Effects of Aging on Hemodynamic Kinetics in Different Intensities of Dynamic Exercise

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matheus Borghi-Ricardo ◽  
Rodrigo Polaquini Simões ◽  
Daniel Augusto Santos ◽  
Bruno Archiza ◽  
Audrey Borghi-Silva
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Strong Negative Relationship ◽  
Effects Of Aging

AbstractHealthy aging hemodynamics is known to exhibit a time-dependent loss of function. We aimed at verifying whether older men would have a slowed cardiac output and stroke volume dynamics in response to the onset (“on”) and on recovery (“off”) of exercise in comparison to young men. Twenty healthy active men (10 young and 10 older) were recruited. Participants performed an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing on a cycle ergometer, and on another day, 3 constant workload tests in different intensities. Compared to younger, older men exhibited a slower cardiac output and stroke volume dynamics in both on and off transients for all exercise intensities (all P < 0.05). During higher intensities, both younger and older men had slower hemodynamic kinetics compared to lower intensities (all P < 0.05). There was strong negative relationship between the time constant of cardiac output on-kinetics during high-intensity with maximal exercise performance in both groups (r = –0.88, P < 0.01). We interpret these findings to mean that healthy older men have slowed hemodynamic kinetics compared to younger, but this difference becomes less evident in higher intensities of exercise.

Influence of age and gender on cardiac output-V˙o 2 relationships during submaximal cycle ergometry

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 599-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
David N. Proctor ◽  
Kenneth C. Beck ◽  
Peter H. Shen ◽  
Tamara J. Eickhoff ◽  
John R. Halliwill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Cycle Ergometry ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Leg Cycle Ergometry ◽  
Younger Men ◽  
And Gender

Proctor, David N., Kenneth C. Beck, Peter H. Shen, Tamara J. Eickhoff, John R. Halliwill, and Michael J. Joyner. Influence of age and gender on cardiac output-V˙o 2 relationships during submaximal cycle ergometry. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2): 599–605, 1998.—It is presently unclear how gender, aging, and physical activity status interact to determine the magnitude of the rise in cardiac output (Q˙c) during dynamic exercise. To clarify this issue, the present study examined theQ˙c-O2 uptake (V˙o 2) relationship during graded leg cycle ergometry in 30 chronically endurance-trained subjects from four groups ( n = 6–8/group): younger men (20–30 yr), older men (56–72 yr), younger women (24–31 yr), and older women (51–72 yr). Q˙c (acetylene rebreathing), stroke volume (Q˙c/heart rate), and whole bodyV˙o 2 were measured at rest and during submaximal exercise intensities (40, 70, and ∼90% of peakV˙o 2). Baseline resting levels of Q˙c were 0.6–1.2 l/min less in the older groups. However, the slopes of theQ˙c-V˙o 2relationship across submaximal levels of cycling were similar among all four groups (5.4–5.9 l/l). The absolute Q˙c associated with a given V˙o 2(1.0–2.0 l/min) was also similar among groups. Resting and exercise stroke volumes (ml/beat) were lower in women than in men but did not differ among age groups. However, older men and women showed a reduced ability, relative to their younger counterparts, to maintain stroke volume at exercise intensities above 70% of peakV˙o 2. This latter effect was most prominent in the oldest women. These findings suggest that neither age nor gender has a significant impact on theQ˙c-V˙o 2relationships during submaximal cycle ergometry among chronically endurance-trained individuals.

Abstract 15411: Healthy Aging Reduces Stroke Volume but Not Longitudinal Pumping at Rest or During Exercise

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin G Tayon ◽  
James P Macnamara ◽  
William K Cornwell ◽  
Erin Howden ◽  
Michinari Hieda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Systolic Function ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Longitudinal Motion ◽  
Longitudinal Contraction ◽  
Cardiac Atrophy ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Rest And Exercise

Background: Healthy sedentary aging is accompanied by cardiac atrophy and decreases in left ventricular (LV) size, but its effects on longitudinal motion are unclear. Longitudinal pumping, generated by descent of the mitral annulus, efficiently contributes to the LV stroke volume (SV). This study aimed to determine the relative contribution of longitudinal motion to stroke volume at rest and exercise in healthy young and senior adults. Methods: Cardiopulmonary exercise testing with concurrent 3D echocardiography was performed in 22 subjects free of cardiovascular disease (Young n=12, age 32±2 years, Senior n=10, age 70±4 years) at rest and during submaximal exercise at a targeted heart rate of 100 bpm (Young 104±35 watts, Senior 83±36 watts, p = 0.18). Mitral annular excursion (MAE) and LV SV were measured using multi-beat 3D echo acquisition at rest and during sub-maximal exercise. MAE volume (MAEV) was measured by multiplying MAE by short axis area at the base of the LV. Relative longitudinal pumping was measured by dividing the MAEV and SV (%). Results: MAE and MAEV were similar between the young and senior groups at rest (Figure) and both increased with exercise (MAE Young: Δ4.0mm vs Δ Senior 3.3 mm, group x exercise p = 0.459, MAEV Young: 10.2 ml vs Δ Senior 7.1 ml, group x exercise p = 0.280). SV was lower in the senior group at both rest and exercise (group p = 0.024, group x exercise p = 0.029). While the relative contribution of longitudinal pumping to stroke volume during rest was higher in the senior group (group p = 0.013), there was no differential change with exercise (Young: Δ7.6% vs Senior Δ 7.9%, group x exercise p = 0.938). Conclusions: With sedentary aging, mitral annular excursion volume, a novel measure of systolic function, remains unchanged and results in higher relative contribution to a diminished stroke volume. Yet, the response to exercise is identical across the age groups, suggesting that efficient longitudinal contraction is preserved despite cardiac atrophy.

Appropriate heart rate during exercise in Fontan patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 674-680
Author(s):  
Eva R. Hedlund ◽  
Liselott Söderström ◽  
Bo Lundell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Heart Rate Recovery ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Oxygen Pulse ◽  
Maximal Effort ◽  
Fontan Patients

AbstractObjective:To evaluate heart rate against workload and oxygen consumption during exercise in Fontan patients.Method:Fontan patients (n = 27) and healthy controls (n = 25) underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing with linear increase of load. Heart rate and oxygen uptake were measured during tests. Heart rate recovery was recorded for 10 minutes.Results:Heart rate at midpoint (140 ± 14 versus 153 ± 11, p < 0.001) and at maximal effort (171 ± 14 versus 191 ± 10 beats per minute, p < 0.001) of test was lower for patients than controls. Heart rate recovery was similar between groups. Heart rate in relation to workload was higher for patients than controls both at midpoint and maximal effort. Heart rate in relation to oxygen uptake was similar between groups throughout test. Oxygen pulse, an indirect surrogate measure of stroke volume, was reduced at maximal effort in patients compared to controls (6.6 ± 1.1 versus 7.5 ± 1.4 ml·beat−1·m−2, p < 0.05) and increased significantly less from midpoint to maximal effort for patients than controls (p < 0.05).Conclusions:Heart rate is increased in relation to workload in Fontan patients compared with controls. At higher loads, Fontan patients seem to have reduced heart rate and smaller increase in oxygen pulse, which may be explained by inability to further increase stroke volume and cardiac output. Reduced ability to increase or maintain stroke volume at higher heart rates may be an important limiting factor for maximal cardiac output, oxygen uptake, and physical performance.

scholarly journals Cardiac output estimated noninvasively from oxygen uptake during exercise

1997 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 908-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Stringer ◽  
James E. Hansen ◽  
K. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Congestive Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Exercise Testing ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood

Stringer, William W., James E. Hansen, and K. Wasserman.Cardiac output estimated noninvasively from oxygen uptake during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(3): 908–912, 1997.—Because gas-exchange measurements during cardiopulmonary exercise testing allow noninvasive measurement of oxygen uptake (V˙o 2), which is equal to cardiac output (CO) × arteriovenous oxygen content difference [C(a-[Formula: see text])], CO and stroke volume could theoretically be estimated if the C(a-[Formula: see text]) increased in a predictable fashion as a function of %maximumV˙o 2(V˙o 2 max) during exercise. To investigate the behavior of C(a-[Formula: see text]) during progressively increasing ramp pattern cycle ergometry exercise, 5 healthy subjects performed 10 studies to exhaustion while arterial and mixed venous blood were sampled. Samples were analyzed for blood gases (pH, [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text]) and oxyhemoglobin and hemoglobin concentration with a CO-oximeter. The C(a-[Formula: see text]) (ml/100 ml) could be estimated with a linear regression [C(a-[Formula: see text]) = 5.72 + 0.105 × %V˙o 2 max; r = 0.94]. The CO estimated from the C(a-[Formula: see text]) by using the above linear regression was well correlated with the CO determined by the direct Fick method ( r = 0.96). The coefficient of variation of the estimated CO was small (7–9%) between the lactic acidosis threshold and peakV˙o 2. The behavior of C(a-[Formula: see text]), as related to peakV˙o 2, was similar regardless of cardiac function compared with similar measurements from studies in the literature performed in normal and congestive heart failure patients. In summary, CO and stroke volume can be estimated during progressive work rate exercise testing from measuredV˙o 2 (in normal subjects and patients with congestive heart failure), and the resultant linear regression equation provides a good estimate of C(a-[Formula: see text]).

scholarly journals Healthy aging does not compromise the augmentation of cardiac function during heat stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 885-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Gagnon ◽  
Steven A. Romero ◽  
Hai Ngo ◽  
Satyam Sarma ◽  
William K. Cornwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Cardiac Function ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Filling Pressure ◽  
Volume Loading ◽  
Cardiac Filling Pressure ◽  
Chronotropic Response ◽  
Cardiac Filling

During heat stress, stroke volume is maintained in young adults despite reductions in cardiac filling pressures. This is achieved by a general augmentation of cardiac function, highlighted by a left and upward shift of the Frank-Starling relation. In contrast, healthy aged adults are unable to maintain stroke volume during heat stress. We hypothesized that this would be associated with a lack of shift in the Frank-Starling relation. Frank-Starling relations were examined in 11 aged [69 ± 4 (SD) yr, 4 men/7 women] and 12 young (26 ± 5 yr, 6 men/6 women) adults during normothermic and heat stress (1.5°C increase in core temperature) conditions. During heat stress, increases in cardiac output were attenuated in aged adults (+2.5 ± 0.3 (95% CI) vs. young: +4.5 ± 0.5 l/min, P < 0.01) because of an attenuated chronotropic response (+30 ± 4 vs. young: +42 ± 5 beats/min, P < 0.01). In contrast to our hypothesis, a leftward shift of the Frank-Starling relation maintained stroke volume during heat stress in aged adults (76 ± 8 vs. normothermic: 74 ± 8 ml, P = 0.38) despite reductions in cardiac filling pressure (6.6 ± 1.0 vs. normothermic: 8.9 ± 1.1 mmHg, P < 0.01). In a subset of participants, volume loading was used to return cardiac filling pressure during heat stress to normothermic values, which resulted in a greater stroke volume for a given cardiac filling pressure in both groups. These results demonstrate that the Frank-Starling relation shifts during heat stress in healthy young and aged adults, thereby preserving stroke volume despite reductions in cardiac filling pressures.

Cardiovascular responses in black and white males during exercise

1993 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 755-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Berry ◽  
T. J. Zehnder ◽  
C. B. Berry ◽  
S. E. Davis ◽  
S. K. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Submaximal Exercise ◽  
O2 Consumption ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Blacks And Whites

Previous investigations have shown blacks to have a significantly lower resting heart rate (HR) compared with whites. Our purpose was to determine if this difference exists during submaximal exercise and to compare other cardiovascular responses during submaximal exercise in black and white males. Sixteen black and 16 white males matched on age, body surface area, and maximal O2 consumption exercised at 0, 50, and 100 W on a cycle ergometer. HR, O2 consumption, and cardiac output via CO2 rebreathing were measured at rest and at each work rate. Stroke volume was then calculated. O2 consumption was not significantly different between blacks and whites at rest or at work rates of 0, 50, or 100 W. Cardiac output increased from rest with 0, 50, and 100 W work for both blacks and whites (6.1 to 13.0, 14.4, and 16.9 l/min and 5.7 to 12.2, 14.3, and 16.3 l/min, respectively). The differences in cardiac output between blacks and whites at rest and all work rates were not statistically significant. At rest and work rates of 0, 50, and 100 W, HR was significantly lower in blacks compared with whites (71, 99, 108, and 119 beats/min vs. 80, 107, 114, and 127 beats/min, respectively). The lower HR in blacks compared with whites was accompanied by a trend toward a higher stroke volume at rest and work rates of 0, 50, and 100 W (85.2, 130.3, 134.7, and 142.9 ml vs. 72.5, 114.9, 126.4, and 127.4 ml, respectively). No differences in resting blood pressures were found.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

High-intensity endurance training in 20- to 30- and 60- to 70-yr-old healthy men

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 1792-1798 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Makrides ◽  
G. J. Heigenhauser ◽  
N. L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Vascular Conductance ◽  
Isokinetic Test ◽  
Ergometer Exercise ◽  
Young Subjects

Factors contributing to maximal incremental and short-term exercise capacity were measured before and after 12 wk of high-intensity endurance training in 12 old (60-70 yr) and 10 young (20-30 yr) sedentary healthy males. Peak O2 uptake in incremental cycle ergometer exercise increased from 1.60 +/- 0.073 to 2.21 +/- 0.073 (SE) l/min (38% increase) in the old subjects and from 2.54 +/- 0.141 to 3.26 +/- 0.181 l/min (29%) in the young subjects. Peak cardiac output, estimated by extrapolation from a series of submaximal measurements by the CO2 rebreathing method, increased by 30% (from 12.7 to 16.5 l/min) in the old subjects, associated with a 6% increase (from 126 to 135 ml/l) in arteriovenous O2 difference; in the young subjects there were equal 14% increases in both variables (18.0 to 20.5 l/min and 140 to 159 ml/l, respectively). Submaximal mean arterial pressure and cardiac output were lower posttraining in the old subjects; total vascular conductance and cardiac stroke volume increased. Although peak power at the start of a short-term maximal isokinetic test did not change, total work accomplished in 30 s at a pedaling frequency of 110 revolutions/min increased in both groups, from 11.2 to 12.6 kJ and from 15.7 to 16.9 kJ in the old and young, respectively; fatigue during the 30-s test was less, and postexercise plasma lactate concentrations were lower. In older subjects, increases in aerobic power after high-intensity endurance training are at least as large as in younger subjects and are associated with increases in vascular conductance, maximal cardiac output, and stroke volume.

Submaximal Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise in Children: Treadmill versus Cycle Ergometer

1997 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-341
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Turley ◽  
Jack H. Wilmore
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Oxygen Difference

This study investigated whether cardiovascular responses at a given submaximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2, L · min-1) are different between the treadmill (TM) and cycle ergometer (CE). Submaximal cardiovascular measurements were obtained at three work rates on both the TM and CE in 7- to 9-year-old children (12 males and 12 females). Using regression analysis, it was determined that there were no differences between the TM and CE in cardiac output (L · min-1), stroke volume (SV, ml · beat-1) or heart rate (beats · min-1) at a given V̇O2 (L · min-1). There were differences in the total peripheral resistance (TPR, units) and arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-vO2 diff, ml · 100 ml-1) to V̇O2 (L · min-1) relationship. While there were statistically significant differences in TPR and a-vO2 diff between the two modalities, there was substantial overlap of individual values at any given submaximal V̇O2, thus the physiological significance is questionable. Hence, we conclude that in 7- to 9-yearold children there are no differences in submaximal cardiovascular responses between the CE and TM.

Effects of aging and noncanonical form presentation on idiom processing: Evidence from eye tracking

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Katja I. Haeuser ◽  
Shari Baum ◽  
Debra Titone
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Idiom Comprehension ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Idiom Processing ◽  
Noncanonical Form

Abstract Comprehending idioms (e.g., bite the bullet) requires that people appreciate their figurative meanings while suppressing literal interpretations of the phrase. While much is known about idioms, an open question is how healthy aging and noncanonical form presentation affect idiom comprehension when the task is to read sentences silently for comprehension. Here, younger and older adults read sentences containing idioms or literal phrases, while we monitored their eye movements. Idioms were presented in a canonical or a noncanonical form (e.g., bite the iron bullet). To assess whether people integrate figurative or literal interpretations of idioms, a disambiguating region that was figuratively or literally biased followed the idiom in each sentence. During early stages of reading, older adults showed facilitation for canonical idioms, suggesting a greater sensitivity to stored idiomatic forms. During later stages of reading, older adults showed slower reading times when canonical idioms were biased toward their literal interpretation, suggesting they were more likely to interpret idioms figuratively on the first pass. In contrast, noncanonical form presentation slowed comprehension of figurative meanings comparably in younger and older participants. We conclude that idioms may be more strongly entrenched in older adults, and that noncanonical form presentation slows comprehension of figurative meanings.

scholarly journals Testosterone Attenuates Age-Related Fall in Aerobic Function in Mobility Limited Older Men With Low Testosterone

2016 ◽  
Vol 101 (6) ◽  
pp. 2562-2569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Storer ◽  
Shalender Bhasin ◽  
Thomas G. Travison ◽  
Karol Pencina ◽  
Renee Miciek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Center ◽  
Exercise Physiology ◽  
Academic Medical Center ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Aerobic Performance ◽  
Mobility Limitations ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Ergometer Exercise

Abstract Context: Testosterone increases skeletal muscle mass and strength, but the effects of testosterone on aerobic performance in mobility-limited older men have not been evaluated. Objective: To determine the effects of testosterone supplementation on aerobic performance, assessed as peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) and gas exchange lactate threshold (V̇O2θ), during symptom-limited incremental cycle ergometer exercise. Design: Subgroup analysis of the Testosterone in Older Men with Mobility Limitations Trial. Setting: Exercise physiology laboratory in an academic medical center. Participants: Sixty-four mobility-limited men 65 years or older with low total (100–350 ng/dL) or free (&lt;50 pg/dL) testosterone. Interventions: Participants were randomized to receive 100-mg testosterone gel or placebo gel daily for 6 months. Main Outcome Measures: V̇O2peak and V̇O2θ from a symptom-limited cycle exercise test. Results: Mean (SD) baseline V̇O2peak was 20.5 (4.3) and 19.9 (4.7) mL/kg/min for testosterone and placebo, respectively. V̇O2peak increased by 0.83 (2.4) mL/kg/min in testosterone but decreased by −0.89 (2.5) mL/kg/min in placebo (P = .035); between group difference in change in V̇O2peak was significant (P = .006). This 6-month reduction in placebo was greater than the expected −0.4-mL/kg/min/y rate of decline in the general population. V̇O2θ did not change significantly in testosterone but decreased by 1.1 (1.8) mL/kg/min in placebo, P = .011 for between-group comparisons. Hemoglobin increased by 1.0 ± 3.5 and 0.1 ± 0.8 g/dL in testosterone and placebo groups, respectively. Conclusion: Testosterone supplementation in mobility-limited older men increased hemoglobin and attenuated the age-related declines in V̇O2peak and V̇O2θ. Long-term intervention studies are needed to determine the durability of this effect.

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