce low water absorption type by analyzing the effect of percentage of lignite bottom ash to warpage and important properties of ceramic tiles.

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Polish clayey raw materials for the production of ceramic tiles

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.2009.044.4.497 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 (4) ◽

pp. 497-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

P. Wyszomirski ◽

K. Galos

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Water Absorption ◽

Bending Strength ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Lower Jurassic ◽

Matter Content ◽

Ceramic Tiles ◽

Northern Margin ◽

Holy Cross Mountains

AbstractDevelopment of the Polish ceramic industry over the last ten years has resulted in a sharp increase in demand for basic raw materials, especially for ceramic clays – both white- and light-firing as well as red-firing varieties. Polish sources of white-firing clays are rather scarce. Their production is based on Santonian sandy-clayey sediments of the North-Sudetic Trough (Lower Silesia, SW Poland). Light-firing varieties occur mainly in Lower Jurassic sediments on the northern margin of the Holy Cross Mountains (central Poland). Red-firing well-sintering clays of Triassic age are known in the northern margin of the Holy Cross Mountains as well as in the Cracow-Silesian Monocline.The white-firing Santonian clays contain mainly highly-ordered kaolinite (~50%) and quartz (~30%) with minor amounts of illite. Their grain-size median ranges between 1.9 and 2.5 μm. They show moderate plasticity (bending strength after drying at 1.7–1.9 MPa) and weak sinterability (water absorption after firing ~12%), but greater lightness after firing (L parameter ~86%). The light-firing Jurassic clays are kaolinitic-illitic in character, with a variable content of quartz. Kaolinite is represented by the low-ordered variety. The grain-size median is also variable, ranging between 1.1 and 3.4 μm. They show good plasticity (bending strength after drying 2.6–2.8 MPa), good or very good sinterability (water absorption after firing <6%) but moderate lightness (L ~79%).Triassic red clays are highly polymineralic, with illite, kaolinite, smectite, chlorite and mixed-layered minerals occurring in variable amounts. Their specific features are: large hematite content (5–12%), commonly small CaO content (<0.5 wt.%) and an extremely small organic matter content (⩽0.1 wt.%). Their grain-size median usually varies between 2 and 3 mm. Using such clays, sintered ceramics (e.g. stoneware tiles) are obtained after firing in the temperature range 1150–1200ºC.

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