scholarly journals The usefulness of Gram staining method for analysis of the effectiveness of decontamination of firefighter’s protective outfit

2018 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 00063 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Polanczyk
Keyword(s):  
Staining Method ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Pure Ethanol ◽  
Biological Contamination ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Made In

Introduction: This study was undertaken to analyze the effectiveness of different decontamination techniques of firefighters’ outfit. Methods and findings: Firefighter’s outfit used for one month in field conditions was tested for biological contamination using Gram staining. Biological samples from pantleg above the ankle, on the knee and, in the groin were analyzed. Swabbed places were cut out and sterilized mechanically using tap water, 20% soap or 70% ethanol by rubbing for 20. Swabs were taken before sterilization and right after sterilization. Each time smears were made on sterile glass, fixed in pure ethanol and stained using Gram method. This staining method is used to visualize bacteria and distinguish gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. After staining samples were air dried and photographed under a light microscope at magnification 100x. Each smear was made in triplicates and the relative number of biological contamination was analysed using ImageJ software. The results indicated that the highest level of contamination was visible on the knee. Decontamination decreased the number of bacteria in all analyzed places right after cloth patch washing. The most effective decontamination fluid was 70% ethanol followed by 20% soap. The Gram staining combined with numerical analysis may be successfully used to verify the effectiveness of decontamination method for firefighter’s outfit utilized at field.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Effectiveness of Decontamination Fluids on the Level of Biological Contamination of Firefighter Suits

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 2815
Author(s):  
Andrzej Polanczyk ◽  
Aleksandra Piechota-Polanczyk ◽  
Anna Dmochowska ◽  
Malgorzata Majder-Lopatka ◽  
Zdzislaw Salamonowicz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Number ◽  
Biological Weapons ◽  
Pure Ethanol ◽  
Biological Contamination ◽  
Chemical Type ◽  
Heavy Gas ◽  
Imagej Software ◽  
Gas Tight ◽  
Rescue Procedures ◽  
Made In

The scope of tasks of chemical and ecological rescue procedures includes prevention of terrorist attacks with biological weapons. After each action, firefighters are obliged to clean and disinfect their outfits to prevent the potential spreading of harmful microorganisms. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of decontamination fluids used to disinfect firefighter’s suits. Two types of clothes were analyzed: special combat clothing (NOMEX), and the heavy gas-tight chemical type 1a suit. Swabbed places were cut out and sterilized mechanically using detergent and alcohol. Each time, smears were made on sterile glass, fixed in pure ethanol and stained using the Gram method. After this, the staining samples were air dried and photographed under a light microscope at magnification 1000×. Each smear was made in triplicate and the relative number of stained microorganisms was analyzed using ImageJ software. The results showed that detergent significantly decreased the number of pathogens in the chest area on the NOMEX suit and the type 1a-gas-tight clothing and was more effective than alcohol, especially in case of the NOMEX suit. In conclusion, the detergent was more efficient in decontaminating the NOMEX outfit than the heavy gas-tight clothing, whose surface was better cleaned by the alcohol.

scholarly journals A Novel Improved Gram Staining Method Based on the Capillary Tube

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-508
Author(s):  
KONG-YANG WU ◽  
TONG-XIANG YANG
Keyword(s):  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Staining Method ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Improved Method ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Capillary Tubes ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Staining Methods

In this work, an exploratory study was conducted to examine Gram staining based on the capillary tube. Each Gram staining step for all bacterial strains tested was completed in capillary tubes. The results showed that different Gram staining morphologies were clearly visible in the capillary tubes. The results presented here demonstrated that the improved method could effectively distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and only small volumes of reagents were required in this method. Collectively, this efficient method could rapidly and accurately identify the types of bacteria. Therefore, our findings could be used as a useful reference study for other staining methods.

Dual stain kit for the microscopic gram classification of ocular infection bacteria

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
Jacob S. Hanker ◽  
Dale N. Holdren ◽  
Kenneth L. Cohen ◽  
Beverly L. Giammara
Keyword(s):  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Ocular Infection ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Ocular Infections ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Keratitis and conjunctivitis (infections of the cornea or conjunctiva) are ocular infections caused by various bacteria, fungi, viruses or parasites; bacteria, however, are usually prominent. Systemic conditions such as alcoholism, diabetes, debilitating disease, AIDS and immunosuppressive therapy can lead to increased susceptibility but trauma and contact lens use are very important factors. Gram-negative bacteria are most frequently cultured in these situations and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is most usually isolated from culture-positive ulcers of patients using contact lenses. Smears for staining can be obtained with a special swab or spatula and Gram staining frequently guides choice of a therapeutic rinse prior to the report of the culture results upon which specific antibiotic therapy is based. In some cases staining of the direct smear may be diagnostic in situations where the culture will not grow. In these cases different types of stains occasionally assist in guiding therapy.

Airborne bacteria concentrations and related factors at university laboratories, hospital diagnostic laboratories and a biowaste site

2011 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung Ho Hwang ◽  
Dong Uk Park ◽  
Kwon Chul Ha ◽  
Hyun Woo Cho ◽  
Chung Sik Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Site ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Airborne Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Indoor Environments ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
P Values ◽  
Regular Control ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

AimsTo evaluate concentrations of airborne bacteria in university laboratories, hospital diagnostic laboratories, and a biowaste site in Seoul, Korea. To measure total airborne bacteria (TAB), the authors assessed sampling site, type of ventilation system, weather and detection of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), indoors and outdoors.MethodAn Andersen one-stage sampler (Quick Take 30; SKC Inc) was used to sample air at a flow rate of 28.3 l/min for 5 min on nutrient medium in Petri dishes located on the impactor. A total of 236 samples (TAB, 109 indoor and nine outdoor; GNB, 109 indoor and nine outdoor) were collected three times in each spot from the 11 facilities to compare airborne bacteria concentrations.ResultsTAB concentrations ranged from undetectable to 3451 CFU/m3 (mean 384 CFU/m3), and GNB concentrations from undetectable to 394 CFU/m3 (mean 17 CFU/m3). TAB concentrations were high in window-ventilated facilities and facilities in which GNB were detected; concentrations were also high when it was rainy (all p values <0.05). TAB concentrations correlated significantly with GNB (r=0.548, p<0.01), number of bacteria species (r=0.351, p<0.01) and temperature (r=0.297, p<0.01). The presence of heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC), the number of TAB species and the detection of GNB affect TAB concentrations in laboratories.ConclusionsIt is recommended that special attention be given to regular control of indoor environments to improve the air quality of university and hospital laboratories.

scholarly journals ISOLASI DAN PENENTUAN INDEKSHIDROLISIS BAKTERI AMILOLITIK DARI TANAH SEDIMENT MANGROVE DI WONOREJO, SURABAYA

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Aliyah Siti Sundari ◽  
Ni Nyoman Purwani ◽  
Anita Kurniati
Keyword(s):  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Mangrove Sediment ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Lugol’S Iodine ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Special Soil

Mangrove sediment is a habitat for various bacteria, one of them is amylolytic bacteria which has the potential to produce amylase enzyme. Amylase enzyme has many benefits in industry, textiles and medical. The mangrove ecosystem area has special soil characteristics, which have the opportunity to have microorganism diversity, one of which is the mangrove ecosystem in the Wonorejo region, Surabaya. This study aims to obtain potential amylolytic bacteria from potential amylolytic isolates derived from mangrove sediment. Soil bacteria were isolated in Starch media for 2% agar and tested with Lugol’s Iodine reagents to measure their amylolytic index. Character isolates observed included colony morphology, Gram staining, and motility. Of the 27 isolates found there were 3 isolates with the highest index values in their activity, namely isolates A.7, A.27 and A.64. Characterization results showed that isolates A.7 and A.64 were Gram negative bacteria, and isolates A.27 were Gram positive bacteria. And the motility results for the three isolates were negative, with the results of a positive catalase test.

scholarly journals The Existence test of Salmonella thypii and Eschericia coli of Corn Ice at Padang Bulan’s Traditional Market, Medan

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Toberni S. Situmorang
Keyword(s):  
Plate Count ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Hygiene Factors ◽  
Existence Test ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Total Bacteria

Food hygiene is an important factor to protect ourselves from the contamination of germs and bacteria that enter through these food intermediaries. Food contaminated by bacteria will cause disease and can cause death if not treated immediately. Common bacteria that contaminate food are Salmonella thypii and Eschericia coli. Both types of bacteria are a group of gram-negative bacteria in the form of bacilli. This study aims to analyze and identify the bacteria S. thypii and E. coli found in corn ice samples. The study was conducted with a descriptive method by conducting a bacteriological examination to determine the quality of sample cleanliness. There are 3 stages in this study, the first stage is calculation of amount of total bacteria (total plate count), analysis of S. thypii and E. coli bacteria and identification with Gram staining. The results showed 40% of samples tested is positive for S. thypii and 60% for E. coli. The largest amount of total bacteria was shown by samples 1 and 3, which were 78 cfu and 52 cfu, respectively. The presence of S. thypii and E. coli bacteria in the sample is thought to be due to poor hygiene factors in the processing of the drink

scholarly journals MUTATION OF THE BACILLUS OF RABBIT SEPTICEMIA

1922 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. De Kruif
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Pure Line ◽  
Rabbit Serum ◽  
Type D ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Distinct Maximum ◽  
Made In

Type G microbes, discovered in pure cultures of the rabbit septicemia bacillus, have been demonstrated to arise from the parent D form by mutation. The D → G mutation takes place in broth cultures of pure-line strains of Microbe D, when these are kept for several days without transplant at 37°C., or at room temperature, or in the ice box. The mutation is greatly inhibited by filtrates from 6 and 24 hour cultures of Microbe D, and to some extent by filtrates from 48 hour cultures. The process of transformation takes place to a very slight extent or not at all in undiluted rabbit serum, but Type G colonies subcultured to this medium do not revert to the parent D form. The D → G change is strongly inhibited in cultures made in simple beef infusion, or in 5 per cent rabbit serum-beef infusion. Peptone would seem to be the constituent of plain broth which favors the process. In high concentrations of peptone, the mutation is rapid and may reach a degree of 90 per cent of the total organisms in 5 to 6 days. A distinct maximum of the relative number of Type G colonies as compared to the parent Type D is observable in plain broth and in some concentrations of peptone, when these are kept at 37°C. for some days without transplant. Subsequent tests show the concentration of Type G microbes to diminish. The change in acid agglutination optimum exhibited by the mutant G forms implies a distinct change in bacterial protoplasm and would seem to be one of the most fundamental mutations so far described.

Investigation and Research of Biological Contamination of HVAC in Public Places

2011 ◽  
Vol 250-253 ◽  
pp. 2719-2722
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Ya Wei ◽  
Liang Li
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Ventilation System ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Biological Contamination ◽  
Central Air Conditioning ◽  
Normal Method ◽  
Number Of Bacteria ◽  
Public Health Standard

According to the normal method for sampling in the appendix of “The Central Air-Conditioning Ventilation System of Public Health Standard” by the ministry of health in 2006 were the HVAC on-site examined and sampled. The examined indicators include: total number of bacteria, fungus and beta Streptococcus in air supplied outlet, Legion Ella pneumophila in cooling water, the quantity of dust and microbe amounts to each square meter pipeline surface area and other sanitation indexes.

scholarly journals Measurement of the bacterial counts in the sediments with gram staining method.

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1469-1471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haruo SUGITA ◽  
Hideo TANAAMI ◽  
Yoshiaki DEGUCHI
Keyword(s):  
Staining Method ◽  
Bacterial Counts ◽  
Gram Staining

Measurements of the Terminal Velocity of Bubbles Rising in a Chain

1973 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Bubble Size ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bubble Radius ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Bubble Velocity ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Rise Velocity ◽  
Sugar Water ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Made In

Measurements were made of the effect of frequency of formation on the velocity of air bubbles rising in a chain through distilled water, lap water, and sugar water. In all cases, increasing the frequency increased the rise velocity for a given bubble size. Measurements made in distilled water showed that the increase of velocity with frequency dropped off with bubble size until it was negligible for the smaller bubbles. It was shown that the variation of bubble velocity with frequency and size can be fairly well correlated with the velocity of rise of solitary bubbles by means of a model based on turbulent wake theory. Tap-water measurements showed the same effect of impurities in the water on the bubble rise velocity as had been observed for solitary bubbles; however, the bubble radius at which the effect became apparent decreased with frequency. Measurements made in sugar water showed that the effect of fluid properties on the rise velocity decreased as frequency increased. At the highest frequencies, no difference could be seen between the distilled water and the sugar water rise velocity curves.

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