Polish clayey raw materials for the production of ceramic tiles

Clay Minerals ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 497-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Wyszomirski ◽  
K. Galos
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Lower Jurassic ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Northern Margin ◽  
Holy Cross Mountains

AbstractDevelopment of the Polish ceramic industry over the last ten years has resulted in a sharp increase in demand for basic raw materials, especially for ceramic clays – both white- and light-firing as well as red-firing varieties. Polish sources of white-firing clays are rather scarce. Their production is based on Santonian sandy-clayey sediments of the North-Sudetic Trough (Lower Silesia, SW Poland). Light-firing varieties occur mainly in Lower Jurassic sediments on the northern margin of the Holy Cross Mountains (central Poland). Red-firing well-sintering clays of Triassic age are known in the northern margin of the Holy Cross Mountains as well as in the Cracow-Silesian Monocline.The white-firing Santonian clays contain mainly highly-ordered kaolinite (~50%) and quartz (~30%) with minor amounts of illite. Their grain-size median ranges between 1.9 and 2.5 μm. They show moderate plasticity (bending strength after drying at 1.7–1.9 MPa) and weak sinterability (water absorption after firing ~12%), but greater lightness after firing (L parameter ~86%). The light-firing Jurassic clays are kaolinitic-illitic in character, with a variable content of quartz. Kaolinite is represented by the low-ordered variety. The grain-size median is also variable, ranging between 1.1 and 3.4 μm. They show good plasticity (bending strength after drying 2.6–2.8 MPa), good or very good sinterability (water absorption after firing <6%) but moderate lightness (L ~79%).Triassic red clays are highly polymineralic, with illite, kaolinite, smectite, chlorite and mixed-layered minerals occurring in variable amounts. Their specific features are: large hematite content (5–12%), commonly small CaO content (<0.5 wt.%) and an extremely small organic matter content (⩽0.1 wt.%). Their grain-size median usually varies between 2 and 3 mm. Using such clays, sintered ceramics (e.g. stoneware tiles) are obtained after firing in the temperature range 1150–1200ºC.

scholarly journals Studies on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Ceramic Tiles Produced from Locally Available Raw Materials

1970 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
SA Jahan ◽  
S Parveen ◽  
S Ahmed ◽  
M Moniruz Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Firing Shrinkage ◽  
Increasing Demand

Due to the increasing demand of cost-effective tiles in Bangladesh, using the locally available raw materials five different batches of tiles have been prepared and their physical properties (firing shrinkage, bending strength, water absorption, bulk density etc.) as well as chemical properties were studied in order to evaluate the quality of the products. The present investigation revealed that various properties of the produced tiles are similar to those present in commercial tiles which are available in the local market. Key words: Tiles, Firing shrinkage, Bending strength, Water absorption, Bulk density. DOI: 10.3329.bjsir.v43i1.859 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 43(1), 77-88, 2008

scholarly journals Physicochemical Properties of Handere Clays and Their Use as a Building Material

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasin Erdoğan
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Volcanic Glass ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Loss On Ignition ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Clay Deposits

Handere clay deposits were discovered at Adana in Turkey. These clay units primarily consist of uncoloured claystone, pebbly sandstone, sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone marl and include gypsum lenses and clay levels of various thicknesses in places. The physicochemical properties of these clays have been investigated by different techniques including Scanning Electron and Elemental Analysis (SEM and EDS), mineralogical analyses, chemical and physical analyses, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), and Atterberg (Consistency) Limits Test. The mineralogical composition deduced from XRD is wide (smectite + palygorskite + illite ± feldspar ± chlorite ± quartz ± calcite ± serpentine) due to the high smectite contents (≈85%). SEM studies reveal that smectite minerals are composed of irregular platy leaves and show honeycomb pattern in the form of wavy leaves in places. The leaves presenting an array with surface edge contact are usually concentrated in the dissolution voids and fractures of volcanic glass. Organic matter content and loss on ignition analysis of raw materials are good for all the studied samples. In summary, Handere clays can be used as building materials in bricks, roof tiles, and cement and as a binder.

scholarly journals PEMBUATAN PUPUK ORGANIK DARI KOTORAN SAPI DAN JERAMI PADI DENGAN PROSES FERMENTASI MENGGUNAKAN BIOAKTIVATOR M-DEC

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Shobib
Keyword(s):  
Rice Straw ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Aerobic Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Time

Cow manure can be used for making organic fertilizer because it contains nutrients such as Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K). Rice straw has a high C-Organic content. Adding straw compost will increase soil organic matter content. The study aims to determine the fermentation process that occurs so as to produce organic fertilize, know the effect of fermentation time and the effect of the composition of raw materials for cow manure and rice straw on the process of making organic fertilizer to the content of organic fertilizer according to SNI 7603 : 2018. The method use by aerobic fermentation is by mixing cow manure and rice straw and M-Dec bioactivators by comparison 3 : 1, 2 : 2,1 : 3 and fermentation time 7, 14, 21, 28 days. The parameters tested are C-organic, Nitrogen (N), C/N ratio, Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K). The best quality organic fertilizer in the treatment of cow manure : rice straw with a ratio of 2 : 2 on the 28th day fermentation process namely C-organic content 34,63 %, C/N ratio is 25, macro nutrient content N+P2O5+K2O of 3,14 % that has met SNI 7763 : 2018. Keyword: M-Dec bioactivator, aerobic fermentation, cow manure, rice straw, C/N ratio

Experimental Study of the Coproduction Technology of Straw and Excrement Ferment for Biogas and Organic Compound Fertilizer

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 520-526
Author(s):  
Hang Zhou Yuan ◽  
Quan Guo Zhang ◽  
Yan Yan Jing ◽  
Xiang Feng Zhang ◽  
Yi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
Nutritional Elements ◽  
Compound Fertilizer ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

This paper used respective ratios of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of straw and pig excrement as raw materials to produce biogas and fertilizer. The test focused on gas production, the contents of available nutritional elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the organic matter content. The experimental results demonstrate the fermentation can produce more biogas, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic mass under the conditions which the fermentation cycle is 15 days and the ratio of straw and excrement is 70%.

Microstructural Analysis of Petroleum Waste Containing Ceramic Tile

2008 ◽  
Vol 591-593 ◽  
pp. 845-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno C.A. Pinheiro ◽  
J.N.F. Holanda
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Microstructural Evolution ◽  
Ceramic Tile ◽  
Sintered Density ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Microstructural Analysis ◽  
Linear Shrinkage ◽  
Ceramic Tiles ◽  
Petroleum Waste ◽  
Materials Used

In this work is done a study on the sintered microstructure of ceramic tile paste incorporated with petroleum waste. The raw materials used were kaolin, sodic feldspar, quartz and petroleum waste. The ceramic tiles containing up to 5 wt% petroleum waste were prepared by uniaxial pressing and sintered at 1200°C. The microstructural evolution was examined by SEM. In addition, water absorption, linear shrinkage, and sintered density were determined. The results showed that the microstructure of the ceramic tiles is influenced by the added petroleum waste.

Relationships between macroinfaunal invertebrates and physicochemical factors in two sandy beaches of Patagonia

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Martha (Pitu) Mendez ◽  
Evangelina Schwindt ◽  
Alejandro Bortolus
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
National Park ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Landscape Scale ◽  
Sandy Beaches ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Soft Sediment ◽  
Physicochemical Factors

The interest in the knowledge of the ecology of soft-sediment communities is increasing due to the importance that these environments pose to ecologists and environmentalists. However, the ecology of Argentinean sandy beaches is almost unknown, in spite of being relatively common landscapes. In this work we describe and compare the macroinfaunal assemblages in the two largest sandy beaches within the Monte León National Park, the first marine-coastal park of Argentina. Macrobenthic samples were collected and environmental descriptions were performed by quantifying and comparing the organic matter content, grain size distribution and depth of the substratum available for macroinfaunal colonization. Results show that polychaetes and crustaceans are the dominant taxa and that the two beaches differ in the physicochemical characteristics, suggesting that a relation between the benthic fauna and physicochemical factors exists. Although they appeared similar at the landscape scale in preliminary visual surveys, the geomorphological differences between habitats are likely to drive strong differences in the structure of the macroinfaunal assemblages. The monitoring of visible landscape features is likely to undermine the efficiency of protection and managing strategies if not complemented by geomorphological and ecological surveys of less visible ecosystem variables.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF NON-PLASTIC COARSE-DISPERSED COMPONENTS ON THE PROPERTIES OF CERAMIC MATERIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
V. Men'shikova
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Ceramic Material ◽  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Glass Phase ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sodium Silicate Solution ◽  
Silicate Solution ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Fine Grained Structure

In modern conditions, clay raw materials of fine-grained structure are used for the production of building ceramics. The task of using coarse non-traditional non-plastic components in the compositions of ceramic masses and the choice of rational sizes of their grains is relevant. The exclusion of pre-grinding determines the reduction of energy costs and, as a result, the cost of finished products. The paper offers an optiom of using diopside concentrate of various grain sizes in compositions with minor additions of clay and sodium silicate solution. The problems of stress development at the interface of grain and ligament contact, which in case of a negative outcome do not make it possible to obtain a strong structure of a ceramic shard, are solved. The presence of an insignificant voltage formed as a result of the relationship between the diopside and the forming glass phase is revealed, this does not prevent the consideration of the probability of obtaining a ceramic material. The study of the behavior of ceramic samples containing diopside of different granulometric composition when adding a solution of sodium-silicate glass after molding and firing shows the effectiveness of using diopside concentrate in 100-150 microns. Contacts of this size of diopside are wrapped in liquid glass during molding. A glass phase is formed when fired. In this case, the diopside is partially melted, but it is preserved and exists as an independent unit. A smaller grain size during sintering requires more glass phase, which leads to structural stresses, and with a larger size, not enough glass phase is formed and the strength of the material is significantly reduced. When studying the influence of grain size on the properties of the sample, the results of water absorption indicators of 7 %, mechanical compressive strength – 36 MPa, bending strength-17 MPa are obtained. It is found that the dispersion of diopside in 100–150 microns allows to develop a technology for the use of coarse-grained raw materials in the ceramic mass

scholarly journals Superficial sediments and their relation to polyehaete families in a subtropieal embayment, Mexico

2015 ◽  
pp. 237-238
Author(s):  
Nuria Méndez ◽  
María Green Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Pearson’S Correlation ◽  
Pearson's Correlation ◽  
Superficial Sediments ◽  
Soft Bottoms

The soft bottoms in front of Mazatlan Bay and "Isla de la Piedra" Peninsula were studied to produce maps (depth, grain size and organic matter content in sediments). Sixty samples were óbtained with a 30 x 30 van Veen grab (4-21 m depth) and polychaetes were extracted from 21 subsamples. Grain size ranged from -1.05 phi (gravel) to 3 .81 phi (very fine sand), with fme sand predominl\ting. Organic matter content in sediment was 0.91-3.06 % (most values = 1-2 %). Thirty polychaete families (905 individuals/m2 in mean) were found, and Cirratulidae, Spionidae, Onuphidae, and Pilargiidae were domiuant. Pearson's correlation of grain size.

scholarly journals Variability of macrofauna distribution along a dissipative log-spiral sandy beach in Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos A.M. Barboza ◽  
Tatiana Cabrini ◽  
Gustavo Mattos ◽  
Viviane Skinner ◽  
Ricardo Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Community Structure ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Beach Slope ◽  
Sediment Sorting

Log-spiral beaches display defined physical gradients alongshore. However, the majority of studies focus on the variability of a single population of macrofauna species. We aimed to investigate the variation in species distribution and in community structure along ten transects on a log-spiral beach. Principal component analysis indicated a clear physical gradient alongshore. Redundancy analysis showed that the sheltered end was related to smaller particle sizes, higher organic matter content and high densities of polychaetes. The exposed end was characterized by coarser sand, lower organic matter content and a high presence of crustaceans. Model selection indicated that the “best fit” to explain the variability in the number of individuals included grain size and beach slope. Variability of the polychaete Scolelepis squamata was best explained by grain size, slope and sediment sorting. The best model for the cirolanid Excirolana armata only included sediment sorting. The physical gradient in sediment texture and the beach slope explained more than one-third of the variability in community structure. The physical variables were also correlated with the distribution of the individual species. We showed that the physical gradient on log-spiral coasts may be an important driver of macrofauna variability, even at mesoscales and in dissipative conditions.

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