Different Methods to Calculate Effect Estimates in Cross-sectional Studies

2004 ◽  
Vol 43 (05) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Taeger ◽  
J. Wellmann ◽  
U. Keil ◽  
T. Behrens
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Binomial Model ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Prevalence Odds Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Studies ◽  
Log Linear

Summary Objectives: According to results from the epidemiological literature, it can be expected that the prevalence odds ratio (POR) and the prevalence ratio (PR) differ with increasing disease prevalence. We illustrate different concepts to calculate these effect measures in cross-sectional studies and discuss their advantages and weaknesses, using actual data from the ISAAC Phase III cross-sectional survey in Münster, Germany. Methods: We analyzed data on the association between self-reported traffic density and wheeze and asthma by means of the POR, obtained from a logistic regression, and the PR, which was estimated from a log-linear binomial model and from different variants of a Poisson regression. Results: The analysis based on the less frequent disease, i.e. asthma with an overall prevalence of 7.8%, yielded similar results for all estimates. When wheezing with a prevalence of 17.5% was analyzed, the POR produced the highest estimates with the widest confidence intervals. While the point estimates were similar in the log-binomial model and Poisson regression, the latter showed wider confidence intervals. When we calculated the Poisson regression with robust variances, confidence intervals narrowed. Conclusions: Since cross-sectional studies often deal with frequent diseases, we encourage analyzing cross-sectional data based on log-linear binomial models, which is the ‘natural method’ for estimating prevalence ratios. If algorithms fail to converge, a useful alternative is to define appropriate starting values or, if models still do not converge, to calculate a Poisson regression with robust estimates to control for overestimation of errors in the binomial data.

scholarly journals Attitudes towards the New Zealand Government’s Smokefree 2025 goal associated with smoking and vaping in university students aged 18 to 24 years: results of a 2018 national cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. e037362
Author(s):  
Ben Wamamili ◽  
Mark Wallace-Bell ◽  
Ann Richardson ◽  
Randolph C Grace ◽  
Pat Coope
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
University Students ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Odds

ObjectiveIn March 2011, New Zealand (NZ) launched an aspirational goal to reduce smoking prevalence to 5% or less by 2025 (Smokefree 2025 goal). Little is known about university students’ awareness of, support for and perceptions about this goal. We sought to narrow the knowledge gap.SettingUniversity students in NZ.MethodsWe analysed data from a 2018 cross-sectional survey of university students across NZ. Logistic regression analysis examined the associations between responses about the Smokefree goal with smoking and vaping, while controlling for age, sex and ethnicity. Confidence intervals (95% CI) were reported where appropriate.ParticipantsThe sample comprised 1476 students: 919 (62.3%) aged 18 to 20 and 557 (37.7%) aged 21 to 24 years; 569 (38.6%) male and 907 (61.4%) female; 117 (7.9%) Māori and 1359 (92.1%) non-Māori. Of these, 10.5% currently smoked (ie, smoked at least monthly) and 6.1% currently vaped (ie, used an e-cigarette or vaped at least once a month).ResultsOverall awareness of the Smokefree goal was 47.5% (95% CI: 44.9 to 50.1); support 96.9% (95% CI: 95.8 to 97.8); belief that it can be achieved 88.8% (95% CI: 86.8 to 90.7) and belief that e-cigarettes/vaping can help achieve it 88.1% (95% CI: 86.0 to 89.9).Dual users of tobacco cigarettes and e-cigarettes had greater odds of being aware of the Smokefree goal (OR=3.07, 95% CI: 1.19 to 7.92), current smokers had lower odds of supporting it (OR=0.13, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.27) and of believing that it can be achieved (OR=0.15, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.24) and current vapers had greater odds of believing that e-cigarettes/vaping can help to achieve it (OR=8.57, 95% CI: 1.18 to 62.52) compared with non-users.ConclusionsThe results suggest strong overall support for the Smokefree goal and belief that it can be achieved and that e-cigarettes/vaping can help achieve it. Smoking and vaping were associated with high awareness of the Smokefree goal, but lower support and optimism that it can be achieved.

scholarly journals Predictors, help-seeking behaviour and treatment coverage for depression in adults in Sehore district, India

BJPsych Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 212-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahul Shidhaye ◽  
Tanica Lyngdoh ◽  
Vaibhav Murhar ◽  
Sandesh Samudre ◽  
Thomas Krafft
Keyword(s):  
Help Seeking ◽  
Severe Depression ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Point Prevalence ◽  
Treatment Gap ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Patient Health ◽  
Log Linear

BackgroundNational Mental Health Survey found that in India, the point prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) was 2.7% and the treatment gap was 85.2%, whereas in Madhya Pradesh the point prevalence of MDD was 1.4% and the treatment gap was 80%.AimsTo describe the baseline prevalence of depression among adults, association of various demographic and socioeconomic variables with depression and estimation of contact coverage for the same.MethodPopulation-based cross-sectional survey of 3220 adults in Sehore district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The outcome of interest was a probable diagnosis of depression that was measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the proportion of individuals with depression (PHQ-9>9) who sought care for the same. The data were analysed using simple and multiple log-linear regression.ResultsLow educational attainment, unemployment and indebtedness were associated with both moderate/severe depression (PHQ-9 score >9) and severe depression only (PHQ-9 score >14), whereas age, caste and marital status were associated with only moderate or severe depression. Religion, type of house, land ownership and amount of loan taken were not associated with either moderate/severe or only severe depression. The contact coverage for moderate/severe depression was 13.08% (95% CI 10.2–16.63).ConclusionsThere is an urgent need to bridge the treatment gap by targeting individuals with social vulnerabilities and integrating evidence-based interventions in primary care.

scholarly journals Having children is associated with a higher prevalence of COVID-19 among young adults in Kuwait

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Altamimi ◽  
Zain Almokhaizeem ◽  
Heba Alfouzan ◽  
Bedour AlHajri ◽  
Deema Alenezi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Ratios

Objectives: The role of children in the transmission of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear. We investigated whether having children is associated with self-reported COVID-19 among adults. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled adults (n=2368; aged ≥21 years). Prior COVID-19 diagnosis and having children were self-reported. Associations were assessed using Poisson regression and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Results: Overall, 4.8% (114/2355) of the participants reported having had COVID-19. In the total sample, having children showed a trend for association with having had COVID-19 (aPR: 1.46, 95% CI: 0.99-2.14). Among participants aged 21-29 years, having children was associated with an increased prevalence of COVID-19 (aPR: 2.50, 95% CI: 1.21-5.20). Such an association was not detected in adults aged ≥30 years. Conclusions: Our epidemiological findings highlight the possible role of children in spreading COVID-19. Hence, preventive measures should consider the role of children.

scholarly journals Asthma in South African adolescents: a time trend and risk factor analysis over two decades

2020 ◽  
pp. 00576-2020
Author(s):  
C.B. Baard ◽  
Z. Franckling-Smith ◽  
J. Munro ◽  
L. Workman ◽  
H.J. Zar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South African ◽  
Severe Asthma ◽  
Time Trend ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Current Asthma

BackgroundSouth Africa has undergone major economic and health system changes impacting the epidemiology of childhood asthma. This study aimed to investigate prevalence time-trends of asthma in South African adolescents over 2 decades and to identify associated risk-factors.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2017, in a randomised sample of 13–14 year-old Cape Town adolescents, using the standardised Global Asthma Network written, video, and environmental questionnaires. Using time-trend analysis, the prevalence and severity of asthma were compared with data from the 2002 ISAAC phase III study. Environmental and social risk-factors were analysed.Results3979 adolescents were included. Prevalence of lifetime and current asthma were 34.5% and 21.3%, respectively, on the self-report written questionnaire, similar to 2002 results. The prevalence of severe asthma in the last 12 months increased, measured by wheeze limiting speech (7.8% to 11.8%), ≥4 attacks of wheezing (5.0% to 5.8%) or ≥1 night·week−1 waking from wheezing (5.0% to 6.9%). The video questionnaire revealed increases in lifetime (16.9% to 22.5%), current (11.2% to 18.7%), or severe asthma (12.1% to 14.8%). Multivariate analysis showed associations between current asthma and smoking, female sex, pet exposure or higher socioeconomic status. Severe asthma was associated with smoking, pet exposure, outdoor pollution exposure or informal housing. 33% of those with severe or current asthma had been diagnosed.ConclusionThe prevalence of asthma is high, with increasing rates of severe asthma in adolescents. Underdiagnosis is a major concern and reduction in exposure to environmental factors, particularly smoking, and improved socioeconomic development are needed.

scholarly journals Perception to COVID-19 epidemic and acceptance of vaccination among healthcare workers in Beijing: a survey before the completion of COVID-19 vaccine phase III clinical trials

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suo Luodan ◽  
Ma Rui ◽  
Wang Zhongzhan ◽  
Tang Tian ◽  
Wang Haihong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Academic Degree ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Phase Iii Clinical Trials

Abstract Background: Covid-19 vaccine research and development is progressing and expected to be put into use in a predictable time, we aimed to learn the awareness and acceptance of the new vaccine by healthcare workers (HCWs) in Beijing, China. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted to investigate HCWs including doctors, nurses and technicians from sixty hospitals in Beijing to obtain the perception of COVID-19 epidemic and the attitudes towards vaccination before before the completion of vaccine phase III clinical trials. Multivariate analysis was applied to evaluate the associated factors with intention to get vaccination.Results: A total of 8040 HCWs was recruited. 67.1% reported they would get vaccination, others said unsure or would not. Half of the HCWs were unsure whether the outbreak in China would come back and the global epidemic would last for a long time. 67.6% agreed the epidemic can be prevented by vaccination. Positive associated factors with willingness to get vaccination were mainly included epidemic situation prognosis, perception of disease severity, self infection risk and disease can be prevented by vaccine, etc. Two positive factors of “wanted the vaccine free of charge” (OR:5.807, 95%CI:5.083-6.635, P<0.001) and “believed vaccine approved for license have been fully evaluated in clinical trials” (OR:4.485, 95%CI:3.849-5.227, P<0.001) were strongly associated with willingness to get vaccination, while two factors of “highest academic degree” (OR:0.840, 95%CI:0.772-0.914, P<0.001) and “professional ranks and titles” (OR:0.930, 95%CI:0.865-1.000, P=0.049) were negative associated .Conclusions: A little above moderate willingness to get COVID-19 vaccination was found among HCWs in Beijing before the vaccine being licensed. Free vaccination strategy should be considered to implement, effective measures should be taken to remove barriers and convey correct information through appropriate ways to enhance the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination among HCWs in China.

An Epidemiological Study of Kidney Calculi in Western Guangdong

2022 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialong Li ◽  
Kun Li ◽  
Chang Gao ◽  
Zunnan Huang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Family History ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Kidney Calculi ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of

Objective: To investigate the risk factors of kidney calculi in its high prevalence areas of western Guangdong, and provide the proper prevention measures. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among individuals in Maoming, western Guangdong. Univariate and Poisson regression analyses were applied to investigate the influence of the epidemiology, lifestyle, and environmental factors on renal calculi. Risk ratios with 95% confidence interval were used to estimate the association between the investigated factors and the prevalence of renal calculi. Results: 500 questionnaires were sent out and 481 valid questionnaires were recycled. Among 481 respondents, 84 had renal calculi with a prevalence rate of 17.46%. Univariate regression analysis showed statistically significant differences in the prevalence of renal calculi among different groups of sex, ages, family history of kidney calculi, diet and drinking habit. Poisson regression analysis showed that daily water intake and drinking boiled water were protective factors, while male, family history of kidney calculi, diet high in protein, sugar, vitamin C and calcium were risk factors. Additionally, high sugar diet was not statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of renal calculi. Conclusion: The occurrence of kidney calculi in western Guangdong is closely related to demographic characteristics of individuals, living and dietary habits of the resident populations.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a Long-Lasting Insecticide Treatment Kit (ICON® Maxx) for Polyester Nets Over Three Years of Household use: A WHO Phase III Trial in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Tungu ◽  
Wema Sudi ◽  
William Kisinza ◽  
Mark Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Positive Control ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Insecticide Treatment ◽  
Mosquito Nets ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Hole Index ◽  
Efficacy Criteria ◽  
Prospective Study Design

Abstract BackgroundICON® Maxx (Syngenta) is an insecticide treatment kit of pyrethroid and binding agent for long-lasting treatment of mosquito nets. Interim recommendation for use on nets was granted by WHO after successful evaluation in experimental huts following multiple washes. A full WHO recommendation is contingent upon demonstration of continued bio-efficacy after 3 years of use. MethodsA household-randomised prospective study design was used to assess ICON Maxx treated nets over 3 years in north-eastern Tanzania. Conventional treated nets (with lambda-cyhalothrin but without binder) served as a positive control. At 6-monthly intervals, cross-sectional household surveys monitored net use and physical integrity, while cone and tunnel tests assessed insecticidal efficacy. Pyrethroid content was determined after 12 and 36 months. A parallel cohort of nets was monitored annually for evidence of net deterioration and attrition. ResultsAfter 12 months’ use, 97% of ICON Maxx treated nets but only 67% of CTN passed the WHO efficacy threshold for insecticidal durability (>80% mortality in cone or tunnel or 90% feeding inhibition in tunnel). After 24- and 36-months use, 67% and 26% of ICON Maxx treated nets met the cone criteria respectively and over 90% met the combined cone and tunnel criteria. Lambda-cyhalothrin content after 36 months was 17% (15.8 ± 4.3 mg/m2) of initial content. ICON Maxx nets were used year-round and washed approximately 4 times per year. In cross-sectional survey after 36 months the average number of holes was 20 and hole index was 740 cm2 per net. Cohort nets had fewer holes and smaller hole index than cross-sectional nets. However, only 15% (40/264) of cohort nets were not lost to follow-up or not worn out after 36 months.ConclusionsBecause more than 80% of nets met the WHO efficacy criteria after 36 months use, ICON Maxx was granted WHO full recommendation. Cross-sectional and cohort surveys were complementary and gave a fuller understanding of net durability. To improve net usage and retention, stronger incentives and health messaging should be introduced in WHO LLIN longitudinal trials. Untreated polyester nets may be made long-lastingly insecticidal in Africa through simple household treatment using ICON Maxx pyrethroid-binder kits.

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