scholarly journals Structural and kinematic analysis of a stirred tank planetary drive

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 ◽  
pp. 01012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander A. Prikhodko
Keyword(s):  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Output Shaft ◽  
Mixing Efficiency ◽  
Reciprocating Motion ◽  
Stirred Tanks ◽  
Input Shaft ◽  
Variable Transmission ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Stirred tanks are used in many industries to intensify various physical and chemical processes. Currently, one of the most promising areas of research is the creation of rotationally reciprocating stirred tanks (RRST), which realize high mixing efficiency due to the difference in the velocities of the stirred liquid. As the actuator of RRST, we proposed to use a planetary gear with elliptical gears. Due to the variable transmission ratio of elliptical gearwheels, the rotationally reciprocating motion of the output shaft is ensured with rotational motion of the input shaft. We conducted a structural analysis of the planetary gear by means of the structural mathematical model of mechanisms and machines. A kinematic model of planetary gear has been constructed and studied, resulting in velocity analogue function of the mechanism output shaft.

Design of a Series-Type Independently Controllable Transmission Mechanism

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guan-Shyong Hwang ◽  
Der-Min Tsay ◽  
Jao-Hwa Kuang ◽  
Tzuen-Lih Chern ◽  
Tsu-Chi Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Input Shaft ◽  
Planetary Gear Trains ◽  
Variable Transmission ◽  
Infinitely Variable Transmission ◽  
Gear Trains ◽  
Series Type

This study proposes a design of transmission mechanism which is referred to as a series-type independently controllable transmission (ICT). The series-type ICT is an alternative form of the parallel-types proposed in the former researches. The series-type ICT can serve as a continuously or an infinitely variable transmission mechanism, and it can also produce a required angular output velocity that can be independently manipulated by a controller and not affected by the angular velocity of the input shaft. The series-type ICT mechanism is composed of two planetary gear trains and two transmission-connecting members. Kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the ICT mechanism are analyzed and their analytical equations are derived for application in this study.

Kinematic and Dynamic Analyses of a Series-Type Independently Controllable Transmission Mechanism

2012 ◽  
Vol 579 ◽  
pp. 483-493
Author(s):  
Guan Shyong Hwang ◽  
Der Min Tsay ◽  
Jao Hwa Kuang ◽  
Tzuen Lih Chern
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Transmission Mechanism ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Input Shaft ◽  
Variable Transmission ◽  
Wind Power Systems ◽  
Series Type ◽  
Turbine Speed

An innovative transmission mechanism, referred to as a series-type independently controllable transmission (ICT), is proposed in this study. The series-type ICT is an alternative form of the parallel-type ICT proposed in the former researches. It can provide performing functions similar to those of an infinitely variable transmission (IVT) or a continuously variable transmission (CVT), and produce a required and desired angular output velocity that is independently manipulated by a controller and does not depend on the angular velocity of the input shaft. While being applied to variable speed wind power systems, the ICT mechanisms could overcome turbine speed fluctuations and provide a constant speed output to the generator to generate electricity with constant frequency. The series-type ICT is composed of two planetary gear trains and two transmission-connecting members. Kinematic and dynamic characteristics of the series-type ICT are investigated and analyzed, and their analytical equations are also derived for application.

Development of the Sphere-Toroidal Continuously Variable Transmission

2014 ◽  
Vol 986-987 ◽  
pp. 1315-1318
Author(s):  
Shun Min Wang ◽  
Zhuo Li ◽  
Xin Yu Wang ◽  
Xi Chao Li
Keyword(s):  
Continuously Variable Transmission ◽  
Traction Drive ◽  
Input Shaft ◽  
Variable Transmission ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Toroidal Traction

This paper describes a new genre of Toroidal-CVT system, called the Sphere-Toroidal Continuously Variable Transmission (STCVT), which is derived from the half-toroidal traction drive (TCVT) and introduces its structure and working principle. The torque transfers from the input shaft to the cross-axle universal shaft coupling connected with the driven shaft. By discussing the difference between the torque-transfer, the paper will show the possibility of the application in the vehicle. To conclude, the system has the potential to implement infinite extension for the CVT theoretically.

KINETOSTATIC ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE-SATELLITE PLANETARY MECHANISM WITH ELLIPTICAL GEARWHEELS

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
A. A. Prikhod’ko
Keyword(s):  
Planetary Gear ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Reciprocating Motion ◽  
Kinematic Scheme ◽  
Balance Equations ◽  
Output Link ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
Input Shaft ◽  
Planetary Mechanism ◽  
Angle Of Rotation

Non-circular gears can be used in modern machines and mechanisms for the implementation of various types of output link movement and have high strength and compactness compared to linkage mechanisms. The article considers the problem of kinetostatic analysis of the planetary mechanism, which provides the rotationally reciprocating motion of the stirred tank impeller. Proposed mechanism is a two-satellite single-row planetary gear with two external gears, in which one pair of gears is elliptical gearwheels. There are constructed calculation schemes, kinetostatic balance equations are compiled and solved for each link of the mechanism. There are found reactions in kinematic pairs and a balancing moment on the input shaft of the mechanism, which are presented as functions of forces on the angle of rotation of the input link. The results can be used in the synthesis, analysis and design of various machines and mechanisms with the proposed kinematic scheme of planetary gear.

scholarly journals Influence of the Bottom Color Modification and Material Color Modification Process on the Performance of Modified Poplar

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 660
Author(s):  
Qingqing Liu ◽  
Di Gao ◽  
Wei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Target Color ◽  
Modification Process ◽  
Red Color ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Surface Differentiation ◽  
Color Modification ◽  
And Chemical Properties

According to the old surface coating process of European and American furniture, the surface of modified poplar is first differentiated pre-treatment, and then the bottom color modification and material color modification are respectively applied to the modified poplar after the surface differentiation treatment. The visual physical quantity and physical and chemical properties were measured and compared with mahogany, which is commonly used in old furniture in Europe and America to explore the effect of colorants and coloring steps, as well as different surface pretreatments on the coloring effect. Finally, it is concluded that continuous coloring operations can narrow the difference in brightness and red color value in the coloring layer of modified poplar and mahogany. Continuous coloring operations increase the difference between the yellow-green color values of modified poplar and mahogany. Therefore, the coloring difference between modified poplar and mahogany was affected by the colorant and coloring steps. Through color accumulation, the gap between the two in the target color coloring effect can be reduced, thereby reducing the difference between the coloring effect of modified poplar and mahogany.

scholarly journals Apical Extrusion of Debris Produced during Continuous Rotating and Reciprocating Motion

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giselle Nevares ◽  
Felipe Xavier ◽  
Luciana Gominho ◽  
Flávia Cavalcanti ◽  
Marcely Cassimiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Reciprocating Motion ◽  
Continuous Motion ◽  
Analytical Balance ◽  
Root Canals ◽  
Apical Extrusion ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
The Difference

This study aimed to analyse and compare apical extrusion of debris in canals instrumented with systems used in reciprocating and continuous motion. Sixty mandibular premolars were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=20): the Reciproc (REC), WaveOne (WO), and HyFlex CM (HYF) groups. One Eppendorf tube per tooth was weighed in advance on an analytical balance. The root canals were instrumented according to the manufacturer’s instructions, and standardised irrigation with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite was performed to a total volume of 9 mL. After instrumentation, the teeth were removed from the Eppendorf tubes and incubated at 37°C for 15 days to evaporate the liquid. The tubes were weighed again, and the difference between the initial and final weight was calculated to determine the weight of the debris. The data were statistically analysed using the Shapiro-Wilk, Wilcoxon, and Mann-Whitney tests (α=5%). All systems resulted in the apical extrusion of debris. Reciproc produced significantly more debris than WaveOne (p<0.05), and both systems produced a greater apical extrusion of debris than HyFlex CM (p<0.001). Cross section and motion influenced the results, despite tip standardization.

Development of 2 Stage CVT Shift Control Algorithm to Reduce Torque Variation During 1-2 Upshift of Planetary Gear

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeongman Park ◽  
Sunghyun Ahn ◽  
Oheun Kwon ◽  
Youngho Jun ◽  
Minhyo Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Algorithm ◽  
Planetary Gear ◽  
Gear Ratio ◽  
Shift Quality ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Shift Control ◽  
Variable Transmission ◽  
Vehicle Simulator ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Fuzzy Control Algorithm

In this paper, a 2 stage continuously variable transmission (CVT) shift control algorithm is proposed for the 1–2 upshift of the planetary gear to achieve the shift quality. A fuzzy control algorithm is designed considering the relatively slower response characteristics of CVT. In order to evaluate the performance of the control algorithm, a 2 stage CVT vehicle simulator is developed including a dynamic model of the CVT powertrain. From the simulation results, it is found that CVT gear ratio changes faster in the inertia phase and remains constant after the inertia phase of the planetary gear shift, which provides the reduced torque variation by the proposed control algorithm.

Modeling and Control of an Infinitely Variable Speed Converter With Application to Wind Turbines

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Zhu ◽  
X. F. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Kinematic Model ◽  
Power Converter ◽  
Output Shaft ◽  
Speed Ratio ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Average Output ◽  
Constant Frequency ◽  
Current Frequency ◽  
Feed Forward

Traditional transmission in wind turbine applications has a constant output-to-input speed ratio, which needs a power converter to regulate the current frequency that can be fed into the grid. Different types of continuously variable transmission (CVT) have been developed for vehicle and wind turbine applications, which can generate constant-frequency current without using a power converter in a wind turbine. An infinitely variable speed converter (IVSC) is a specific type of CVT that can achieve a zero speed ratio and transmit a large torque at a low speed ratio. An IVSC with drivers that convert an eccentric motion of cams to a concentric motion of the output shaft through one-way bearings is introduced, and an active control system with a combined feedback and feed forward control that can automatically adjust the eccentricity of the outer cams to control the speed ratio of the transmission is developed. The kinematic model of the IVSC is derived and fitted by a polynomial function to serve as the feed forward function in the control law. The feedback control is used to reduce the system error. A dynamic model of the IVSC is derived to investigate the effect of the dynamic load on the input and output speeds. Static and dynamic tests were conducted to validate the kinematic model of the IVSC. The variation of the average output speed per revolution of the output shaft is 0.56% with respect to the desired output speed in the simulation and 0.91% in the experiments.

Physical and Chemical Sputtering at Very Low Ion Energy: the Importance of the Sputtering Threshold

1988 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Steinbruchel
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Energy ◽  
Surface Binding ◽  
Ion Energy ◽  
Chemical Sputtering ◽  
Surface Binding Energy ◽  
Physical Sputtering ◽  
Chemical Etch ◽  
Ion Energies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical

ABSTRACTA variety of data for physical etching (i.e. sputtering) and for ion-enhanced chemical etching of Si and SiO2 is analyzed in the very-low-ion-energy regime. Bombardment by inert ions alone, by reactive ions, and by inert ions in the presence of reactiveneutrals is considered. In all cases the etch yield follows a square root dependence on the ion energy all the way down to the threshold energy for etching. At the same time, the threshold energy has a non-negligible effect on the etch yield even at intermediate ion energies. The difference between physical and ion-enhanced chemical etch yields can be accounted for by a reduction in the average surface binding energy of the etch products and a corresponding reduction in the threshold energy for etching. These results suggest that, in general, the selectivity for ion-enhanced etch processes relative to physical sputtering can be increased significantly at low ion energy.

scholarly journals Molecular gas in the northern nucleus of Mrk 273: Physical and chemical properties of the disc and its outflow

2018 ◽  
Vol 617 ◽  
pp. A20 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Aladro ◽  
S. König ◽  
S. Aalto ◽  
E. González-Alfonso ◽  
N. Falstad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Far Infrared ◽  
Molecular Gas ◽  
Dense Gas ◽  
Dynamical Mass ◽  
North West ◽  
North East ◽  
Dust Temperature ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Aiming to characterise the properties of the molecular gas in the ultra-luminous infrared galaxy Mrk 273 and its outflow, we used the NOEMA interferometer to image the dense-gas molecular tracers HCN, HCO+, HNC, HOC+ and HC3N at ∼86 GHz and ∼256 GHz with angular resolutions of 4ʺ̣9 × 4ʺ̣5 (∼3.7 × 3.4 kpc) and 0ʺ̣61 × 0ʺ̣55 (∼460 × 420 pc). We also modelled the flux of several H2O lines observed with Herschel using a radiative transfer code that includes excitation by collisions and far-infrared photons. The disc of the Mrk 273 north nucleus has two components with decoupled kinematics. The gas in the outer parts (R ∼ 1.5 kpc) rotates with a south-east to north-west direction, while in the inner disc (R ∼ 300 pc) follows a north-east to south-west rotation. The central 300 pc, which hosts a compact starburst region, is filled with dense and warm gas, and contains a dynamical mass of (4 −5) × 109 M⊙, a luminosity of L′HCN = (3–4) × 108 K km s−1 pc2, and a dust temperature of 55 K. At the very centre, a compact core with R ∼ 50 pc has a luminosity of LIR = 4 × 1011 L⊙ (30% of the total infrared luminosity), and a dust temperature of 95 K. The core is expanding at low velocities ∼50–100 km s−1, probably affected by the outflowing gas. We detect the blue-shifted component of the outflow, while the red-shifted counterpart remains undetected in our data. Its cold and dense phase reaches fast velocities up to ∼1000 km s−1, while the warm outflowing gas has more moderate maximum velocities of ∼600 km s−1. The outflow is compact, being detected as far as 460 pc from the centre in the northern direction, and has a mass of dense gas ≤8 × 108 M⊙. The difference between the position angles of the inner disc (∼70°) and the outflow (∼10°) indicates that the outflow is likely powered by the AGN, and not by the starburst. Regarding the chemistry in Mrk 273, we measure an extremely low HCO+/HOC+ ratio of 10 ± 5 in the inner disc of Mrk 273.

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