Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety during the COVID-19 Pandemic among the Residents of an Urban Slum in North India

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression and anxiety, and assess the knowledge, practice, and concerns regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) among the residents of an urban slum in Chandigarh, India. Materials and Methods Participants were screened using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scales. Results The mean (standard deviation) age of 200 enrolled participants was 33 (13) years with 83% (n = 166) being females. The prevalence of depression and anxiety was 3.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95–6.05) and 2.5% (95% CI: 0.34–4.66), respectively. Of total, 46% (n = 92) knew that COVID-19 can transmit through droplets and 30.5% (n = 61) were concerned that they might get infected with disease. Half of the participants (n = 100) believed that there was unnecessary worry regarding COVID-19 and 78% (n = 156) covered mouth while coughing or sneezing. Conclusion To cope with this critical situation, it is necessary to strengthen the awareness programs targeting the mental health issues of the people.

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A Longitudinal Study on the Mental Health of College Students in Jinan During the Peak Stage of the COVID-19 Epidemic and the Society Reopening

Biomedicine Hub ◽

10.1159/000519586 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 102-110

Author(s):

Xiaolei Zheng ◽

Yuji Guo ◽

Wen Ma ◽

Hui Yang ◽

Liyan Luo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

College Students ◽

Severe Depression ◽

Severity Index ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Health Issues ◽

Mental Health Issues ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Patient Health ◽

Peak Versus

Introduction: COVID-19, a continuously emerging human-to-human infectious disease, has exerted a significant impact on the mental health of college students. However, little is known regarding the variations in the mental health issues experienced by college students during the peak versus reopening stages of the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Methods: To assess these issues, an online longitudinal survey was conducted via a WeChat applet. Undergraduates (n = 300) were recruited from 26 universities throughout Jinan in February 2020 (T1 – the epidemic peak stage) and in January 2021 (T2 – the society reopening stage). Their mental status was determined using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 item, and the Insomnia Severity Index. Results: Of the original 300 college students recruited for this survey, 294 responses at T1 and 285 at T2 were analyzed. Compared with responses obtained at T1, college students at T2 showed a greater prevalence of depression (65.3 vs. 51.0%; p = 0.001) and anxiety (47.7 vs. 38.1%, p = 0.019), and experienced more severe depression (p < 0.001) and anxiety (p < 0.001). Both males (p = 0.03) and females (p < 0.01) showed higher levels of depression at T2 versus T1, while no differences were obtained with regard to anxiety and insomnia. At T1, Grade 4 students showed greater levels of depression (p = 0.005) and anxiety (p = 0.008) than that of Grade 1 students. While at T2, only greater levels of depression (p = 0.004) were present when compared with that of Grade 1 students. Additionally, Grade 4 college students demonstrated a greater prevalence of depression at T2 versus T1 (p = 0.03), but no statistically differences were present for anxiety and insomnia. No statistically significant differences were obtained among the 4 grades of college students for insomnia at either the T1 or T2. Conclusion: With progression of the COVID-19 epidemic, college students showed increasing levels of depression and anxiety, with Grade 4 college students being most seriously affected. It is imperative that intervention strategies be implemented to mitigate against these mental health issues resulting from the COVID-19 epidemic.

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Prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress in china during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review with meta-analysis

The International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine ◽

10.1177/0091217420978005 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 009121742097800

Author(s):

Syeda Beenish Bareeqa ◽

Syed Ijlal Ahmed ◽

Syeda Sana Samar ◽

Waqas Yasin ◽

Sani Zehra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Early Period ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Health Issues ◽

Eligibility Criteria ◽

Pooled Prevalence ◽

Care Workers ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Background The novel coronavirus disease which is believed to have initially originated in Wuhan city of China at the end of 2019 was declared as pandemic by March 2020 by WHO. This pandemic significantly impacted the mental health of communities around the globe. This project draws data from available research to quantify COVID-19 mental health issues and its prevalence in China during the early period of the COVID-19 crisis. It is believed that this pooling of data will give fair estimate of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health. Methods We conducted this study in accordance with PRISMA guidelines 2009. The protocol for this review is registered and published in PROSPERO (CRD42020182893). The databases used were Pubmed, Medline, Google scholar and Scopus. The studies were extracted according to pre-defined eligibility criteria and risk of bias assessment was conducted. The Meta-analysis was done using OpenMeta [analyst]. Results Total of 62382 participants in nineteen studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Stress was the most prevalent (48.1%) mental health consequence of Covid-19 pandemic, followed by depression (26.9%) and anxiety (21.8%). After performing subgroup analysis, prevalence of depression and anxiety in both females and frontline health care workers were high as compared to the prevalence in general Chinese population. Conclusion The prevalence of depression and anxiety is moderately high whereas pooled prevalence of stress was found to be very high in Chinese people during this Covid-19 crisis.

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The Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Disorders Among Postgraduate Students in an Arabic Sample: A Cross-sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-143732/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Asem A. Alageel ◽

Rayyan A. Alyahya ◽

Raed A Alghamdi ◽

Ban A. Alzaid ◽

Aryaf. S Alsubaie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Online Survey ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Postgraduate Students ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Patient Health

Abstract Background: Depression and anxiety are indicators of mental health and quality of life. Studies found a high prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders among specific populations, such as medical students, residents and fellows. However, postgraduate students unarguably suffer from many private and career life stressors. Unfortunately, research about the prevalence of depression and anxiety among postgraduate students are greatly lacking.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey; a self-questionnaire divided into five sections. Socio-demographic characteristics, the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression (PHQ9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 item (GAD7), insomnia and suicide. Results: The number of participants was 1,005, The prevalence of depression and GAD that warrant treatments are 27.4% and 23.6%, respectively. Most of the participants who screened positive for depression and GAD were not aware of having these disorders. Females were at a higher risk of depression (OR: 1.5, 95% CL: 1.10 to 2.15) and GAD (OR:1.49, 95% CL 1.07 to 2.07). Insomnia is associated significantly with depression (P<0.001) and GAD (P<0.001). Depression increases the risk for active suicide thoughts (OR= 7.453) (P<0.001). Limitations: Due to the nature of cross-sectional studies, causal relationships cannot be identified.Conclusion: We have identified a higher prevalence of depression and GAD among postgraduate students compared with the general population. However, they appear to be underrepresented in mental health literature, so further research is necessary.

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Mental Health of Pregnant Women during Covid-19: A Systematic Review Study

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2021/v33i2131145 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 156-174

Author(s):

God’s Favour Adediran ◽

Derma Dupuis ◽

Kasinda Fritz ◽

Olebogeng Leso ◽

Emeka Ike ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

North American ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Health Issues ◽

The North ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Novel Coronavirus

Background: The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has created avenues for physical and mental stress on individuals worldwide. Pregnant women especially, with the onset of COVID-19 have been challenged greatly by an array of disorders, all with varying cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses. The aim of our research is to conduct a review of the different mental health issues experienced by pregnant women in various geographical locations and analyze the prevalence of specific mental issues. Materials and Methods: A mixed-methods systematic review was conducted. Databases PubMed, Google Scholar, BioMed Central, CrossRef and British Medical Journal were thoroughly examined by the authors for the purpose of locating the relevant articles as per specific geographical location. Results: From the applicable studies identified, twenty-eight (28) were selected for review. As per the North American studies, levels of depression and anxiety in pregnant women at and around the time of the pandemic ranged from 33.2 to 70%. This differs in European countries where there were levels of 14.0 to 60%. Prevalence of stress among pregnant women in Asia was 32.7% while 17% of North American women reported the same. In the studies of Australia and South America, the prevalence of anxiety ranged 6% to 13.9% while studies in Africa reported severe and extremely stress, 7.2% (n=33) and 64% (n=29) respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression and anxiety among pregnant women was shown to be relatively high in all regions as per the COVID-19 pandemic, owing to many factors. Based on the studies analyzed, adequate support, resources and better healthcare systems are imperative for ensuring that depression and anxiety levels be reduced among this demographic.

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COMPARISON OF CURRENT SCREENING FOR PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY WITH STANDARDIZED SCREENING TOOLS I PATIENT HEALTH QUALITY -9 AND GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDERS-7 AMONG ADULT INPATIENTS AT SHAUKAT KHANUM MEMORIAL CANCER HOSPITAL & RESEARCH CENTRE (SKMCH&RC)

Journal of Cancer & Allied Specialties ◽

10.37029/jcas.v3i4.156 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Suhaib Bin Bilal Hafi ◽

Nasira Hayat ◽

Nosheen Qureshi ◽

Tanzila Tanzeem ◽

Sheheryar Jovindah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Screening Method ◽

Current Method ◽

Screening Tools ◽

Research Centre ◽

Generalized Anxiety ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cancer Hospital ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Patient Health ◽

Current Screening

Purpose: Screening for depression and anxiety for inpatients at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre is done by nursing team by asking patients two questions from a structured admission tool aimed toward depression and anxiety. We audited the use of the current method of screening for depression and anxiety against standard screening tools for depression and anxiety i.e., Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)-9 and Generalised AnxietyDisorder (GAD)-7. The aim was improvement of screening for depression and anxiety amongst cancer inpatients.Methods: We used a cross-sectional method to observe if the current screening method was being completed on admission on an inpatient ward of 40 patients on one particular day. Second, we delivered PHQ-9 and GAD-7 as screening tools on the same inpatients on the same day to compare with the current screening method.Results: Prevalence of depression was 54.5% (n = 18) and that of generalized anxiety was 36.4% (n = 12), regardless of severity, when using PHQ-9 and GAD-7. Comparatively, the current method of screening was able to pick up 16.6% (n = 3) of cases of depression and 16.6% (n = 2) of cases of generalised anxiety.Conclusion: We concluded that improvement was required in the screening process for depression and anxiety by devising a new screening tool specific to our cancer population.Key words: Anxiety, cancer, depression, screening

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Depression and anxiety before and during the COVID-19 lockdown: a longitudinal cohort study with university students

10.1101/2021.02.23.21252284 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Virgínia da Conceição ◽

Inês Rothes ◽

Ricardo Gusmão ◽

Henrique Barros

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

University Students ◽

Longitudinal Research ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Portuguese Version ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Patient Health ◽

The Mean ◽

The Impact

AbstractBackgroundFor young people, just as in the general population, COVID-19 caused many changes in their lives, including an increased risk for mental illness symptoms. We aimed to study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in anxiety and depression symptoms in a cohort of university students.MethodsThis study is part of broader longitudinal research on university students’ mental health with data of the Portuguese version of The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Portuguese version of the Generalised Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) with evaluations on January, May and October 2019 and June 2020, as well as socio-demographic information.Results341 university students (257 females and 84 males) were included, with a mean age of 19.91 (SD=1.58). In June 2020, the mean for perceived wellbeing loss was 60.47% (SD=26.56) and 59.54% (SD=28.95) for mental health loss. The proportion of students with scores equal to or above 15 in the PHQ-9 ranged between 22.6% and 25.5% in 2019 and 37.0% in June 2020. The proportion of GAD-7 scores above cut-off ten ranged between 46.0% and 47.8% in 2019 and 64.5% in 2020. Compared with preceding trends, PHQ-9 scores were 3.11 (CI=2.40-3.83) higher than expected, and GAD-7 scores were 3.56 (CI=2.75-5.37) higher.DiscussionCOVID-19 impacted negatively depressive and anxiety symptoms, confirming previous studies and young people’s vulnerability in such uncertain times.

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The Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety Disorders Among Postgraduate Students in an Arabic Sample: a Cross-sectional Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-143732/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Asem Alageel ◽

Rayyan Abdullah Alyahya ◽

Raed A. Alghamdi ◽

Ban A. Alzaid ◽

Aryaf S Alsubaie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Online Survey ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Postgraduate Students ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

Patient Health

Abstract Background: Depression and anxiety are indicators of mental health and quality of life. Studies found a high prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders among specific populations, such as medical students, residents and fellows. However, postgraduate students unarguably suffer from many private and career life stressors. Unfortunately, research about the prevalence of depression and anxiety among postgraduate students are greatly lacking.Methods: A cross-sectional online survey; a self-questionnaire divided into five sections. Socio-demographic characteristics, the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression (PHQ9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 item (GAD7), insomnia and suicide.Results: The number of participants was 1,005, The prevalence of depression and GAD that warrant treatments are 27.4% and 23.6%, respectively. Most of the participants who screened positive for depression and GAD were not aware of having these disorders. Females were at a higher risk of depression (OR: 1.5, 95% CL: 1.10 to 2.15) and GAD (OR:1.49, 95% CL 1.07 to 2.07). Insomnia is associated significantly with depression (P<0.001) and GAD (P<0.001). Depression increases the risk for active suicide thoughts (OR= 7.453) (P<0.001). Conclusion: We have identified a higher prevalence of depression and GAD among postgraduate students compared with the general population. However, they appear to be underrepresented in mental health literature, so further research is necessary. The limitations of this study were centered on the nature of cross-sectional studies, causal relationships cannot be identified.

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Yoga of Immortals Intervention Reduces Symptoms of Depression, Insomnia and Anxiety

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2021.648029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Sadhna Verma ◽

James Donovan ◽

Hari S. Tunuguntla ◽

Renuka Tunuguntla ◽

Babu V. Gupta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Severity Index ◽

Control Group ◽

Generalized Anxiety ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Health Issues ◽

Symptoms Of Depression ◽

Home Based ◽

Previous Diagnosis ◽

Patient Health

Background: Depression, anxiety, and disordered sleep are some common symptoms associated with sub-optimal mental health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mental health issues have grown increasingly more prevalent in the population. Due to social distancing and other limitations during the pandemic, there is a need for home-based, flexible interventions that can improve mental health. The Yoga of Immortals (YOI) mobile application provides a structured intervention that can be used on any mobile device and applied from the user's home.Methods: A total of 1,505 participants were enrolled in the study and used the YOI app for an 8-week period. Participants were asked to fill out three questionnaires: The Patient Health Questionnaire, 8 items (PHQ-8), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire (GAD-7) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). These three items were completed by 1,297 participants a total of four times: before starting YOI, two more times during use, and a fourth time after the 8-week usage period. Changes in PHQ8, GAD7 and ISI in participants were compared to a control group, who did not use the YOI app but completed all questionnaires (590 controls finished all questionnaires).Results: Participants reported significant decreases in depression and anxiety-related symptoms. Compared to baseline, PHQ-8 scores decreased 50% on average after the 8-week period. GAD-7 scores also decreased by 40–50% on average, and ISI scores decreased by 50%. These changes were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than that observed in the control group. Participants who reported a previous diagnosis of depression and generalized anxiety reported significantly larger decreases in PHQ-8 and GAD-7 as compared to participants with no prior diagnosis (p < 0.05).Conclusions: Regular use of the YOI intervention over an 8-week period led to significant decreases in symptoms of both depression and anxiety, as well as alleviation of insomnia.

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The Relation between Preserved Social Support, Resilience (Depression and Anxiety) and Psychiatric Disorders among a Sample of Egyptian Patients on Regular Hemodialysis

Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews ◽

10.2174/2666082215666190917162630 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 209-214

Author(s):

Ayman Al-Hosainey Abd Al-Maksoud ◽

Ahmed Salama Al-Adl ◽

Amir Fathi Asla ◽

Eshak I. Bahbah ◽

Doaa Emad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Psychiatric Disorders ◽

Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽

Perceived Social Support ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Mild Depression ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

The Mean

Background: Patients on hemodialysis are at a high risk of psychiatric disorders as they face an emotional challenge in addition to physical impairment. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety among a sample of patients with end-stage renal disease on regular dialysis, and the effect of resilience and social support on them. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 45 patients who had been on hemodialysis for the past three months. Anxiety and depression were assessed with a clinical interview. The severity of depression, perceived social support, and resilience were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Resilience Scale, respectively. Result: The mean age of enrolled patients was 49.2 ± 14.0 years, and the mean duration of hemodialysis was 4.5 ± 3.8 years. The prevalence of depression was 24.4% and that of anxiety was 20%. According to our analysis, 15 (33.3%) patients were diagnosed with minor depression, 6 (13.3%) with mild depression, 14 (31.1%) with moderate depression, and 10 (22.2%) with severe depression. Resilience correlated significantly with a psychiatric diagnosis (p=0.004). Perceived social support was also found to be significantly correlated with a psychiatric diagnosis (p=0.012). Conclusion: Depression and anxiety are common mental disorders in patients with CKD and are considered as the main determinants of quality of life and death rate. Increasing awareness, early evaluation, and management of depression and anxiety may improve the functional, social, and clinical outcomes of the patients with CKD.

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