scholarly journals Swimrun: An emerging new endurance sport

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Romuald Lepers ◽  
François-Xavier Li ◽  
Paul James Stapley
Keyword(s):  
Open Water ◽  
Endurance Sport ◽  
Time Performance ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Trail Running

The swimrun is a new endurance team-sport based on two persons swimming and running alternatively through open water and mostly trails. The aim of this study was to analyse participation and performance trends for males, females and mixed duo team at the ÖTILLÖ Swimrun race (10 km open-water swimming and 65 km trail running). During the 2012–2016 period, the mean total time performance of the best athletes at the ÖTILLÖ Swimrun decreased significantly by 17 min/year for males, 40 min/year for mixed and 59 min/year for females duo, respectively. The difference in performance between the best males and females duo (26 ± 15%) was significantly greater compared to the difference between males and mixed duo (12 ± 8%). The number of swimrun races organized across the world has dramatically increased these last years and will probably continue to grow up in the future. Swimrun athletes are still not very experienced, thus both improvements in performance and reduction in sex difference are expected in the next decade.

scholarly journals How cold is too cold? Establishing the minimum water temperature limits for marathon swim racing

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (17) ◽  
pp. 1078-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Saycell ◽  
Mitch Lomax ◽  
Heather Massey ◽  
Mike Tipton
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Thermal Sensation ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Linear Rate ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

ObjectivesTo provide a rationale for minimum water temperature rules for elite and subelite marathon swim racing and highlight factors that make individuals vulnerable to excessive cooling during open water swimming.Methods12 lean competitive swimmers swam for up to 2 hours, three times in different water temperatures between 14°C and 20°C, wearing standard swimming costumes and hats. Rectal temperature (Tre), oxygen consumption, perception of cold and performance were measured.ResultsIn 16°C, half the swimmers did not complete a 2-hour swim; four became (or were predicted to become) hypothermic within 2 hours. In 18°C, three-quarters completed the swim; three became (or were predicted to become) hypothermic. In 20°C, one swimmer was predicted to become hypothermic in under 2 hours. The mean linear rate of fall of Tre was greater in 16°C (−1.57°C/hour) than 18°C (−1.07°C/hour) (p=0.03). There was no change in swimming performance during the swims or between conditions. Most of the cooling rate could be explained by metabolic heat production and morphology for both 16°C (R2=0.94, p<0.01) and 18°C (R2=0.82, p<0.01) conditions. No relationship was observed between Tre and perception of thermal sensation (r=0.25, p=0.13), and there was a weak correlation between Tre and thermal comfort (r=0.32, p=0.04).ConclusionWe recommend that 16°C and 18°C water are too cold for elite marathon swim racing. FédérationInternationale de Natation rules were changed in 2017 to make wetsuits compulsory below 18°C and optional below 20°C.

scholarly journals Italians Are the Fastest 3000 m Open-Water Master Swimmers in the World

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (14) ◽  
pp. 7606
Author(s):  
Aldo Seffrin ◽  
Claudio A. B. Lira ◽  
Rodrigo L. Vancini ◽  
Douglas A. T. Santos ◽  
Cathia Moser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Open Water ◽  
The United States ◽  
East African ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
And Performance

Background: It is well known that athletes originating from a specific region or country can master specific sports disciplines (e.g., East-African runners in long-distance running). In addition, physical and athletic performance are the result of an interaction between genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors. However, little is known about on what determines sports success and performance for long-distance master swimmers such as origin. The aim of the study was to investigate the participation and performance trends of elite master open-water swimmers competing in the World Championships (WC) in 3000 m open-water swimming between 1986 and 2019. Methods: A total of 9247 valid participants were analyzed using generalized linear models (GLMs) with a gamma probability distribution and log link function. Resultsː Most of the starters were from Italy (1646 participations), followed by the United States of America (USA) (1128 participations) and Germany (959 participations). Swimmers from Italy were significantly faster than swimmers from Canada, Germany, USA, Great Britain and also from all other countries grouped (p < 0.005). The age group from 35–39 years old was significantly faster than athletes from age groups of 25–29 years old, 30–34 years old, 40–44 years old, 45–49 years old and 50–54 years old (p < 0.005). The percentage of local athletes in WC was 36% and varied from 36% (Italy, 2004) to 43 % (Germany), 53% (Italy, 2012) and up to 68 % (USA, 1992). Conclusions: Swimmers from Italy were the faster and the most numerous starters during this period of 27 years and 15 editions all over the world in 3000 m master open-water swimming.

scholarly journals Quantitative electroencephalography as a tool for objective neurophysiological seizure diagnosis: A retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar ◽  
Tribhuwan Kumar ◽  
Kamlesh Jha ◽  
Yogesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Matched Control ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Quantitative Electroencephalography ◽  
Beta Band ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Electrical Activities

Objectives: Seizure is the fourth most common neurological disorder in the world; it affects all age groups with equal possibility of occurrence in both males and females. Many antiepileptic drugs are available today, but its diagnosis is challenging. The present study attempted to see if seizure activities could be predicted by analyzing the pre-seizure electrical activities. The prediction may help in taking preventive measures appropriately beforehand in the individuals with seizure proneness. Material and Methods: We selected 11 generalized seizure patients and 19 control patients out of total 115 patients referred for electro-diagnostics for various reasons. EEG of the subjects recorded, segmented as per protocol, and analyzed using MATLAB and EEGLAB tools. Results: The mean energy level in alpha and beta band of the study subject was significantly lower (P = 0.04 and 0.004, respectively) as compared to the age matched control subjects. Theta and delta bands did not show any significant difference between the groups. The difference between the pre- and post-electrical seizure energy and entropy was statistically insignificant. Conclusion: The study shows that the energy level remains low in the seizure patients in the alpha and beta bands. This further goes down when electrophysiological seizure activities starts. The randomness or entropy does not alter significantly among the seizure subjects in comparison to non-seizure subjects.

The influence of temperature on development, longevity, and fecundity in the Rutherglen bug, Nysius vinitor (Hemiptera : Lygaeidae)

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Kehat ◽  
M Wyndham
Keyword(s):  
Egg Laying ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Threshold Temperature ◽  
Nymphal Development ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fluctuating Temperatures ◽  
Significant Mortality

The mean duration of the egg stage of N. vinitor at constant temperatures ranged from 36.8 days at 15C to 3.8 days at 32C and that of the nymphs from 45 days at 20C to 12.0 days at 32C. Within the range 20-35C egg and nymphal mortalities were low; temperatures of 12 or 40C were lethal to both eggs and nymphs. Mean nymphal development times for males and females were similar. The threshold temperature for egg development was 14.5C and that for nymphs 15C; 70 and 225 day-degrees were required for completing egg and nymphal development respectively. The immature stages developed more rapidly at fluctuating temperatures out of doors than they did indoors at constant temperatures equal to the mean of the fluctuating temperatures. Within the range of screen temperatures 21.5-23.0C the difference between mean development in shade and in sun was 9-10 days. Age-specific fecundity and mortality schedules were determined for N. vinitor at constant temperatures. Temperature and longevity were inversely related and males survived longer than females. Thus at 22OC mean longevity of males was 115 days and of females 90 days, as compared with 31 and 18 days respectively at 30�C. After a maturation period that was longer at lower temperatures, daily egg-laying per female decreased with age from a maximum that occurred before there was significant mortality of females. The rates of the cumulative egg-laying increased with temperature from 22 to 35C. Mean total number of eggs per female was significantly higher at 25 and 30�C than at 22 or 35�C. However, life-table calculations revealed that a temperature of 35�C yielded the maximum rate of population increase. Within the range 22-35C, temperatures and rc values were linearly related. Unmated females laid significantly fewer eggs than those that had mated, but survived longer.

Comparison of feeding behaviour and performance of weaned pigs given food in two types of dry feeders with integrated drinkers

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Laitat ◽  
M. Vandenheede ◽  
A. Désiron ◽  
B. Canart ◽  
B. Nicks
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Multifactor Analysis ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Type V

AbstractPerformance of 80 (tests 1 and 2) or 60 (tests 3 and 4) weaned pigs were compared when using ‘Tubetype’ feeder (T), allowing the animals to mix meal and drinking water, or another type (V) where drinking and eating places are separated. The difference in growth rate was not significant but the mean daily water consumption (1 per pig per day) was higher with T than with V in each test but significantly only in tests 1 and 3 (1·84 v. 1·40, and 2·11 v. 1·26, P < 0·01).Feeding behaviour was assessed during tests 2 and 4. Multifactor analysis of variance revealed effects (P < 0·01) of feeder, group size and period of the day on the occupation time and the average number of animals using the feeders simultaneously. These two variables were higher for V than for T (test 2: 23·4 per 24 h v. 21·5 per 24 h and 4·5 v. 3·7, P < 0·05; test 4: 20·0 per 24 h v. 18·2 per 24 h, P< 0·01). In each test, both feeders were used for a longer time and by more piglets during the ‘day’ than during the ‘night’ (P < 0·01). When grouping 40 pigs, animals used both feeders during almost all the day period (V: 15·9 per 16 h and T: 15·8 per 16 h). During the night period, this was only true with V (V: 7·4 per 8 h; T: 5·8 per 8 h). The use of feeder V in crowded conditions thus prevented preferential diurnal feeding activity, commonly described in pigs. In conclusion, even if productivity is not affected, feeding behaviour and thus eventually welfare are influenced by the type of feeder, especially with high numbers of animals.

Seasonal Field Energetics of the Rufous Rat-Kangaroo (Aepyprymnus-Rufescens)

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 279 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Wallis ◽  
B Green
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Behavioural Ecology ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Doubly Labelled Water ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Water flux and field metabolic rate (FMR) were measured by the doubly labelled water (DLW) method in free-living male and female rufous rat-kangaroos Aepyprymnus rufescens near Drake in northern New South Wales. The mean FMR of 499 kJ kg-1 day-1 was similar in winter and summer even though the difference in mean minimum temperatures between the two seasons was 20-degrees-C. Furthermore, we did not find any differences in FMR between males and females even though several females carried large pouch young or had young-at-foot. A poor understanding of the diet and the behavioural ecology of A. rufescens makes ft difficult to explain the similarities between sexes and seasons.

scholarly journals Establishment of a new relationship between posed smile width and lower facial height: A cross-sectional study

2015 ◽  
Vol 09 (03) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aby Abraham ◽  
Jinu George ◽  
Elbe Peter ◽  
Koshi Philip ◽  
Rajesh Chankramath ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Facial Height ◽  
The Face ◽  
Facial Proportions ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACT Objective: The present study is intended to add a new parameter that would be useful in orthodontic clinical evaluation, treatment planning, and determination of vertical dimension (at occlusion). Materials and Methods: Standardized videographic recording of 79 subjects during posed smile was captured. Each video was then cut into 30 photos using the free studio software. The widest commissure-to-commissure posed smile frame (posed smile width [SW]) was selected as one of 10 or more frames showing an identical smile. Lower third of the face is measured from subnasale to soft tissue menton using a digital vernier caliper. Two values were then compared. Ratio between lower facial height and posed SW was calculated. Results: The co-relation between smiling width and lower facial height was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.01). The ratio of lower facial height and smiling width was calculated as 1.0016 with a standard deviation (SD) = 0.04 in males and 1.0301 with an SD = 0.07 in females. The difference between the mean lower facial height in males and females was statistically significant with a t = 10.231 and P = 0.000. The difference between the mean smiling width in males and females was also statistically significant with a t = 5.653 and P = 0.000. Conclusion: In class I subjects with pleasing appearance, normal facial proportions, normal overjet and overbite, and average Frankfort mandibular angle, the lower facial height (subnasale to soft tissue menton) is equal to posed SW.

scholarly journals The Haemoglobin Concentration of Normal English Males and Females

1933 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Jenkins ◽  
C. S. D. Don
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Experimental Accuracy ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Made In

The determination of the mean normal haemoglobin concentration has re ceived more attention in America than in this country. Recently Price-Jones (1931) has compared the values in London with those found in America. He used the Haldane haemoglobinometer and his results are as accurate as is possible having regard to the method employed. In America his results were 3 percent. above those of the Haldane gas analysis apparatus (1901) by which theclinical instrument is supposed to be calibrated. Twenty comparisons were made in America and showed that the Haldane gas apparatus gave results averaging 2·6 per cent. below those of the Van Slyke apparatus. Price-Jones considers this to have no statistical significance. From the standpoint of experimental accuracy the difference is appreciable, as all methods for the measurement of oxygen combined with Hb are essentially pragmatic.

RATING OF THE VALENCE OF TWENTY NEGATIVES IMAGES FROM IAPS BY A SAMPLE OF MOROCCAN NURSE STUDENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 383-391
Author(s):  
Lahcen Bandadi ◽  
Nadia Chamkal ◽  
Ahmed O. T. Ahami
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Stimulus ◽  
Negative Aspect ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Negative Images ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nurse Students

This study aims to rate twenty negative images from IAPS among a sample nurse students. We compare the mean valences between males and females and between participants from the final semester and participants from the first semester. The comparison of the mean valences values between the current study and the norm mean valence values from IAPS was established. null We tested 100 students from Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Technics of Health, Rabat, Morocco, were recruited. The panel valence from SAM was cued to evaluate the perceived pleasure and unpleased degree after exposing the different images from IAPS to the participants. The displeasure degree among nurse students from final semester is lower than that of the first semester with a significant difference in sixteen images. Regarding the difference between males and females, the significant difference was observed only in five images. The all images evaluated by participant were perceived as negative (valence <4). Regarding the comparison of the mean valences values between a the current study and the norm mean valence values from IAPS significant differences were observed. Nurse students from the final semester, compared to the first semester students, perceived the negative images assessed as less unpleasant. However, we noted that the all images have kept the negative aspect. These results show that these images can be used as a negative emotional stimulus among this population.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Swimming Disciplines—Can Women Outperform Men in Swimming?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 3651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beat Knechtle ◽  
Athanasios A. Dalamitros ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa ◽  
Caio Victor Sousa ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Female Dominance ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
The Difference

In recent years, the interest of female dominance in long-distance swimming has grown where several newspaper articles have been published speculating about female performance and dominance—especially in open-water ultra-distance swimming. The aim of this narrative review is to review the scientific literature regarding the difference between the sexes for all swimming strokes (i.e., butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle and individual medley), different distances (i.e., from sprint to ultra-distances), extreme conditions (i.e., cold water), different ages and swimming integrated in multi-sports disciplines, such as triathlon, in various age groups and over calendar years. The influence of various physiological, psychological, anthropometrical and biomechanical aspects to potentially explain the female dominance was also discussed. The data bases Scopus and PUBMED were searched by April 2020 for the terms ’sex–difference–swimming’. Long-distance open-water swimmers and pool swimmers of different ages and performance levels were mainly investigated. In open-water long-distance swimming events of the ’Triple Crown of Open Water Swimming’ with the ’Catalina Channel Swim’, the ’English Channel Swim’ and the ’Manhattan Island Marathon Swim’, women were about 0.06 km/h faster than men. In master swimmers (i.e., age groups 25–29 to 90–94 years) competing in the FINA (Fédération Internationale de Natation) World Championships in pool swimming in freestyle, backstroke, butterfly, breaststroke, individual medley and in 3000-m open-water swimming, women master swimmers appeared able to achieve similar performances as men in the oldest age groups (i.e., older than 75–80 years). In boys and girls aged 5–18 years—and listed in the all-time top 100 U.S. freestyle swimming performances from 50 m to 1500 m—the five fastest girls were faster than the five fastest boys until the age of ~10 years. After the age of 10 years, and until the age of 17 years, however, boys were increasingly faster than girls. Therefore, women tended to decrease the existing sex differences in specific age groups (i.e., younger than 10 years and older than 75–80 years) and swimming strokes in pool-swimming or even to overperform men in long-distance open-water swimming (distance of ~30 km), especially under extreme weather conditions (water colder than ~20 °C). Two main variables may explain why women can swim faster than men in open-water swimming events: (i) the long distance of around 30 km, (ii) and water colder than ~20 °C. Future studies may investigate more detailed (e.g., anthropometry) the very young (<10 years) and very old (>75–80 years) age groups in swimming

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