Comparison of feeding behaviour and performance of weaned pigs given food in two types of dry feeders with integrated drinkers

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Laitat ◽  
M. Vandenheede ◽  
A. Désiron ◽  
B. Canart ◽  
B. Nicks
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Multifactor Analysis ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Type V

AbstractPerformance of 80 (tests 1 and 2) or 60 (tests 3 and 4) weaned pigs were compared when using ‘Tubetype’ feeder (T), allowing the animals to mix meal and drinking water, or another type (V) where drinking and eating places are separated. The difference in growth rate was not significant but the mean daily water consumption (1 per pig per day) was higher with T than with V in each test but significantly only in tests 1 and 3 (1·84 v. 1·40, and 2·11 v. 1·26, P < 0·01).Feeding behaviour was assessed during tests 2 and 4. Multifactor analysis of variance revealed effects (P < 0·01) of feeder, group size and period of the day on the occupation time and the average number of animals using the feeders simultaneously. These two variables were higher for V than for T (test 2: 23·4 per 24 h v. 21·5 per 24 h and 4·5 v. 3·7, P < 0·05; test 4: 20·0 per 24 h v. 18·2 per 24 h, P< 0·01). In each test, both feeders were used for a longer time and by more piglets during the ‘day’ than during the ‘night’ (P < 0·01). When grouping 40 pigs, animals used both feeders during almost all the day period (V: 15·9 per 16 h and T: 15·8 per 16 h). During the night period, this was only true with V (V: 7·4 per 8 h; T: 5·8 per 8 h). The use of feeder V in crowded conditions thus prevented preferential diurnal feeding activity, commonly described in pigs. In conclusion, even if productivity is not affected, feeding behaviour and thus eventually welfare are influenced by the type of feeder, especially with high numbers of animals.

Comparison of performance, water intake and feeding behaviour of weaned pigs given either pellets or meal

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Laitat ◽  
M. Vandenheede ◽  
A. Désiron ◽  
B. Canart ◽  
B. Nicks
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Water Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Feeding Activity ◽  
Food Presentation ◽  
Occupation Time ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Animal Density ◽  
Daily Water Intake ◽  
Daily Water

AbstractPerformance, water intake and feeding behaviour of two groups of 30 (trial 1), 40 (trial 2) or 50 (trial 3) weaned pigs offered either pellets or meal of the same formulation were compared.Average daily weight gains (ADG) were higher for pigs given pellets rather than meal in trials 2 (413 v. 363 g/day,P < 0·001) and 3 (356 v. 324 g/day, P < 0·05). Mean daily water intake (DWI) was higher with meal than with pellets but only during trial 1 (2·31 v. 1·65 I/day, P < 0·01).The occupation time (ОT) and the number of animals using the feeder simultaneously (N) were higher when pigs were given meal rather than pellets, whatever the animal density: trial 1: 82·6 v. 69·9% (P = 0·05) and 3·8 v. 2·3 (P < 0·01); trial 2: 90·9 v. 77·9% (P > 0·05) and 5·2 v. 3·1 (P < 0·01); trial 3: 96·2 v. 83·6% (P < 0·05) and 5·9 v. 3·8 (P < 0Ό1). When using pellets, ОT and N were always significantly lower during the night than during the day but when using meal in groups of 40 and 50, ОT during the night was almost as high as during the day.The greater the group size, the lower were ADG (both diets) and DWI (only with meal) and the higher were ОT and N (both diets). Furthermore, significant linear and curvilinear regressions of DWI, ОT and N according to time were calculated.In conclusion, pigs need more time to eat meal than to eat pellets. Thus the number of pigs per feeder has to be adapted to the food presentation. Too high a number of pigs per feeder impairs feeding behaviour and eventually welfare, by preventing preferential diurnal feeding activity and this may affect productivity.

scholarly journals Contraceptive User’s Profile

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka R Gunardi
Keyword(s):  
Obstet Gynecol ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Contraceptive Methods ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Population ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost

Objective: To obtain informations regarding the profile of contraceptive users in Raden Saleh Clinic, Jakarta. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2012, at Raden Saleh Clinic, Jakarta. The study population was the patient who came to Raden Saleh Clinic from 2008 until 2011. Results: The mean age of the contraception users was 34.06 and the mean of their husband’s age was 38.91 years old. Most of the patients were graduated from senior high school (43.2%) and university (37.9%). More than half of the patients (55.2%) were not working and more than a half of their husband (53.2%) were private employee. Almost all (92.6%) of the patient were married. Most of the patient (38.8%) came with no prior contraception. After consultation, all patients had chosen their preferred contraceptive methods, namely IUD (61.4%), injectable contraception (20.9%), pill (13.7%), sterilization (3.4%), and implant (0.6%). Conclusion: Family planning reduces maternal mortality and the best method is different for each patient because of the difference in their own condition and the consideration of the cost and benefit. [Indones J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 1-4:179-82] Keywords: contraception, contraceptive users profile

A Portrait of Pacing Profile of Cross-Country Skiers in the Vasaloppet 2004–2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (11) ◽  
pp. 875-880
Author(s):  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Elias Villiger ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Race Time ◽  
Performance Group ◽  
Pacing Strategies ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine the effect of performance group by race time (10 groups;<3 h, 3–4 h, and so on up to>12 h) on pacing in women (n=19,465) and men (n=164,454) finishers in the ‘Vasaloppet’ cross-country (XC) skiing race from 2004 to 2017. The speed in the fastest and slowest split was analysed as a percentage of the mean race speed and pacing was defined as the difference (%) between the fastest and slowest split. Women had a larger pace range than men (44.0±10.6% versus 41.1±12.5%, respectively, p<0.001, d=0.25). An almost perfect relationship between performance group and pacing was observed in women (r=0.900, p<0.001) and men (r=0.908, p<0.001). A large main effect of performance on pacing was observed in women (p<0.001, η2=0.292), where the smaller range was in the<4 h group (22.8±3.3%) and the largest in the 10–11 h group (49.2±9.9%). In men, the corresponding values were 21.6±2.2% (<3 h group) and 51.6±11.2% (10–11 h group; p<0.001, η2=0.474). Based on these findings, it was concluded that fast XC skiers had relatively the most even pacing and pacing became less even with decreasing performance. This information is of practical value for coaches working with XC skiers to develop optimal sex- and performance-tailored pacing strategies.

Further studies on the heat production and effective lower critical temperature of early-weaned pigs under commercial conditions of feeding and management

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. McCracken ◽  
R. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Thermal Conductance ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Respiration Chamber ◽  
Lower Critical Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Practical Implications

ABSTRACTIn two separate experiments pigs were weaned at 14 or 28 days and heat production was determined in an open-circuit respiration chamber at temperatures above and below the lower critical temperature (Tcl) at intervals during the post-weaning period.With 14-day weaned pigs the mean 24 h heat production above Tc1 averaged 267, 328, 474 and 554 kJ/h per m2 at 3, 9, 15 and 21 days post weaning respectively. The mean thermal conductance (H/AT, kJ/h per m2 per °ΔT, where H is total heat production, m2 is the surface area calculated as 0·097 M kg0·633 and °Δ is the difference between rectal temperature, taken at 39°, and air temperature) below TC1 was calculated as 20·5, 20·1, 23·1 and 24·2 at 17, 23, 29 and 35 days of age respectively and the corresponding values for Tc1 were 25·9, 23·0, 18·4 and 16·0°C.With 28-day weaned pigs the mean 24 h heat production above Tc1 averaged 280, 361 and 445 kJ/h per m2 at 3, 9 and 15 days post weaning. The calculated values for H/ΔT were 19·7, 20·8 and 21·6 and the corresponding values of Tcl were 24·8, 21·7, and 18·8°C at 31, 37 and 43 days of age respectively.The results are discussed in relation to previous studies on 10-day and 28-day weaned pigs and in relation to the practical implications for pigs weaned into controlled-environment accommodation.

POST-DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT OF SYMPATRIC CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS AND C. RETINIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND THEIR HYBRIDS

1985 ◽  
Vol 117 (12) ◽  
pp. 1479-1488 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jan A. Volney ◽  
Andrew M. Liebhold
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Choristoneura Occidentalis ◽  
Resource Tracking ◽  
Temporal Isolation ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Diapause Development ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Spring Emergence

AbstractEmergence from hibernacula of 2nd instars of Choristoneura occidentalis was more variable but later than that of C. retiniana. However, early-instar development was faster in C. occidentalis and compensated for the difference in emergence times so that both species entered the 6th instar simultaneously. There were no species-related differences in development beyond the 6th instar. Though they have different resource-tracking patterns early in their life cycle, temporal isolation between these species is unlikely. No developmental morphs were found in either species but there were several instances where individuals that developed at an increased (or decreased) rate in one stage developed slower (or faster) than the mean rate in a substantial stage. Negative correlations between development times were indicative of this. These correlations reduced variation in adult eclosion times induced by extended spring emergence and are indicative of homeostasis in development within populations. Negative correlation coefficients between development periods were more common in C. occidentalis, which also had the more variable spring-emergence pattern. Hybrids were intermediate in almost all development traits.

Effect of body condition at calving on the health and performance of dairy cows

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Treacher ◽  
I. M. Reid ◽  
C. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Daily Milk ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTTwo groups of nine British Friesian cows were fed from about 32 weeks before calving to achieve condition scores at calving of 2·5 (thin) and 4 (fat). For 10 weeks after calving all cows were offered 7 kg hay daily in four feeds, with concentrates given five times daily according to appetite.During early lactation, the group of fat cows had lower dry-matter intakes and daily milk yields and yielded less milk protein and lactose than the group of thin cows. The mean yield of milk over the whole lactation was 500 kg less in the fat cows but the difference was not significant. The fat cows lost 48 kg body weight and 1·20 units condition score during early lactation compared with 27 kg body weight and 0·52 units condition score in the thin cows. No difference in reproductive performance was found between the two groups but significantly more cases of disease occurred in the fat cows than in the thin cows.It is concluded that cows that are fat at calving eat less than thin cows, give the same or less milk than thin cows, mobolize more body tissue and lose more weight after calving than thin cows and suffer more disease.

scholarly journals Swimrun: An emerging new endurance sport

2018 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Romuald Lepers ◽  
François-Xavier Li ◽  
Paul James Stapley
Keyword(s):  
Open Water ◽  
Endurance Sport ◽  
Time Performance ◽  
Performance Trends ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Open Water Swimming ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Trail Running

The swimrun is a new endurance team-sport based on two persons swimming and running alternatively through open water and mostly trails. The aim of this study was to analyse participation and performance trends for males, females and mixed duo team at the ÖTILLÖ Swimrun race (10 km open-water swimming and 65 km trail running). During the 2012–2016 period, the mean total time performance of the best athletes at the ÖTILLÖ Swimrun decreased significantly by 17 min/year for males, 40 min/year for mixed and 59 min/year for females duo, respectively. The difference in performance between the best males and females duo (26 ± 15%) was significantly greater compared to the difference between males and mixed duo (12 ± 8%). The number of swimrun races organized across the world has dramatically increased these last years and will probably continue to grow up in the future. Swimrun athletes are still not very experienced, thus both improvements in performance and reduction in sex difference are expected in the next decade.

Performance of Friesian cows with high and low breeding indexes 1. Stall feeding and grazing experiments and performance during the whole lactation

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Grainger ◽  
A. W. F. Davey ◽  
C. W. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Feeding Experiments ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTThe performance of 38 Friesian cows with either high or low breeding indexes was measured during the whole lactation and in short-term experiments where the cows were individually given cut pasture in stalls, or grazed on pasture.Cows with high breeding indexes produced more milk fat than did cows with low breeding indexes in the short-term experiments, and during the whole lactation. There was close agreement between the expected differences (predicted from breeding indexes) and the measured differences in milk fat yield. When fresh cut pasture was given ad libitum in stalls the intake per cow was the same between genotypes. However, when intake was expressed per unit of metabolic weight, the mean pasture drymatter intake of the high breeding index cows was 1·05 of that of the low breeding index cows, but the difference was significant in only one of the four indoor feeding experiments.The difference between genotypes in size was not regarded as significant because the differences in mean live weight at calving (high breeding index – low breeding index) of the animals purchased in the 1st and 2nd years were –28 and 9 kg respectively. During the whole lactation, low breeding index cows gained significantly more live weight and lost significantly less body condition than did the high breeding index cows. No significant differences in live-weight and body-condition changes could be detected during the shorter periods (4 to 5 weeks) of the indoor feeding and grazing experiments.It can be calculated that the higher milk production of the high breeding index cows could be explained partly because they eat more (per unit metabolic live weight) and more importantly because they divert a higher proportion of the food they eat to milk production and a lower proportion to live-weight gain than do the low breeding index cows.

Feeding behaviour of tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes Austen) on Trypanosoma-infected oxen in Kenya

Parasitology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Baylis ◽  
A. L. Mbwabi
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Daily Variation ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Trypanosoma Vivax ◽  
Movement Rate ◽  
Feeding Success ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

SUMMARYAn incomplete ring of electric nets was placed around oxen which were either uninfected, infected with Trypanosoma vivax, or infected with T. congolense. The numbers of fed and unfed Glossina pallidipes caught on the nets were used to estimate the attractiveness of the oxen to tsetse, and the feeding success of the tsetse on the oxen. Oxen infected with T. congolense attracted more G. pallidipes than the other groups of oxen. Taking into consideration daily variation in the abundance or activity of the flies, oxen infected with T. congolense were about 70% more attractive to G. pallidipes than were uninfected oxen or oxen infected with T. vivax. The latter two groups mostly attracted high numbers of G. pallidipes on days when the flies were especially abundant or active. The feeding success of G. pallidipes declined with increase in the rate at which oxen made anti-fly movements. Taking this movement rate into consideration, the feeding success of G. pallidipes on oxen infected with T. congolense was approximately 60% greater than on uninfected oxen or oxen infected with T. vivax. It is suggested that vasodilation induced by T. congolense may account for the difference in feeding success. The level of parasitaemia of T. congolense or T. vivax was not found to affect either the attractiveness of oxen or the feeding success on oxen. There was significant daily variation in the mean fat content of male G. pallidipes caught around the oxen but no effect of mean daily fat content on the proportion of males that fed. The mean haematin content of fed male G. pallidipes was positively correlated with the packed cell volume of the ox on which they fed.

The Effect of Vocabulary Intervention on Text Comprehension: Who Benefits?

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawna Duff
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Text Comprehension ◽  
Classroom Instruction ◽  
Vocabulary Instruction ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Vocabulary Knowledge ◽  
Vocabulary Intervention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Purpose Vocabulary intervention can improve comprehension of texts containing taught words, but it is unclear if all middle school readers get this benefit. This study tests 2 hypotheses about variables that predict response to vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: gains in vocabulary knowledge due to treatment and pretreatment reading comprehension scores. Method Students in Grade 6 ( N = 23) completed a 5-session intervention based on robust vocabulary instruction (RVI). Knowledge of the semantics of taught words was measured pre- and posttreatment. Participants then read 2 matched texts, 1 containing taught words (treated) and 1 not (untreated). Treated texts and taught word lists were counterbalanced across participants. The difference between text comprehension scores in treated and untreated conditions was taken as a measure of the effect of RVI on text comprehension. Results RVI resulted in significant gains in knowledge of taught words ( d RM = 2.26) and text comprehension ( d RM = 0.31). The extent of gains in vocabulary knowledge after vocabulary treatment did not predict the effect of RVI on comprehension of texts. However, untreated reading comprehension scores moderated the effect of the vocabulary treatment on text comprehension: Lower reading comprehension was associated with greater gains in text comprehension. Readers with comprehension scores below the mean experienced large gains in comprehension, but those with average/above average reading comprehension scores did not. Conclusion Vocabulary instruction had a larger effect on text comprehension for readers in Grade 6 who had lower untreated reading comprehension scores. In contrast, the amount that children learned about taught vocabulary did not predict the effect of vocabulary instruction on text comprehension. This has implications for the identification of 6th-grade students who would benefit from classroom instruction or clinical intervention targeting vocabulary knowledge.

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