First report on fatty acids composition, total phenolics and antioxidant activity in seeds oil of four fig cultivars (Ficus carica L.) grown in Morocco

With the progresses of oilseed industry, an important interest is currently being focused on exploiting novel and underutilized sources for vegetable oils. Being so far the less studied part in fig fruits, seeds separated from four fig cultivars were assessed for their oil content, fatty acids identification, total phenolics and invitro antioxidant analysis. A one-way Anova yielded statistically significant differences for all parameters, with the exception of pentadecylic, margaric and arachidic acids besides the total saturated fatty acids. Fig seeds presented a yellow colored oil, of which the content ranged from 21.54 ± 1.71 to 28.52 ± 0.62%. Gas liquid chromatography analysis of the seed oil showed high percentages of linolenic acid in the four cultivars ranging from 38.43 ± 0.01 to 43.57 ± 0.04, followed by linoleic acid (28.9 ± 0.06–34.5 ± 0.04%). Palmitic acid and stearic acid were the dominating saturated fatty acids in all samples, where the amounts were in the range from 8.54 ± 0.04 to 9.05 ± 0.06% and from 2.59 ± 0.13 to 3.3% respectively. The efficiency of the desaturation from oleic acid to linoleic acid estimated within desaturation pathway, was higher among all cultivars than the efficiency of the desaturation from linoleic acid to linolenic acid. This explains the large increase of 18:3 concentration in all samples. The local cultivar ‘C11A21’ exhibited the highest total unsaturated fatty acids and the lowest level of saturated fatty acids, while the cultivar ‘White Adriatic’ combined the most relevant phenolics content, antioxidant activity and half maximum inhibitory concentration. All sampled oil possessed an important phenolics content that displayed variable levels of antioxidant activity. The objective of this study is to bring new data on the biochemical attributes of fig seeds as a new source oil that can be used for nutritional, pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes.

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Explore the gene network regulating the composition of fatty acids in cottonseed

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-021-02952-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Lihong Ma ◽

Xinqi Cheng ◽

Chuan Wang ◽

Xinyu Zhang ◽

Fei Xue ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Gene Network ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Accumulation Pattern ◽

Time Points ◽

Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background Cottonseed is one of the major sources of vegetable oil. Analysis of the dynamic changes of fatty acid components and the genes regulating the composition of fatty acids of cottonseed oil is of great significance for understanding the biological processes underlying biosynthesis of fatty acids and for genetic improving the oil nutritional qualities. Results In this study, we investigated the dynamic relationship of 13 fatty acid components at 12 developmental time points of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and generated cottonseed transcriptome of the 12 time points. At 5–15 day post anthesis (DPA), the contents of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and saturated stearic acid (C18:0) were higher, while linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was mainly synthesized after 15 DPA. Using 5 DPA as a reference, 15,647 non-redundant differentially expressed genes were identified in 10–60 DPA cottonseed. Co-expression gene network analysis identified six modules containing 3275 genes significantly associated with middle-late seed developmental stages and enriched with genes related to the linoleic acid metabolic pathway and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Genes (Gh_D03G0588 and Gh_A02G1788) encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase were identified as hub genes and significantly up-regulated at 25 DPA. They seemed to play a decisive role in determining the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. FAD2 genes (Gh_A13G1850 and Gh_D13G2238) were highly expressed at 25–50 DPA, eventually leading to the high content of C18:2n-6 in cottonseed. The content of C18:3n-3 was significantly decreased from 5 DPA (7.44%) to 25 DPA (0.11%) and correlated with the expression characteristics of Gh_A09G0848 and Gh_D09G0870. Conclusions These results contribute to our understanding on the relationship between the accumulation pattern of fatty acid components and the expression characteristics of key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during the entire period of cottonseed development.

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Inhibition of steroid 5α-reductase by specific aliphatic unsaturated fatty acids

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj2850557 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 285 (2) ◽

pp. 557-562 ◽

Cited By ~ 126

Author(s):

T Liang ◽

S Liao

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Binding Assay ◽

Reductase Activity ◽

Undecylenic Acid ◽

Gamma Linolenic Acid ◽

Enzymic Assay

Human or rat microsomal 5 alpha-reductase activity, as measured by enzymic conversion of testosterone into 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone or by binding of a competitive inhibitor, [3H]17 beta-NN-diethulcarbamoyl-4-methyl-4-aza-5 alpha-androstan-3-one ([3H]4-MA) to the reductase, is inhibited by low concentrations (less than 10 microM) of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative inhibitory potencies of unsaturated fatty acids are, in decreasing order: gamma-linolenic acid greater than cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid = cis-6,9,12,15-octatetraenoic acid = arachidonic acid = alpha-linolenic acid greater than linoleic acid greater than palmitoleic acid greater than oleic acid greater than myristoleic acid. Other unsaturated fatty acids such as undecylenic acid, erucic acid and nervonic acid, are inactive. The methyl esters and alcohol analogues of these compounds, glycerols, phospholipids, saturated fatty acids, retinoids and carotenes were inactive even at 0.2 mM. The results of the binding assay and the enzymic assay correlated well except for elaidic acid and linolelaidic acid, the trans isomers of oleic acid and linoleic acid respectively, which were much less active than their cis isomers in the binding assay but were as potent in the enzymic assay. gamma-Linolenic acid had no effect on the activities of two other rat liver microsomal enzymes: NADH:menadione reductase and glucuronosyl transferase. gamma-Linolenic acid, the most potent inhibitor tested, decreased the Vmax. and increased Km values of substrates, NADPH and testosterone, and promoted dissociation of [3H]4-MA from the microsomal reductase. gamma-Linolenic acid, but not the corresponding saturated fatty acid (stearic acid), inhibited the 5 alpha-reductase activity, but not the 17 beta-dehydrogenase activity, of human prostate cancer cells in culture. These results suggest that unsaturated fatty acids may play an important role in regulating androgen action in target cells.

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Profile of ingested fatty acids and in the duodenal digest of steers fed different diets

Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia ◽

10.1590/s1516-35982010001100025 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 39 (11) ◽

pp. 2502-2511 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Luís Fernando Glasenapp de Menezes ◽

Gilberto Vilmar Kozloski ◽

João Restle ◽

Ivan Luiz Brondani ◽

Raul Dirceu Pazdiora ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Latin Square ◽

Tropical Pasture ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Conventional Diet

It was evaluated in this study the effect of the type of the diet on duodenal flow of long-chain fatty acids in steers. The tested diets were the following: conventional (feedlot diet composed of 60% corn silage and 40% of concentrate); winter forage silage - rye grass (Lolium multiflorum, Lam); or tropical forage silage - association of millet (Pennisetum americanum, Leeke + alexander grass, Brachiaria plantaginea). Six Charolais × Nellore crossbred steers with cannulas in duodenum were used in a 3 × 3 double Latin square. Dry material intake was similar among the groups (mean of 4,037 g/day), but the intake of total fatty acids and saturated fatty acids were higher in the group fed tropical pasture silage. On the other hand, the animals which received the conventional diet consumed higher quantity of unsaturated fatty acids. Tropical pasture silage provided higher consumption of vacenic acid (C18:1 t-11) and the winter forage silage offered higher consumption of conjugated linoleic acid. The intake of omega-6 fatty acids was higher in the group fed conventional diet and for omega-3, intake was higher in the group fed tropical pasture diet. The total fatty acid flow in the duodenum was not affected by the diets, but in all treatments it was higher than the consumed one. The animals fed diet with concentrate show the greatest changes on the profile of fatty acids during the ruminal fermentation. Conventional diets provide the highest intake of unsaturated fatty acids and the highest availability of vacenic acid in the small intestine, but they do not increase the supply of intestinal conjugated linoleic acid.

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Effect of ewe feeding system (grass v. concentrate) on intramuscular fatty acids of lambs raised exclusively on maternal milk

Animal Science ◽

10.1079/asc50480431 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 81 (3) ◽

pp. 431-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

M. A. Valvo ◽

M. Lanza ◽

M. Bella ◽

V. Fasone ◽

M. Scerra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Vaccenic Acid ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Feeding System ◽

Pasture Grass ◽

Maternal Milk ◽

Trans Vaccenic Acid

AbstractTwenty pregnant Comisana ewes were divided into two groups of 10. One group was allowed to graze a vetch pasture (grass). The second group of animals was housed collectively in a pen and was given hay and concentrates (concentrate). After lambing, all the ewes were allowed to stay with the respective lambs between 18:00 h and 07:00 h of the following day in two different pens. Therefore all the lambs were raised exclusively on maternal milk. The lambs were slaughtered at 38 days of age. Milk and lamb meat (longissimus dorsi muscle) fatty acids were analysed. Ewes on grass produced milk with a lower (P < 0·001) proportion of saturated fatty acids and with a higher proportion of both monounsaturated (P < 0·05) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < 0·01) than ewes given concentrates. Trans-vaccenic acid was significantly higher (P < 0·001) in milk from grass-fed animals compared with ewes given concentrates. Linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6) tended to be higher (P = 0·06) in milk from ewes on concentrates while linolenic acid (C18: 3 n-3) was significantly higher (P < 0·001) in milk from animals grazing pasture. Conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 C18: 2) was almost double in milk from grass-fed ewes compared with animals given concentrates (P < 0·001). Regarding lamb tissue, trans-vaccenic acid (C18: 1 trans-11) was higher (P = 0·01) in the fat from lambs raised by grazing ewes. Linoleic acid (C18: 2 n-6) was at higher concentration (P < 0·001) in the fat from lambs raised by ewes given concentrates. Linolenic acid (C18: 3 n-3) was increased three-fold (P < 0·001) in the fat of lambs from the grass group compared with lambs suckled by ewes given concentrates. The isomer cis-9, trans-11 of conjugated linoleic acid was present at double concentration (P < 0·001) in the fat from animals raised by grazing ewes. Eicosapentaenoic (C20: 5 n-3; EPA) and docosaesaenoic (C22: 6 n-3; DHA) acids were higher (respectively P < 0·001 and P = 0·01) in the intramuscular fat from lambs from the grass group compared with animals from the concentrate group. The n-6/n-3 ratio was lower (P < 0·001) in the meat from lambs raised by grazing ewes. Overall this trial showed that ewe feeding system strongly affects intramuscular fatty acids even in lambs raised exclusively on maternal milk.

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L'induction chez Ceratocystis de fructifications de types Graphium et Leptographium par des acides gras insaturés

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b77-244 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 55 (16) ◽

pp. 2159-2167 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yolande Dalpé ◽

Peterjürgen Neumann

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Optimal Concentration ◽

Natural Substrate ◽

Acides Gras ◽

Imperfect State ◽

Intraspecific Difference

The unsaturated fatty acids oleic, linoleic, and linolenic induce the formation of the imperfect state of fructification of the Graphium type (coremia) with Ceratocystis ulmi and C. piceae and the Leptographium type with C. penicillata. Intraspecific difference between several strains of C. ulmi show that linoleic acid is the best inducer with an optimal concentration from 0.05 to 0.20 g/ml of methanol between the 10th and 25th day of culture. Linoleic and linolenic acid extend the capacity of sporulation of C. penicillata, conserving the strains capability of differentiation of Leptographium structures when ordinarily only the natural substrate can reinduce it. Ceratocystis dryocoetidis cultivated in the same conditions remains insensible to the lipid treatments.

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Changes in Higher Fatty Acids and Related Biochemical Characteristics of Flue-cured Tobacco during Aging

Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research ◽

10.2478/cttr-2013-0718 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 315-319

Author(s):

Z Daheng ◽

H Jinfeng ◽

G Chunyun ◽

C Rui

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Natural Aging ◽

Acid Value ◽

Biochemical Characteristics ◽

Initial Stage ◽

One Year ◽

Higher Fatty Acids

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in higher fatty acids and related biochemical characteristics of flue-cured tobacco during the process of aging. The concentration of total lipids in flue-cured tobacco decreased gradually during natural aging, but the concentration of individual principal higher fatty acids in flue-cured tobacco changed much differently during aging. Myristic acid (C14:0) increased constantly during the whole aging process. Stearic acid (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) increased at the initial stages of aging and reached maximum contents after one year of aging, but decreased thereafter. Palmitic acid (C16:0), linoleic acid (C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3) decreased constantly throughout aging, especially the linolenic acid content which decreased drastically. Furthermore, the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (C18:1; C18:2; C18:3) and saturated fatty acids (C14:0; C16:0; C18:0) decreased continuously during aging, from 1.00 at the initial stage to 0.43 at the end of aging, when it seemed to be stabilized. The maximum rate of decrease of the ratio was between 12 to 18 mo during aging. The activity of lipoxygenase (LOX) and peroxidation value (POV) initially increased and reached their highest levels after 6 mo of aging, but steadily decreased thereafter. The acid value (AV) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased during the first 12 mo of aging, then decreased rapidly after 12 and 18 mo, respectively.

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Variation of Fatty Acids and Antioxidants Contents of Vegetarian Rayeb Milk as Affected by Fortification with Natural and Artificial Sweeteners

Clinical Microbiology and Research ◽

10.31487/j.cmr.2020.01.05 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Magdy Mohamed Ismail ◽

Mohamed Abdou Mousa ◽

Mohamed Ismail Abou-Dobara ◽

Nawal Mohamed Refat

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Essential Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Milk Mixture ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

Rayeb milk (bio-stirred yogurt) samples were prepared from cow milk sesame milk or cow and sesame milk mixture (1:1) with or without adding sucrose (5%), honey (5%), fructose (2.5%) and sorbitol (1.5%) and using ABT-5 culture. Results showed levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA), short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and medium chain fatty acids (MCFA were lower whereas values of unsaturated fatty acids (USFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUSFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUSFA) and long chain fatty acids (LCFA) were higher in sesame milk Rayeb than that of Rayeb manufactured from cow milk. Rayeb made from cow and sesame mixture had higher levels of antioxidant activity than Rayeb prepared from cow milk or sesame milk. The acidity, total solids and total volatile fatty acids values of Rayeb milk treatments contained sweeteners were higher than that of control. The addition of sweeteners decreased SFA, SCFA and MCFA and increased USFA, MUSFA, PUSFA, LCFA and antioxidant activity values of Rayeb milk. Essential fatty acids, linoleic acid (omega-6), α-linolenic acid (omega-3) and oleic acid (omega-9) greatly increased in Rayeb made from cow and sesame milk mixture. Adding sweeteners had the same effect. Fortification of Rayeb milk with sweeteners highly improved the smell, taste, mouth feel, texture and body evaluation scores.

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The Fatty Acids Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Walnut Cold Press Oil

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.3.5489 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (3) ◽

pp. 507-509 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dana Copolovici ◽

Simona Bungau ◽

Rica Boscencu ◽

Delia Mirela Tit ◽

Lucian Copolovici

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Saturated Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acids Composition ◽

Omega 3 ◽

Walnut Oil ◽

Cold Press ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Very High

The fatty acids composition and antioxidant activity have been determinate for cold press walnut oil. It has been found that the total saturated fatty acids have been 8.8 % while poly unsaturated fatty acids have been 72.84 %. The ratio between omega-6 and omega-3 has been determined as 5.06 which could help in human healthy diet. On the same side, the antioxidant activity of the oil is very high at a level of 3.65 mmol L-1 and a ratio between lipophilic and hydrophilic fractions of 9.45.

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Uncommon Fatty Acids and Cardiometabolic Health

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu10101559 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1559 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Kelei Li ◽

Andrew J. Sinclair ◽

Feng Zhao ◽

Duo Li

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Intervention Studies ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Research Progress ◽

Favorable Effect ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Cardiometabolic Health ◽

Furan Fatty Acids

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality. The effects of several unsaturated fatty acids on cardiometabolic health, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), α linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), and oleic acid (OA) have received much attention in past years. In addition, results from recent studies revealed that several other uncommon fatty acids (fatty acids present at a low content or else not contained in usual foods), such as furan fatty acids, n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and conjugated fatty acids, also have favorable effects on cardiometabolic health. In the present report, we searched the literature in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to review the research progress on anti-CVD effect of these uncommon fatty acids. DPA has a favorable effect on cardiometabolic health in a different way to other long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs), such as EPA and DHA. Furan fatty acids and conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) may be potential bioactive fatty acids beneficial for cardiometabolic health, but evidence from intervention studies in humans is still limited, and well-designed clinical trials are required. The favorable effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on cardiometabolic health observed in animal or in vitro cannot be replicated in humans. However, most intervention studies in humans concerning CLA have only evaluated its effect on cardiometabolic risk factors but not its direct effect on risk of CVD, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) will be required to clarify this point. However, several difficulties and limitations exist for conducting RCTs to evaluate the effect of these fatty acids on cardiometabolic health, especially the high costs for purifying the fatty acids from natural sources. This review provides a basis for better nutritional prevention and therapy of CVD.

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Comparison of Biochemical Properties of the Original and Newly Identified Oleate Hydratases from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.03351-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 83 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Woo-Ri Kang ◽

Min-Ju Seo ◽

Kyung-Chul Shin ◽

Jin-Byung Park ◽

Deok-Kun Oh

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Oleic Acid ◽

Linoleic Acid ◽

Linolenic Acid ◽

Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽

Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽

Hydroxy Fatty Acids ◽

Plant Oils ◽

Content Type ◽

Oleate Hydratase

ABSTRACT Oleate hydratases (OhyAs) catalyze the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids to 10-hydroxy fatty acids, which are used as precursors of important industrial compounds, including lactones and ω-hydroxycarboxylic and α,ω-dicarboxylic acids. The genes encoding OhyA and a putative fatty acid hydratase in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia were identified by genomic analysis. The putative fatty acid hydratase was purified and identified as an oleate hydratase (OhyA2) based on its substrate specificity. The activity of OhyA2 as a holoenzyme was not affected by adding cofactors, whereas the activity of the original oleate hydratase (OhyA1) showed an increase. Thus, all characterized OhyAs were categorized as either OhyA1 or OhyA2 based on the activities of holoenzymes upon adding cofactors, which were determined by the type of the fourth conserved amino acid of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding motif. The hydration activities of S. maltophilia OhyA2 toward unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and γ-linolenic acid, were greater than those of OhyA1. Moreover, the specific activity of S. maltophilia OhyA2 toward unsaturated fatty acids, with the exception of γ-linolenic acid, was the highest among all reported OhyAs. IMPORTANCE All characterized OhyAs were categorized as OhyA1s or OhyA2s based on the different properties of the reported and newly identified holo-OhyAs in S. maltophilia upon the addition of cofactors. OhyA2s showed higher activities toward polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), including linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and γ-linolenic acid, than those of OhyA1s. This suggests that OhyA2s can be used more effectively to convert plant oils to 10-hydroxy fatty acids because plant oils contain not only oleic acid but also PUFAs. The hydration activity of the newly identified OhyA2 from S. maltophilia toward oleic acid was the highest among the activity levels reported so far. Therefore, this enzyme is an efficient biocatalyst for the conversion of plant oils to 10-hydroxy fatty acids, which can be further converted to important industrial materials.

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